Characteristics Characteristics of Headwater of Headwater Streams and Streams and

Considerations Considerations for Stream for Stream

Restoration on Restoration on Hollow Fills Hollow Fills

in in Eastern Eastern

KentuckyKentuckyThe Stream The Stream

InstituteInstituteUniversity of University of

LouisvilleLouisville

Art ParolaArt ParolaCivil & Environmental Civil & Environmental

EngineeringEngineeringa.c.parola@louisville.edua.c.parola@louisville.edu

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Sponsors and Sponsors and AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

EPA 319 and Kentucky Division of EPA 319 and Kentucky Division of WaterWater Regional Stream Assessment of Headwater Regional Stream Assessment of Headwater

StreamsStreams Margi Jones – 319 Project ManagerMargi Jones – 319 Project Manager

EPA 401 Wetlands Grant and EPA 401 Wetlands Grant and Kentucky Division of WaterKentucky Division of Water Evaluation of Stream RestorationsEvaluation of Stream Restorations John Dovak and Jennifer Garland, supervisors, John Dovak and Jennifer Garland, supervisors,

Water Quality Certification Section, Kentucky Water Quality Certification Section, Kentucky Division of WaterDivision of Water

Assistance also provided by Kentucky Assistance also provided by Kentucky Department for Natural ResourcesDepartment for Natural Resources Jennifer Thompson and Mark CarewJennifer Thompson and Mark Carew

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AcknowledgementAcknowledgementULSI StaffULSI Staff

Jeffery Jack, Ph.D. – Associate Professor, Jeffery Jack, Ph.D. – Associate Professor, Biology Department, University of LouisvilleBiology Department, University of Louisville

Michael Croasdaile, Ph.D. - Research AssociateMichael Croasdaile, Ph.D. - Research Associate William S. Vesely, Research Project EngineerWilliam S. Vesely, Research Project Engineer Ben Mater – Graduate StudentBen Mater – Graduate Student Chandra Hansen – Technical Research WriterChandra Hansen – Technical Research Writer Dana S K Jackman, M.S. - Program CoordinatorDana S K Jackman, M.S. - Program Coordinator

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Headwater Streams and Hollow-Fill Study Sites

Greenbo Lake SRP

Yatesville WMA

Paintsville WMA

Robinson Forest WMA

Lilley Cornett Woods

Pike CountyMudlick Br. of Pond Cr. Narrows Br. of Pond Cr. Murphy Frk. of Narrows Br. Mudlick Br. of Blackberry Frk. UT of Narrows Br.

Letcher CountyElkhorn Cr headwatersLittle Elkhorn Cr

Harlan CountyArches Br. of Big Laurel Cr.Nick Br. of Big Laurel Cr.

Owsley CountyRone Frk. Br.UT of Spivey Cr.

Fishtrap Lake WMA

Martin CountyLaurel Frk. of Wolf Br.

Harlan CountySally Huff Br. of Cloverlick Cr.Bee Br. of Cloverlick Cr.Trace Frk. of Cloverlick Cr.Right Frk. of Cloverlick Cr.

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Some Characteristics of Some Characteristics of Headwater Streams in Headwater Streams in

Eastern KentuckyEastern Kentucky Headwater Valley and Stream Headwater Valley and Stream

MorphologyMorphology Extent of channel networkExtent of channel network Channel head locationsChannel head locations Bed forms (boulder swales, step pools, Bed forms (boulder swales, step pools,

plane bed, etc.)plane bed, etc.) Channel and valley evolution – landslide Channel and valley evolution – landslide

driven landscapedriven landscape

Headwater Valley HydrologyHeadwater Valley Hydrology Intermittent-ephemeral transition zonesIntermittent-ephemeral transition zones Valley groundwater systemValley groundwater system Structural features and land-useStructural features and land-use

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Headcut and Extent of NetworkHeadcut and Extent of Network

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Valley MorphologyValley Morphology

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

42000 43000 44000 45000 46000

Valley Distance from Tug Fork of Big Sandy River (ft)

IntermittentEphemeral

Landslide Debris and Soil

Ele

vatio

n (f

t)

Ephemeral-intermittent transition zone

Channel head

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Valley bottom filled with debris: Valley bottom filled with debris: boulder swaleboulder swale

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Flow may rearrange colluvial material Flow may rearrange colluvial material into bedforms (step-pools)into bedforms (step-pools)

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Abrupt channel head (Lilley Abrupt channel head (Lilley Cornett Woods)Cornett Woods)

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Gradual transition (Falling Rock Gradual transition (Falling Rock Creek)Creek)

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Abrupt channel head at road (Mill Abrupt channel head at road (Mill Branch)Branch)

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Landslide potential mapLandslide potential mapOuterbridge 1982Outerbridge 1982

Debris flow

Susceptible to landslides

Numerous old landslides

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LandslidesLandslides

Channel has incised into

hillslope at contact with landslide scar

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Valley morphology and Valley morphology and groundwater interactiongroundwater interaction

Coal seams

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Clemens Branch: 0.103 sq miles (66 Clemens Branch: 0.103 sq miles (66 acres)acres)

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Clemens Branch: 0.05 sq miles (32 Clemens Branch: 0.05 sq miles (32 acres)acres)

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Clemens Branch: 0.037 sq miles Clemens Branch: 0.037 sq miles (24 acres)(24 acres)

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Clemens Branch: 0.018 sq miles Clemens Branch: 0.018 sq miles (11.5 acres)(11.5 acres)

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Clemens Branch: 0.004 sq miles Clemens Branch: 0.004 sq miles (2.6 acres)(2.6 acres)

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HF 5

HF 10

HF 11

Sediment Pond

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Multiple fill typesMultiple fill types

Valley fillsValley fills Hollow fills and head-of-hollow Hollow fills and head-of-hollow

fillsfills Side hill fillsSide hill fills Bench fillsBench fills

Characterized byCharacterized by elevation in the hollowelevation in the hollow locationlocation geometric configurationgeometric configuration durability of rockdurability of rock

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Considerations for Considerations for Stream Restoration at Stream Restoration at

Hollow FillsHollow Fills

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Side drains(Groin ditches)

Terraces

Underdrains

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HF 5

HF 10

HF 11

Sediment Pond

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Mud LickMud Lick Headcuts Headcuts may may migrate migrate around around check damscheck dams

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Headcuts Headcuts may may

migratemigrateinto fill into fill

channelschannels

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Streams may Streams may avulse avulse

to a new locationto a new location

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Landslides are part of the Landslides are part of the landscape and should be landscape and should be

considered in channel designconsidered in channel design

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Stream restoration Stream restoration at sediment pondat sediment pond

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Mud LickMud Lick

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Channel degradation along Channel degradation along restored stream in pond arearestored stream in pond area

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Some Considerations for Design of Some Considerations for Design of

Stream Restoration at Hollow FillsStream Restoration at Hollow Fills Final constructed geometry of fill may change Final constructed geometry of fill may change

substantially from the initial permitted designsubstantially from the initial permitted design Fill is composed of porous material, affecting Fill is composed of porous material, affecting

groundwater and surface water interaction and groundwater and surface water interaction and the location of the ephemeral/intermittent the location of the ephemeral/intermittent transition zonetransition zone

Adjacent hillslope processes such as landslides Adjacent hillslope processes such as landslides will continue resulting in slope failure debris in will continue resulting in slope failure debris in channels and potential displacement of channelschannels and potential displacement of channels

Differential settlement of fill would cause Differential settlement of fill would cause somewhat unpredictable changes in channel somewhat unpredictable changes in channel slope in locations other than along fill sidesslope in locations other than along fill sides

Downstream channel instability may propagate Downstream channel instability may propagate into fill channels or restored pond reachesinto fill channels or restored pond reaches

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Kentucky DNRKentucky DNRBetter pond restoration plans Better pond restoration plans

and improved channel design on fillsand improved channel design on fills

Directive 34Directive 34: 01/17/01 Inspection Procedures for MSHA : 01/17/01 Inspection Procedures for MSHA Impoundments Impoundments

Directive 36Directive 36: 08/07/02 Excess spoil fill, contemporaneous : 08/07/02 Excess spoil fill, contemporaneous reclamation, backfilling & grading: Inspection/Enforcement reclamation, backfilling & grading: Inspection/Enforcement proceduresprocedures

http://http://www.minepermits.ky.gov/statutesregs/RAMs.htmwww.minepermits.ky.gov/statutesregs/RAMs.htm

Reclamation Advisory MemorandumsReclamation Advisory Memorandums RAM 138RAM 138 08/15/05 KPDES Permits for Coal Mining Activities: 08/15/05 KPDES Permits for Coal Mining Activities:

New Antidegradation RequirementsNew Antidegradation Requirements RAM 137 04/14/04 New Regulations for Noncoal MineralsRAM 137 04/14/04 New Regulations for Noncoal Minerals RAM 136 11/21/03 KPDES Coal General Permit ReissuedRAM 136 11/21/03 KPDES Coal General Permit Reissued RAM 135 09/10/02 Review of Durable Rock Fill DesignsRAM 135 09/10/02 Review of Durable Rock Fill Designs RAM 134 10/25/01 Clarification of Permitting Procedures for RAM 134 10/25/01 Clarification of Permitting Procedures for

Streams Between Fills and Ponds Streams Between Fills and Ponds

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Questions?Questions?