charcoal briquet ting technology in the province of aurora, philippines
TRANSCRIPT
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Charcoal Briquetting Technology in the Province of Aurora, Philippines Daiwey, A. S., Rotaquio, E. Jr. L., Angara, E. V.
Aurora State College of Technology
Zabali, Baler 3200, Aurora, Philippines
ABSTRACT Denuded forests and abandoned biomass characterized much of the
Philippine land mass. Aiming to find a solution on how to solve this problem,
various strategies and methodologies have been undertaken including information
education campaign, promulgation /circulation of laws, policies and regulations
yet exploitation of Mother Nature still exist.
Our generation today is a generation of innovation; everything is new– the
gadgets, facilities, machineries and technologies. As a matter of fact what is new
today is obsolete tomorrow, thus, scientists and researchers are passionately
formulating and inventing various kind of devices trying to discover a technology
that could best compete with the system and activities of today’s generation. One
positive result of this invention is the modern Briquetting Machineries used for
charcoal production. This is a series of machines that can produce charcoal out of
abandoned cellulosic biomass as primary materials instead of wood. This was
designed wittingly to solve problems pertaining the unceasing cutting of trees and
the profusion of wastes that build-up pollution problems. Cutting of trees is one of
the most threatening upland activities that led to forest depletion while bulks of
abandoned agricultural and other cellulosic wastes materials found everywhere
secretes excessive gas emission in the atmosphere that heighten the concentration
of ozone layers which make human suffering due to related environmental
consequences such as; massive soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, flash floods, and
soil fertility depletion that apparently turned into climate change.
This technology controls further the advance depletion of natural forest by
preventing the continuous cutting of trees while cleaning the environment through
conversion of abandoned biomass into briquettes which at the same time serves as
an additional source of income for unfortunate rural/urban communities,
particularly the upland farmers and coastal dwellers.
INTRODUCTION Since time immemorial, natural coconut shell and wood charcoal has been
the major fuel energy used for char-grill and any type of cooking in the
Philippines particularly in the province of Aurora because of price affordability
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and availability in the market. It is true that patronizing commercial energy (LPG)
is an easy way for cooking and an indicator of better or quality life. Nevertheless,
it may create a lot of problems and the most probable harmful effect is climate
changes that affect human health conditions.
As we all know, the fossil fuel era of nonrenewable resources now a day is
gradually coming to an end, oil will be the first to be depleted, followed by
natural gas and coal. Energy problem then is very serious and the main objective
now is to find solution on how to balance the supply and demand of energy
sources. Therefore the need for conserving energy and developing alternative
energy is a must. Biomass, as we can see, is abundantly available in the
urban/rural regions and the only things we should do to make it useful is to utilize
it properly through conversion into charcoal briquettes.
Thus, the modern equipment of charcoal briquetting technology that can
solve problems on traditional wood charcoal production was recommended. This
enhances the knowledge of urban/rural communities regarding the modern way of
charcoal making while preserving and protecting natural forests
Furthermore, this technology aims to promote the diversified charcoal
briquettes and other products extracted from abandoned biomass. A set of
charcoal briquetting Machine is required to come up with a uniform size and
figure of charcoal briquettes. This extruder machine has the capacity of pressing
300kg/day or more depending on the operator’s conditioning energy. The 30 kg
of raw coconut husks materials using drum method has 10 percent recovery while
the carbonized soft materials using fast carbonizer has a natural recovery of 30
percent.
In so doing, charcoal briquetting production generates livelihood
opportunities for unfortunate upland farmers and coastal dwellers since laborer
does not requires diploma or professional license nor skilled workers either. The
products can be sold here and abroad with reasonable price for household and
industrial consumption. Charcoals produced from cellulosic wastes materials are
simply environment-friendly, economically and socially acceptable because of its
exemplified characteristics. Converting briquettes as household energy cannot just
helps mitigate emission of methane, carbon dioxide and other green house gas
molecules in the atmosphere but also sought to reduce impact of deforestation as
we replace the traditional charcoal making which necessitates cutting of trees that
causes depletion of country’s forest resources. Nevertheless, the so-called
briquettes can be more effective when appropriate stove be used.
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Charcoal Briquette is the agglomeration of ground particles with
alimentary binder, derived from either animal manure, vegetation substance or
other abandoned cellulosic biomass usually produced with slow pyrolysis1.
Charcoal production begun during the metallurgy development about
5,000 years ago and played an important role all throughout Bronze Age and Iron
Age, approximately 3,000BC and 1,200BC respectively2. It happens after it was
discovered that the heat calorific value of plain firewood does not meet the metals
thawing temperature requirements because of the volatile and water released
during combustion. Unlike charcoal burning heat which ranges more than
1,000°F, enough degrees of temperatures needed for iron work production.
As centuries and centuries have gone, charcoal was diversified until the
development of a new mixture named Briquettes. The history of original charcoal
briquettes began when Ellsworth B.A. Zwoyer of Pennsylvania applied for a
patent in 1897. Nonetheless, Henry Ford helped popularized its uses in 1920’s3 as
he used left-over sawdust and glue for his assembled automobile. After World
War I, Zwoyer and his son Paul started the Zwoyer Fuel Company, which built
charcoal briquette manufacturing plants in Buffalo, NY, and Fall River, MA. In
1927, he acquired two more briquette patents for “Briquetting Method” and a
“Method of Carbonizing Fuel Briquettes.”
In the Philippines, particularly in the province of Aurora, illegal cutting of
trees is rampant due to the following purposes such as; merchandizing, house
construction, kaingin making and/or charcoal production. Traditional wood
charcoal production process requires digging of holes to bury chopped trees then
cover either with clay or sand then finally make a fire beneath the hole. The wood
charcoal that was baked was gathered and put inside the sacks carried it home and
1 Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of condensed substances that occurs spontaneously at high
enoughtemperatures. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyr "fire" and lysis "loosening". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal, April 2010.
2 According to Peter J. F. Harris (Department of Chemistry at the University of Reading in the U.K), as early as
30,000 BC, charcoal was used as art materials. First discovery of charcoal was probably in the aftermath of wildfire
coming from lighting strike. A tree catches fire, falls down, gets partially buried and oxygen deprived, and then smoldering fire transforms the wood into charcoal. A synthesis taken from the wed site of
http://virtualweberbullet.com/charcoal.html#factors, modified last June 2010. 3 It is not clear as to how Zwoyer came upon the idea of a briquette. But by the end of World War I, the Zwoyer
Fuel Company had begun construction of charcoal briquette plants around the US. One of the earliest plants was set up in
Buffalo, New York. However it was Henry Ford (with some help from Thomas Edison) who put the briquettes to practical
use in 1920. His briquettes were constructed from the wood debris and sawdust in his automobile factory. It just happened that Kingsford was Ford’s brother in law. Ford agreed to focus on the auto industry. Kingsford would get in the business of
selling charcoal. Kingsford Company would change its name to Kingsford Charcoal.http://www.whoinventedit.net/who-
invented-charcoal-briquettes.html, April 24, 2008.
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then collect the fine charcoal residue that had been accumulated at the bottom of
sacks, mixed with clay to form a briquettes. This mixture was first used by
toddlers while playing, putting a small amount of carbon and rolled it over on
their palms to come up with various images then dried them under the sun until its
beneficial uses was accidentally discovered when burned up. At first, they called
this as “charcoal crush” but were changed into “tiny coal” after several years.
Now, it was called charcoal briquettes when manufacturing process has changed
dramatically due to the appearance of new industrial technologies.
Selling of Charcoal Briquette in the Philippines was made by Kamado4
Company since 2003 with different label. The first type was sold intermittently in
2003-2005 and was labeled "Product of the Philippines." Second type of these
briquettes which was labeled "Product of Thailand" was sold in 2006. Selling of
third type briquettes labeled with "Product of Indonesia" was happened in 2007,
and finally, late year of 2007 when they sold their "Try-It-Yourself" charcoal on
eBay, with no country of origin identified. Each of the new offerings was
decidedly inferior.5
Year 2009, modern Charcoal Briquetting Technology was introduced in the
province through the initiative effort of Senator J. Angara, funded by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources Office and implemented by
the Aurora State College of Technology through the Research Department. Thus,
People’s Organization Based in Baler received a one unit of this briquetting
machines and now enjoying the benefits brought by his technology.
4 “Kamado” is a traditional Japanese wood or charcoal fired earthen vessel used as a stove or oven. They are
often marketed as barbecues for outdoor use. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamado, 7 April 2010 at 12:46. Kamado’s
appeal got the attention of Americans after World War II and carried a sample of it in an empty transport planes when US Air Force servicemen bring back from Japan, a synthesis taken from the website
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Green_Egg, 17 June 2010. The Big Green Egg is the brand name of kamado because of the origins of the basic design that lie in southern Japan. The Big Green Egg Company was founded in 1974 by Ed
Fisher and is based in Tucker, Georgia, USA (Late 1960’s, manufacturing started in the America- production takes place in
Mexico). 5 Here's a short summary of each review as taken from the article of 2009 Review of Kamado Coconut briquettes at
website http://www.nakedwhiz.com/lumpdatabase/lumpbag92.htm, August 2009.
1. The Philippine charcoal was a great product, low on ash, long on burn time, hard durable briquettes that survived
shipping abuse and burned with the characteristic sweet coconut smell. 2. The Thailand charcoal produced large volumes of ash, and much of it arrived at customers' doorsteps damp, moldy
and crumbled.
3. The Indonesian charcoal produced the largest volume of ash we had ever tested to that point, burned for a very short time, and the briquettes were fragile and subject to shipping damage.
4. The 2007 "Try-It-Yourself" eBay charcoal had the shortest burn time and highest ash production we had ever seen
in any charcoal up to that point. It was also fragile and subject to shipping damage.
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The project is intended to educate the charcoal makers of Aurora
province with regards to the modern technology of charcoal production using
abandoned plant-based materials through conversion into charcoal briquettes not
only to clean the scattered biomass but to lessen the impact of cutting trees that
causes forest denudation.
Charcoal Briquettes produced from abandoned cellulosic wastes such as
coconut husks/shell, rise hull/straw, saw dusts, grasses, twigs and so on and so
forth has great contribution in solving national issues due to its exemplified
characteristics as described as follows: 1) Charcoal Briquette produced is a
smokeless fuel, 2) Converting agricultural wastes into charcoal briquettes can be
of great help to assist the government in their clean and green drive program that
promote tourism because of the attractive environment condition, 3) Expansion of
deforestation will be prevented since cutting of trees as primary materials for
wood charcoal making are eliminated, 4)Charcoal briquette is viewed as an
advantage fuel because of its clean-burning nature plus the fact that in can be
stored for a longer period of time without degradation. Thus, generates livelihood
opportunities because interested Micro-entrepreneur can be organized for this
product and lastly, 5) Shifting to charcoal briquettes can save government’s
saving. The wealth of individual entrepreneurs will increase while the nation in
general can save dollars intended for importing Liquefied Petroleum Gas as
energy consumption. This project aims to:
1. To promote charcoal briquettes and other profitable products from
abandoned cellulosic wastes materials.
2. To determine charcoal briquetting procedure.
3. To generate other alternative livelihood opportunities for
unfortunate rural upland farmers and coastal dwellers.
METHODOLOGY
1 Promotion of charcoal briquettes and other profitable products from
abandoned cellulosic wastes materials.
Since time immemorial, natural wood and coconut shell charcoal has been
the major fuel energy used for char-grill and any type of cooking in the
Philippines primarily because of the price is economically reasonable and always
available in the local market. Nonetheless, using such charcoal has consequences
on human’s health and the environment as a whole since cutting of trees are
required for wood charcoal production that causes forest depletion. Thus, shifting
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of traditional way of charcoal making into a modern technology of briquettes
production are highly recommended because it will not just experience its
beneficial effect but rather preserve the natural beauty of nature for the next
generation.
As we all know, the fossil fuel era of nonrenewable resources now a day is
gradually coming to an end, oil will be first to be depleted, followed by natural
gas and coal. The energy problems then become serious and the most important
objective now is to find a solution on how to balance the demand and supply of
energy sources. Therefore the need for conserving energy and developing
alternative energy is a must. Biomass, as we can see, is abundantly available
everywhere - both in the urban/rural regions. The only things we should do to
make it useful are to utilize it properly through conversion into briquettes, mainly
for cooking food purposes. Thus, the modern equipment in the new millennium
that can solve problems on the traditional wood charcoal production known as
Charcoal Briquetting Technology was highly recommended in order to enhance
the knowledge of urban/rural communities regarding the modern way of charcoal
making while protecting natural forests.
This technology aims to promote the diversified charcoal briquettes and
other products extracted from abandoned biomass. This can be done using a set of
charcoal briquetting machines to come up with a uniform size of charcoal
briquettes. This extruder machine has the capacity of pressing 300kg/day or more
depending on the operator’s conditioning energy. The 30 kg of raw coconut
husks materials using drum method has 10 percent recovery while the carbonized
soft materials using fast carbonizer has a natural recovery of 30 percent.
Moreover, different sizes and figures of briquettes can be made possible using
different types of briquettor. The other profitable products that could be extracted
from abandoned agricultural wastes were Liquid Smoke - the good alternative
medicine, fertilizer and insecticide.
Promoting charcoal briquettes and other profitable products from
abandoned cellulosic wastes materials will be made possible through intensive
information education campaign especially in doing mass media appearance like
television and radio interviews/commercials. Seminar or circulation of pampletes,
brochures and tarpaulin are another means of promotion.
2 Charcoal Briquetting Procedures
Primarily, this will not end-up with determining the charcoal briquetting
procedure but generally to educate the charcoal makers in Aurora province
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regarding the importance of new technology. This is not only a matter of
preventing the unceasing cutting of trees for wood charcoal production but to
utilize abandoned plant-based materials by converting it into charcoal briquettes.
As such, the clean and green drive program of the government can be promoted at
the same time.
The procedure is simply do collection of raw materials, prepare the materials,
carbonized, grinds, binds, mixed, mould and then dry before labeling and
packaging process be done prior to marketing. The desire sizes and figures
depend largely on the style of briquettor machine.
a. Collection of raw materials
Production of charcoal briquettes and other products for
household energy can be done from collected abandoned biomass
such as leaves, twigs, grasses, branches, coconut husks/shell, and
other rural cellulosic materials. This can be done using mini-dump
truck, tricycle or any type of cargo vehicle.
b. Prepare the raw materials.
Gathered raw materials should be sorted out, chopped and
exposed it under the sun for drying prior to carbonization. Drying
can be done in a way of air, solar and artificial kiln drying.
c. Carbonize the dried materials.
Carbonization takes place when organic matter is raised into
high temperature. The moisture embedded in the solid biomass
should be removed before carbonization can take place. This can be
achieved by drying prior to burning. The biomass then undergoes
pyrolysis, which is the chemical decomposition of organic matter in
the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis leads to carbonization of the
materials when there is high temperature.
There are two ways of doing carbonization – hot flat and drum
method. Hot Flat or fast carbonizer method can be used for light
materials such as leaves, rice hulls/straw, peanut shell and the like.
Drum-method, on the other hand, can be used for larger materials
like twigs, corn cobs, buko wastes and other similar materials.
The average recovery after carbonization was range to at least
30% and 10% production for hot flat and drum method respectively.
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This means that we can produce 300 kg of carbonized materials for
every 1 ton of soft (small) raw materials while 100 kg for large raw
materials, like coconut husks.
d. Grind the carbonized materials. Feed the carbonized materials into the hopper of the grinding
machine to produce fine carbonized materials. Such fine particles
can now be put into pail or any improvised stainless bucket or
container for mixing with binders.
e. Prepare the binder.
Cassava or corn starch is recommended as binder because
they are smokeless and often available in the local market. Usually,
the amount of starch to be used for charcoal briquettes is 10% of the
weight of carbonized materials. This means that every one (1)
kilogram of carbonized materials needs one hundred (100) grams of
binder (either cassava or corn starch). Nonetheless, Aurora
Charcoal briquettes producer increased the volume of binder as high
as 20% of ground materials to come up with a much better quality.
Gelatinized the starch by adding one (1) liter of water for every one
(1) kilo of fine carbon.
f. Mix the ground particles and the binder.
This is the process of coating every particle of ground
carbonized materials with a film of binder to enhance adhesion in
order to come up with a better quality of briquette. Pour proper
proportions of carbonized materials and gelatinized starch into the
mixer and then mix them thoroughly.
g. Mold the mixture into briquettes.
Convert the mixed materials into finished products through
manual briquettor. Pour the mixture directly to the molder to
transform it into uniformly-sized briquettes. A kilo of charcoal fine
will produce approximately a kilo of charcoal briquettes.
h. Dry the briquettes.
Place the briquettes in trays and dry them either exposing it
under the sun, for two days during sunny days, or putting it inside
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the artificial drier for at least two hours. Place them in a suitable
drier during rainy days for safe keeping purposes.
i. Packing and labeling of charcoal briquettes.
Charcoal can be packed and labeled using shrinkable plastic
bags. Packaging can be 1 kg per pack or in boxes for bulk sales,
usually 5-10 kg per box. The charcoal briquettes are ready for sale
or use in cooking, grilling and heating either in poultry farms and
houses’ fire place.
3 Generating alternative livelihood opportunities for unfortunate rural
uplanders and coastal dwellers.
Promoting charcoal briquetting production can also generates livelihood
opportunities for unfortunate upland farmers and coastal dwellers since the
criteria for hiring laborer does not required diploma or professional license, not
even skilled worker either. In the municipality of Baler, there is a Non-
Government Organization named Ilaya Development Association who luckily
received one set of charcoal briquetting machine funded and granted by the
Department of Labor and Employment. This people’s organization now is
enjoying the benefits of this technology as they currently doing alone the
briquetting production in the province.
In terms of marketing, the products used for household and industrial
consumption can be sold here and abroad under reasonable prices. Charcoals
produced from cellulosic wastes materials are simply environment-friendly,
economically and socially acceptable because of its exemplified characteristics –
smokeless in nature once burn up. Embracing these products as alternative
household energy will save government’s funds allotted for importing Liquefied
Petroleum Gas popularly known as LPG.
Converting briquettes as household energy cannot just helps mitigate
emission of methane, carbon dioxide and other green house gas molecules in the
atmosphere but also sought to reduce impact of deforestation as we replaced the
traditional charcoal making which necessitates cutting of trees that causes
depletion of country’s forest resources. Nevertheless, the so-called briquettes can
be more effective when appropriate stove be used.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Experimental Analysis)
Drum carbonizing method (hard and bigger materials)
Using drum carbonizing method, the research study in table 1
speaks through the data gathered. And as an average result, after
several trials of burning 150 kg of raw coco-husks materials, it
decreases for as low as 15.5 kg or 10.33 % of recovery.
Table 1
Trial
Materials
Time consumed
(hour)
Volume in weight Recovery
(%) Raw(kg) Dry(kg)
1 Coco husks 5 30 3.5 11.67
2 Coco husks 5 30 3.0 10
3 Coco husks 5 30 3.3 11
4 Coco husks 5 30 2.9 9.67
5 Coco husks 5 30 2.8 9.33
Total 25 150 15.5 10.33
Hot flat carbonizing method (soft and small materials)
Using hot flat carbonizing method, the research study
speaks through the data gathered. And as an average result, after
conducted several trials of burning 100 kg of raw rice hulls and
saw dusts materials, it decreases for as low as 15 kg or 30 % and
14.7 kg or 29.4 of recovery respectively, see table 2.
Table 2
Trial
Materials
Time
consumed
Volume in weight Recovery
(%) Raw(kg) Dry(kg)
1 Rice hulls 1:00 10 3 30
2 Rice hulls 1:10 10 3 30
3 Rice hulls 1:05 10 3 30
4 Rice hulls 1:07 10 3 30
5 Rice hulls 1:05 10 3 30
Total 5:27 50 15 30
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Cont…
Trial
Materials
Time
consumed
Volume in weight Recovery
(%)
1 Saw dusts 1:03 10 3 30
2 Saw dusts 1:07 10 2.9 29
3 Saw dusts 1:05 10 3 30
4 Saw dusts 1:01 10 3 30
5 Saw dusts 1:09 10 2.8 28
Total 5:15 50 14.7 29.4
Grinding of carbon materials
What interesting in grinding materials is the quantity of gas
consumed. Table 3 below shows that the gas consumed in grinding
carbonized coconut husks is a little bit expensive compare to the
gas used in grinding rice hulls and saw dust carbonized materials.
This is simply because of the unsound results of carbonization of
which there were still raw coco-fiber that clog up the grinding
machine which causes delay of the operation.
Table 3
Materials Weight
volume (kg)
Gas Consumed
(L)
Coco husks 15.5 .62
Rice hulls 15.0 .28
Saw dusts 14.7 .28
Ash production and burning time analysis (ASCOT Charcoal
Briquette6 vs Natural coconut shell charcoal)
After several trials conducted using natural coconut shell
charcoal (as comparative materials), applying the with same
procedure, weight, place and time; it turns out that natural coconut
charcoal has lesser ash volume as compared to ASCOT charcoal
briquette. Amazingly, ASCOT charcoal briquette has longer
8 The composition of ASCOT charcoal briquette is a combination of branches, coconut husks, rice hulls and saw
dusts with 13.3% cassava starch binders.
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burning time. The latest experiments, on the other hands, are
getting better.
Table 4
Materials Weight
(g)
Ash
(g)
Recovery
Percentage
Burning time
(min)
Nature of
Stove
Natural coconut
shell charcoal
250 12 5 55 Metal
Charcoal Briquette 250 56 22 85 Metal
Latest Experiment7 636 80 13 130 Metal
Liquid smoke collection and its efficacy
Table 5 shows, after several trials of collecting liquid
smoke with time consumed equivalent to thirteen hours and
twenty minutes, that there are 3.27 litters liquid smoke collected
in ninety kilograms of Coco-husks or at least one liter of Liquid
Smoke in every thirty (30) kg of raw Coco-husks materials.
Nonetheless, this liquid production may vary depending on the
moisture content of raw materials subject to be carbonized.
Liquid smoke is good for anti-dandruff and very effective
alternative medicine for eczema, tooth ache and gas pain. It can
also be use for any kind of skin diseases both for human and
animals, see photos below treated with liquid smoke.8
7 This latest briquette experiments composes of branches, coconut husks, rice hulls and saw dusts with 20% binders-
cassava starch. 8 A synthesis taken from the personal experiences and testimonies of ILDEA members. ILDEA is an acronym of
people’s organization based in So. Ilaya, Brgy., Zabali, Baler, Aurora. They were the first lucky organization granted with a unit of charcoal briquetting machine and now actively doing charcoal production in the province. The composition of
ASCOT charcoal briquette is a combination of branches, coconut husks, rice hulls and saw dusts with 13.3% cassava starch
binders.
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Table 5
Return Of Investment
Marketing
Expected Market distribution:
Local market
Municipal based
Central aurora market (ex. Baler, San Luis,
Maria aurora…)
Provincial based
Nueva Ecija/Viscaya, Bulacan, Quirino, and
other neighbor provinces.
Agency/Company
NGU’s/LGU’s/NGO’s
DOLE, ASCOT, DENR, DTI, etc…
Export
All countries belong to united nation and other
interested foreign consumers.
Trial
Materials
Time No. of
hour
Volume in weight Production
(L) Start End Raw(kg) Dry(kg)
1 Coco husks 7:30 12:30 5 30 3.5 1
2 Coco husks 7:40 2:00 5:20 30 2.8 1.27
3 Coco husks 8:00 11:00 3 30 3.0 1
Total 13:20 90 9.3 3.27
Tisoy’s picture before May 3, 2010
Tisoy’s picture before June 30, 2010
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Production of Magic Stoves
Equipment’s Budgetary Requirement9
Socio-economic Aspect
Charcoal briquetting generates enormous livelihood activity to the
urban and rural communities. Unutilized and underutilized labor can
be tapped that will spur the growth of local economy. Even the
agriculture sector benefits from it by the demand of cassava starch
needed as binder for the briquetting activity.
9 Jovencito M. TiponTipon, (2009). Machine’s Itemized Budget, Laguna: “Tipontipon iron works”.
DESCRIPTION AMOUNT (Php)
Drum carbonizer 1,800.00
Hot flat carbonizer 16,000.00
Grinder with engine 62,000.00
Mixer 8,000.00
Briquettor 21,000.00
Kiln drier 47,000.00
Delivery fee 20,000.00
Total 175,800.00
Php 500.00 Php 1,200.00
Php 700.00
Php 450.00
Php 150.00
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Carbonized waste cellulosic materials can be traded by
underprivileged communities that could improve their way of living.
There is no need for them to travel in the city to seek employment,
they can stay at home and maintain their culture and traditions while
doing charcoal briquettes production.
Further possible advantage has something to do with: 1)
Employment empowerment, 2) Capita l required, and 3) Currency
saver.
Employment creation everywhere because abandoned biomass is
found everywhere. There is no need for specialized skill. Unskilled
labor can be tapped. Very little capital required; cooperatives can be
strengthened.
Aside from sustaining the supply needs of local consumers,
charcoal briquettes can be an export commodity, hence can be a dollar
earner. When Charcoal briquette used as an alternative household
energy for cooking; expensive LPG then can be substituted, thus
currency reserve can be saved.10
10 Power point presentation made by Santiago S. Baconguis, Chief science research specialist, “Ecosystems
Research & Development Bureau, entitled Utilization of biomass charcoal briquette as Alternative fuel for tobacco flue-
curing in the tobacco growing areas in Ilocos, Region, Philippines. There were five units of charcoal briquetting machine distributed in the province of Aurora today, including the one unit given to the organization of Ilaya Development
Association or commonly called ILDEA. They were the active organization doing charcoal production in the province
today. 11
This is taken from the on-going record of ILDEA who operated charcoal briquetting production in Aurora
province. 24 kl. a day is taken from the performance of laborer using fast corbonizer. The figure of 24 came out after dividing numerator (weight of carbonized materials) and denominator (number of hours consumed). Performance of drum
carbonizing method was not included because the time consuming for this will use by the laborer in another stages of doing
charcoal briquetting like grinding all the way down to packaging which is the final stage.
Approximate Economic Parameter11
Suggested Retail
price for Briquettes
24kl/day X 22days/mo. X 12mo./yr X Php 15.00 95,040
Export price 24kl/day X 22days/mo. X 12mo./yr X Php 50.00 316,800
Target competitive
price for liquid smoke
1L/day X 22days/mo. X 12mo./yr X Php 150.00 39,600
Export price 1L/day X 22days/mo. X 12mo./yr X Php 500.00 132,000
Grand Total Php …….…………....583,440
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Environmental Impact
For every ton of abandoned biomass charcoal briquette, about 88
trees with a diameter of about 10 cm is saved from fuelwood cutting
and charcoal making. The conserved trees then serve as carbon
sinker.12
CONCLUSION
ILDEA’s rampant cutting of forest trees was reduced after a unit of
charcoal briquetting machine was granted upon them.
Abandoned biomass cannot only be converted as charcoal briquettes but
even liquid smoke can also be extracted.
Liquid smoke is not only good for animal treatment but for human too. It
has a potential alternative medicine for eczema and other skin diseases.
Quality of ASCOT charcoal briquette is gradually getting better and still
in the process of developing more to beat the natural coconut shell
charcoal’s heat calorific value.
RECOMMENDATION
Needs more charcoal briquetting machine in Aurora not just
only for generating employment, additional source of income or
livelihood opportunities but primarily for climate changes’
mitigation and adaption purposes.
Conduct laboratory analysis regarding the chemical content of
liquid smoke to determine further its efficacy as alternative
medicine (for human and animals), fertilizer (for rice, plants,
fruits and vegetables), and insecticide (its efficiency in killing
ants and other types of insects or termites).
12Summary of information is taken from the technical report of the Ecosystem and Research Development
Bureau, entitled “Conduct of Technology forum on the DENR Charcoal Briquetting”, 2009.
Environmental Impact of Charcoal Briquetting
CB Produced Per Year Number of Trees Saved Carbon Sequestered, kg
Kg/year Ton/Year Per Year 10 years Per Year 10 years
79, 200 79. 20 6, 970 69, 697 153,331.2 1,533,312
Total value of timber saved/year/facility = Php 67, 320.00
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author expresses his gratitude of thanks to Senator Edgardo J.
Angara for his initiative effort of introducing Charcoal Briquetting
Technology in the province of Aurora, to the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources Office for their generous acts of allotting funds to
this project, to the management of Aurora State College of Technology for
their moral support and assistance to formally implement the project; and
finally, the deepest appreciation goes to the Forestry and Research
Department personnel of ASCOT for their inspirational working unity
towards a meaningful and successful mission vision and goal.
REFERENCES
On line
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal, April, 2010.
http://virtualweberbullet.com/charcoal.html#factors, June 2010.
http://www.whoinventedit.net/who-invented-charcoal-briquettes.html,
April, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamado, April 2010.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Green_Egg, June 2010.
http://www.nakedwhiz.com/lumpdatabase/lumpbag92.htm, August
2009.
On line article
Hunt, C. et al. The Sustainable Table:
http://www.sustainabletable.org/features/articles/summergrilling/
charcoal.html, April, 2008.
Technical reports
Baconguis, S. Utilization of Biomass Charcoal Briquette as Alternative
Fuel for Tobacco Flue-curing in the Tobacco Growing Areas in
Ilocos, Region, Philippines: Ecosystem and Research
Development Bureau, April, 2008.
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ASCOT Research International Journal, Volume 3, December 2010
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Conduct of Technology Forum on the DENR Charcoal Briquetting,
Laguna, Philippines: Ecosystem and Research Development
Bureau, 2009.
TiponTipon, J. Machine’s Itemized Budget: Tipontipon Iron Works,
Laguna, Philippines, 2009.