CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS OF ERASOF ERAS

U.S. History EOC ReviewU.S. History EOC Review

Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

1803 Louisiana Purchase1803 Louisiana Purchase 1849 California Gold Rush1849 California Gold Rush Conflict with Indians; Dawes Act - Conflict with Indians; Dawes Act -

assimilationassimilation Transcontinental Railroad and Erie Transcontinental Railroad and Erie

Canal encourage westward movementCanal encourage westward movement Cities begin to grow, and demand for Cities begin to grow, and demand for

goods across the country increases.goods across the country increases.

Industrialization and UrbanizationIndustrialization and Urbanization Inventors: Thomas A. Edison (light bulb), Inventors: Thomas A. Edison (light bulb),

Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander G. Bell Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander G. Bell (telephone)(telephone)

Entrepreneurs: Andrew Carnegie (U.S. Steel) Entrepreneurs: Andrew Carnegie (U.S. Steel) and John Rockefeller (Standard Oil)and John Rockefeller (Standard Oil)

““Gilded Age” meant things looked good on Gilded Age” meant things looked good on outside (industrial boom, increase in wealth), outside (industrial boom, increase in wealth), but bad things were underneath (child labor, but bad things were underneath (child labor, poor working conditions, poverty)poor working conditions, poverty)

Rise of big business…more factory jobsRise of big business…more factory jobs Rapid urbanization: overcrowding, increase Rapid urbanization: overcrowding, increase

in crime, lack of sanitation and police in crime, lack of sanitation and police servicesservices

ImperialismImperialism

1898 Spanish-American War1898 Spanish-American War Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentTheodore Roosevelt becomes president Alfred T. Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge: Alfred T. Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge:

build up of U.S. naval powerbuild up of U.S. naval power U.S. acquires Hawaii, Guam, PhilippinesU.S. acquires Hawaii, Guam, Philippines Panama Canal is builtPanama Canal is built Open Door Policy (increase trade in Open Door Policy (increase trade in

China) results in the Boxer RebellionChina) results in the Boxer Rebellion

Progressive EraProgressive Era Social Reformers: Jane Addams, Susan B. Social Reformers: Jane Addams, Susan B.

Anthony, Jacob RiisAnthony, Jacob Riis Muckrakers: used media to bring political Muckrakers: used media to bring political

corruption/social injustices to light corruption/social injustices to light Movement to bring equality to African-Movement to bring equality to African-

Americans: NAACP, Booker T. Americans: NAACP, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, Ida B. WellsWashington, W.E.B. DuBois, Ida B. Wells

Political Reform: Robert LaFollette, Political Reform: Robert LaFollette, Eugene DebsEugene Debs

Initiative, referendum, recall, prohibitionInitiative, referendum, recall, prohibition 1616thth, 17, 17thth, 18, 18th,th, 19 19thth amendments amendments

World War IWorld War I 1914-1918 1914-1918 Causes: nationalism, imperialism, Causes: nationalism, imperialism,

militarism, alliances.militarism, alliances. U.S. involvement: unrestricted German U.S. involvement: unrestricted German

submarine warfare (freedom of the submarine warfare (freedom of the seas) and the Zimmerman telegramseas) and the Zimmerman telegram

Great Migration of African Americans to Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities for wartime jobsnorthern cities for wartime jobs

Treaty of Versailles (Germany at fault) , Treaty of Versailles (Germany at fault) , 14 Points (self-determination/govt), 14 Points (self-determination/govt), League of Nations (League of Nations (NONO for U.S.: for U.S.: entanglements w/ Europe)entanglements w/ Europe)

The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties War is over…consumerism begins! War is over…consumerism begins!

(“Normalcy” with Harding)(“Normalcy” with Harding) Red Scare…fear of immigrants bringing Red Scare…fear of immigrants bringing

communist ideas from Southern/Eastern communist ideas from Southern/Eastern Europe (Nativism)Europe (Nativism)

Harlem Renaissance and JazzHarlem Renaissance and Jazz Important people: Henry Ford, Charles Important people: Henry Ford, Charles

Lindberg, Clarence Darrow, William J. Lindberg, Clarence Darrow, William J. BryanBryan

Harding, scandals; Coolidge, business-likeHarding, scandals; Coolidge, business-like 1919thth and 21 and 21stst amendments amendments

The Great Depression and New The Great Depression and New DealDeal

1929 Stock Market Crash1929 Stock Market Crash Causes of Depression: uneven distribution Causes of Depression: uneven distribution

of wealth, too much installment/credit of wealth, too much installment/credit debt, speculation, stock market crash debt, speculation, stock market crash

Hoover blamed for not fixing Depression; Hoover blamed for not fixing Depression; Roosevelt offers Americans a “New Deal”Roosevelt offers Americans a “New Deal”

Government programs: AAA, CCC, SEC, Government programs: AAA, CCC, SEC, Social Security to combat depressionSocial Security to combat depression

Dust Bowl caused farming crisisDust Bowl caused farming crisis

World War IIWorld War II

German violations of Treaty of Versailles and German violations of Treaty of Versailles and invasion of Poland (1939) caused war.invasion of Poland (1939) caused war.

1941-1945 U.S. involvement (Pearl Harbor)1941-1945 U.S. involvement (Pearl Harbor) Japanese internment camps (Ex. Order 9066)Japanese internment camps (Ex. Order 9066) Holocaust in EuropeHolocaust in Europe Manhattan Project – building of atomic bombManhattan Project – building of atomic bomb Japan surrenders after atomic bombs dropped Japan surrenders after atomic bombs dropped

over Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Harry Truman)over Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Harry Truman)

The Cold WarThe Cold War

““Iron Curtain” divides East (Communist) Iron Curtain” divides East (Communist) and West (non-Communist) Europeand West (non-Communist) Europe

NATO (West) and Warsaw Pact (East) NATO (West) and Warsaw Pact (East) alliances formed for defensealliances formed for defense

Joseph McCarthy and the New Red ScareJoseph McCarthy and the New Red Scare U.S. objective: containment of communismU.S. objective: containment of communism China falls to communism; North Korea China falls to communism; North Korea

and North Vietnam also become and North Vietnam also become communist (Domino Theory)communist (Domino Theory)

The 1950’s: Presidents and The 1950’s: Presidents and American LifeAmerican Life

Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower president: Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower president: WWII war heroWWII war hero

Brown v. Board of Education: Brown v. Board of Education: segregation in public schools illegalsegregation in public schools illegal

1957: Soviet Union launches Sputnik1957: Soviet Union launches Sputnik U.S. responds by organizing NASAU.S. responds by organizing NASA Conformity (suburbs) and affluence Conformity (suburbs) and affluence

(consumerism)(consumerism) Baby boom…continues! Baby boom…continues!

The 1960’s: Presidents and The 1960’s: Presidents and American LifeAmerican Life

John F. Kennedy president “New Frontier”; John F. Kennedy president “New Frontier”; beats Nixon after first televised beats Nixon after first televised presidential debatepresidential debate

Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviets ally with CubaCuban Missile Crisis: Soviets ally with Cuba Lyndon B. Johnson takes over presidency Lyndon B. Johnson takes over presidency

after Kennedy assassination; “Great after Kennedy assassination; “Great Society”Society”

Inner city/poverty issues brought to lightInner city/poverty issues brought to light Programs: Head Start, Medicare, MedicaidPrograms: Head Start, Medicare, Medicaid

The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement

Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Cesar ChavezMalcolm X, Cesar Chavez

Amendments: 13Amendments: 13thth, 14, 14thth, 15, 15thth, 24, 24thth Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott Plessy v. Ferguson overturned by Plessy v. Ferguson overturned by

Brown v. B.O.E. Topeka KansasBrown v. B.O.E. Topeka Kansas Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting

Rights Act 1965Rights Act 1965

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War Lyndon B. Johnson: escalated / Richard Lyndon B. Johnson: escalated / Richard

M. Nixon: withdrawalM. Nixon: withdrawal North Vietnam: communist/ South North Vietnam: communist/ South

Vietnam: non-communistVietnam: non-communist Objective: containment of communismObjective: containment of communism Kent State: college students protested, Kent State: college students protested,

shot and killed by U.S. soldiersshot and killed by U.S. soldiers Credibility gap: citizens no longer Credibility gap: citizens no longer

believe what the government tells usbelieve what the government tells us War Powers Act changes balance of War Powers Act changes balance of

powerpower

Protest Movements 1960’s-70’sProtest Movements 1960’s-70’s Anti-War: college campuses, students Anti-War: college campuses, students

protesting against draft/war, Kent Stateprotesting against draft/war, Kent State Civil Rights: sit-ins & freedom rides, Civil Rights: sit-ins & freedom rides,

African-Americans, Hispanics, American African-Americans, Hispanics, American Indians, college students, womenIndians, college students, women

Women’s Rights: changing roles, Women’s Rights: changing roles, Feminine Mystique – Betty Freidan, Feminine Mystique – Betty Freidan, equal work for equal pay, NOW, Title IX equal work for equal pay, NOW, Title IX - education- education

Environment: awareness, pesticides, Environment: awareness, pesticides, nuclear waste, conservation, EPA nuclear waste, conservation, EPA

Nixon, Ford, Carter: Policies /IssuesNixon, Ford, Carter: Policies /Issues NixonNixon

Foreign: end to Vietnam War, détente: Soviet Union & Foreign: end to Vietnam War, détente: Soviet Union & China, SALT I (limited arms treaty)China, SALT I (limited arms treaty)

Domestic: inflation/stagflation, price controls for oil, Domestic: inflation/stagflation, price controls for oil, reform welfare system, Watergate reform welfare system, Watergate

Ford:Ford: Foreign: continued détente, increased concern - Soviet Foreign: continued détente, increased concern - Soviet

Union, SE AsiaUnion, SE Asia

Domestic: vetoed bills of Dem. Congress, stagflation Domestic: vetoed bills of Dem. Congress, stagflation cont’d.cont’d.

Carter:Carter: Foreign: Camp David Accords, collapse of détente Foreign: Camp David Accords, collapse of détente

w/Soviet Union, Iran hostage crisisw/Soviet Union, Iran hostage crisis Domestic: energy crisis, regulation of oil prices/industryDomestic: energy crisis, regulation of oil prices/industry

Reagan, Bush, Clinton: Policies/IssuesReagan, Bush, Clinton: Policies/Issues Reagan:Reagan:

Foreign: aid rebels(Afghanistan, etc.) against Soviet backed Foreign: aid rebels(Afghanistan, etc.) against Soviet backed govts, Star Wars, end to Cold War, Iran-Contra Affairgovts, Star Wars, end to Cold War, Iran-Contra Affair

Domestic: rise in Conservatism/Moral Majority, “trickle-Domestic: rise in Conservatism/Moral Majority, “trickle-down” economics, program/tax cuts, increased military $, down” economics, program/tax cuts, increased military $, Sandra Day O’Connor to Supreme CourtSandra Day O’Connor to Supreme Court

Bush:Bush: Foreign: continued working with S.U., invasion of Panama, Foreign: continued working with S.U., invasion of Panama,

Tiananmen Square killings-China, Gulf War-Op Desert StormTiananmen Square killings-China, Gulf War-Op Desert Storm Domestic: Economic slowdown, ADA passed, increased Domestic: Economic slowdown, ADA passed, increased

taxestaxes Clinton:Clinton:

Foreign: increased tensions in Middle East, ethnic conflict in Foreign: increased tensions in Middle East, ethnic conflict in Balkan Peninsula, NAFTA, genocide in Rwanda.Balkan Peninsula, NAFTA, genocide in Rwanda.

Domestic: failed health care reform, FMLA passed, lowered Domestic: failed health care reform, FMLA passed, lowered interest rates, gun control, impeachment/perjuryinterest rates, gun control, impeachment/perjury