charge-coupled devices (ccds) in scientific research · charge-coupled devices (ccds) in scientific...
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Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) in scientific research
Talk in the scope of the Seminar: Selected Topics in Physics - SoSe 2013
Markus Teucher
Mai 21st, 2013
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.. History
.. CCD sensor
.. Architecture
.. Parameter
.. Intensified CCD (ICCD)
.. Electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD)
.. CCDs in researchImage source: http://www.leica-microsystems.com/typo3temp/pics/DFC450_CCD_09_54c6d47e08.jpg
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0 History
W. Boyle & G. E. Smith (1969): invention of CCD
→ storage device M. F. Tompsett (1970):
first CCD imaging sensors Nobel prize (2009)
Image source: J. R. Janesick: Scientific Charge Coupled Devices, page 4, SPIE Press, 2001
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1 CCD sensor
Image source: http://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_ccd_cmos_40722_en_1010_lo.pdf
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1 CCD sensor
Image sources: http://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_ccd_cmos_40722_en_1010_lo.pdfhttp://www.microscopyu.com/articles/digitalimaging/ccdintro.html
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1 CCD sensor – Photodiode (Pixel)
Image source: http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/digitalimaging/ccdintro.html
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1 CCD sensor – Pixel structure
Image source: http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/digitalimaging/ccdintro.html
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1 CCD sensor – Readout process
Image source: S. A. Taylor: CCD and CMOS Imaging Array Technologies, Xerox, Technical Report EPC-1998-106
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1 CCD sensor – Readout process
Image source: S. A. Taylor: CCD and CMOS Imaging Array Technologies, Xerox, Technical Report EPC-1998-106
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1 CCD sensor
Image source: http://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_ccd_cmos_40722_en_1010_lo.pdf
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1 CCD sensor – color filters
Image source: http://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_ccd_cmos_40722_en_1010_lo.pdf
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1 CCD sensor – Bayer pattern
Image source: http://larrytatum.mml.cam.ac.uk/chucol/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/process_sensor.png
50% green, 25% each for red and blue RGBG →
green: biggest contribution to contrast and sharpness perception
→ e.g. 72% of brightness and contrast perception at gray tones
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1 CCD sensor
Image source: http://www.axis.com/files/whitepaper/wp_ccd_cmos_40722_en_1010_lo.pdf
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2 Architecture
How to minimize light exposure during readout? „→ smearing effect“
Image source: http://blog.ednchina.com/Upload/Blog//749572d5-e657-4a69-a011-f81202ba12cb.jpg
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2 Architecture – Full-Frame (FF) CCD
Image source: http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:CCD_types_schematic.png
whole image area is active mechanical shutter
slow, complicated reliability→
→ e.g. use in astronomy (high resolution, 100% of CCD used for imaging, shutter time not important)
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2 Architecture – Frame-Transfer (FT) CCD
long exposure times required
→ smearing effect has 2x size of a FF-CCD
Image source: http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:CCD_types_schematic.png
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2 Architecture – Interline-Transfer (IT) CCD
Image source: http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:CCD_types_schematic.png
short shutter times smearing lower resolution
→ e.g. consumer cameras
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2 Architecture – Frame-Interline-Transfer (FIT) CCD
Image source: http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:CCD_types_schematic.png
short shutter times minimal smearing lower resolution has 2x size of a FF-CCD
→ e.g. high-speed-cameras, science
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3 Parameter
smearing effect blooming effect noise:
dark current (thermally generated) readout noise
Image source: http://static.photo.net/attachments/bboard/00A/00AAM0-20520484.jpg
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3 Parameter - Calibration
Image source: Martinez: A Practical Guide to CCD Astronomy, Cambridge University Press, 1998
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4 Intensified CCD (ICCD)
Image source: http://www.photonis.com/img/cms/illustrations/technical/Tube.jpg
Path of one electron multiplying through the MCP:
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4 Intensified CCD (ICCD)
Image source: http://www.photonis.com/img/cms/illustrations/technical/Tube.jpg
high sensitivity gating enables shutter speeds in 100 picosecond – range
→ e.g. night vision and high-speed-cameras
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5 Electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD)
readout noise minimized
→ high sensitivity in low light (need to be cooled) no superior shutter speeds as ICCD
→ e.g. night vision, astronomy, fluorescence microscopyImage source: http://learn.hamamatsu.com/articles/images/emccdsfigure3.jpg
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5 EMCCD vs ICCD
Image source: D. J. Denvir, E. Conroy: Electron Multiplying CCD Technology: The new ICCD, Proc. SPIE 4796, 164, 2003
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6 CCDs in research different types for specific use linearity of detection wavelength range:
1 pm to 1100 nm
need to be cooled low amount of defects, low noise in operating area, high dynamic range
→ expensiveImage source: http://kepler.nasa.gov//images/mws/KeplerCCDarray2.jpeg
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6 CCDs in research – low light performance
Tracking tumor growth via bioluminescence (ICCD-sensor).Image source: Edinger et al.: Advancing animal models of neoplasia through in vivo bioluminescence imaging,
European Journal of Cancer Volume 38, Issue 16, Pages 2128–2136, November 2002
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6 CCDs in research – high frame rates
fastest commercial DSLR: shutter speed at 60 us (light travels 18 km) MIT experiment: shutter speed at 2 ps (light travels 0.6 mm)
Image source: http://1.1.1.3/bmi/img.pandawhale.com/post-5116-Now-You-Can-Actually-See-Light-fSDM.gif
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Literature J. R. Janesick: Scientific Charge Coupled Devices, SPIE Press, 2001
T. Maschke: Digitale Kameratechnik, Springer, 2004
S. A. Taylor: CCD and CMOS Imaging Array Technologies, Xerox, Technical Report EPC-1998-106
http://www.andor.com/learning-academy
D. J. Denvir, E. Conroy: Electron Multiplying CCD Technology: The new ICCD, Proc. SPIE 4796, 164, 2003
G. C. Holst: CCD Arrays, Cameras, and Displays, SPIE Press, 2nd edition, 1998
R. Hain, C. J. Kähler, C. Tropea: Comparison of CCD, CMOS and intensified cameras, DOI:10.1007/s00348-006-0247-1, pp.403-411