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CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE USING WASTE COOKING OIL
MOHANAD J HAMEED
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
i
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE USING WASTE COOKING OIL
MOHANAD J HAMEED
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Mechanical)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2013
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To my parents, my family, wife and children
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Allah s.w.t because of HIS
guidance and grace I am able to produce this report hence completing my Master
project.
Next, I would like to thank my supervisor Dato’ Prof. Ir. Dr. Alias bin Mohd.
Noor and Dr. Belyamin for the supporting and guidance throughout my Master
project.
I am very thankful to all technicians of automotive laboratory .
I like to thank my family, to my mother, father and wife.
Finally, I am very thankful to all my friends, who help and give advice to me,
thank you.
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ABSTRACT
This experiment studies the characteristics of diesel engine using biodiesel
(UCME) product from waste vegetable cooking oil which was collected from
restaurants. WCO biodiesel is one of the promising alternative fuels for diesel
engine due to its low cost and similarity of its properties to diesel fuel. This biofuel
was prepared by Transesterification method which was used to obtain renewable fuel
from WCO. The Transesterification used Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst
and Methanol as solvent. The performance characteristics of UCME were obtained
by combustion blends of biodiesel (B2%, B5%, B7% and B10%) in one cylinder
direct injection C.I. engine operating at 3000 rpm. The biodiesel was blended with
pure diesel to reduce UCME high viscosity which restricts their direct use in diesel
engine. The fuel properties and the combustion characteristics of UCME are found
to be close to that of diesel. A minor decrease in thermal efficiency (especially for
blends B2 and B5) was observed. Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx),
Unburnt Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions of biodiesel blends
was found to be higher than that of diesel whereas Oxygen (O2) emission was found
less. The use of Transesterified used cooking oil and its blends as fuel for diesel
engines will reduce dependence on fossil fuels and also decrease considerably the
environmental pollution.
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ABSTRAK
Eksperimen ini mengkaji ciri-ciri enjin diesel menggunakan biodiesel
(UCME). Produk daripada sisa minyak masak sayuran ini didapatkan dari restoran.
Biodiesel WCO adalah salah satu bahan api alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk enjin
diesel kerana kos yang rendah dan persamaan sifat-sifatnya kepada bahan api diesel.
Bio bahan api ini telah disediakan dengan kaedah Transesterification menggunakan
Hidroksida Kalium (KOH) sebagai pemangkin dan Metanol sebagai pelarut. Ciri-ciri
prestasi UCME diperolehi dengan pembakaran biodiesel ( B2, B5, B dan B10) dalam
enjin CI satu silinder dan suntikan langsung yang beroperasi pada 3000, 2500 dan
2000 rpm. Biodiesel telah dicampur dengan diesel tulen untuk mengurangkan
kelikatan UCME yang tinggi yang menghadkan kegunaan langsung mereka dalam
enjin diesel. Sifat-sifat bahan api dan ciri-ciri pembakaran UCME didapati berada
dekat dengan diesel. Penurunan kecil dalam kecekapan haba (terutama bagi
campuran B2 dan B5) telah didapati. Pelepasan Karbon Monoksida (CO), Nitrogen
Oksida (NOx), Hidrokarbon tak terbakar (HC) dan Karbon Dioksida (CO2) campuran
biodiesel telah didapati lebih tinggi daripada diesel sedangkan pelepasan Oksigen
(O2) telah adalah lebih sedikit. Transesterified minyak masak yang digunakan
sebagai campuran bahan api untuk enjin diesel akan mengurangkan pergantungan
kepada bahan api fosil dan juga mengurangkan dengan ketara pencemaran alam
sekitar.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/SYMBOLS xiv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background 3
1.3 Objectives 4
1.4 Problem Statement 5
1.5 Scope of the Study 5
1.6 Project Flow Chart 7
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Reasons for using Biodiesel 10
2.3 Vegetable oils as diesel fuels 12
2.4 Process to prepare the biodiesel from waste cooking
oil
14
2.5 Transesterification 16
2.6 Viscosity and Density of waste cooking oil and
biodiesel
18
2.7 Diesel Engines 19
2.8 How Diesel Engine work 21
2.9 Four-stroke diesel engine 23
2.10 Diesel engine strokes 23
2.11 Combustion basics 25
2.11.1 Combustion 26
2.11.2 Combustion emission 26
2.12 Terms and Definitions 27
2.13 Operational Terminology 29
2.14 Engine performance 32
2.15 Various properties of liquid fuel 36
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 40
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Equipment 41
3.2.1 Diesel engine 41
3.2.2 Apparatus used to make methyl ester 42
3.2.3 Apparatus used to determine the characters tics
of fuel in the engine
43
3.3 Methodology 48
3.3.1 Materials 48
3.3.2 Method to prepare the fuel 50
3.3.3 The determination of free fatty acid 51
3.3.4 Test procedures 52
ix
3.3.5 Experiment setup 54
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Test fuels 57
4.3 Diesel engine performance 58
4.3.1 Brake Power, BP (kW) 59
4.3.2 Brake mean effective pressure, BMEP (bar) 60
4.3.3 Brake specific fuel consumption, BSFC
(g/kWh)
64
4.3.4 Brake thermal efficiency 66
4.3.5 Air fuel ratio, AFR 69
4.3.6 Heat release 71
4.4 Analysis of gaseous emissions 72
4.4.1 Unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emission 73
4.4.2 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission 75
4.4.3 Carbon monoxide (CO) emission 77
4.4.4 Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission 79
4.4.5 Oxygen (O2) emission 81
4.4.6 Smoke density 83
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 86
5.1 Conclusion 86
5.2 Recommendations 88
REFERENCES 90
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE
3.1 Diesel engine specification 42
3.2 DEWTRON specification 43
3.3 DIGI-SENSE scanning thermometer specification 44
3.4 Emission analyzer specification 45
3.5 AIRFLOW meter specification 46
4.1 Fuel specification 58
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE
1.1 Project Flowchart 7
2.1 Dr. Rudolf Diesel 9
2.2 Transesterification process 17
2.3 Flowchart to produce methyl ester 18
2.4 V-16 Four-stroke supercharged diesel engine 21
2.5 Engine piston 23
2.6 Diesel engine strokes 25
2.7 Compression ratio 32
2.8 Indication diagram 33
3.1 Yanmar-L70N5 single cylinder engine 41
3.2 Dewetron 43
3.3 Digi-sense scanning thermometer specifications 44
3.4 Emission analyzer specifications 45
3.5 Wireless weather stations 46
3.6 Airflow meter fluke 922 47
3.7 Digital meters 47
3.8 Timer 48
3.9 Glass reactor with magnetic stirrer 49
3.10 Biodiesel ester and glycerin layer 50
3.11 Glycerin structure 51
3.12 Bosch smoke meter 53
3.13 Different loads 54
3.14 Intake airflow orifice 55
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3.15 Burette of flow measurements 55
4.1 Fuels samples that were used in the experiment 57
4.2 Comparison of BP at engine speed 3000 rpm 60
4.3 Comparison of BP at engine speed 2500 rpm 60
4.4 Comparison of BP at engine speed 2000 rpm 61
4.5 Comparison of BMEP at engine speed 3000 rpm 62
4.6 Comparison of BMEP at engine speed 2500 rpm 63
4.7 Comparison of BMEP at engine speed 2000 rpm 63
4.8 Comparison of BSFC at engine speed 3000 rpm 65
4.9 Comparison of BSFC at engine speed 2500 rpm 65
4.10 Comparison of BSFC at engine speed 2000 rpm 66
4.11 Comparison of BTHE at engine speed 3000 rpm 67
4.12 Comparison of BTHE at engine speed 2500 rpm 68
4.13 Comparison of BTHE at engine speed 2000 rpm 68
4.14 Comparison of AFR at engine speed 3000 rpm 69
4.15 Comparison of AFR at engine speed 2500 rpm 70
4.16 Comparison of AFR at engine speed 2000 rpm 70
4.17 Heat release rate diagram 72
4.18 Comparison of HC at engine speed 3000 rpm 74
4.19 Comparison of HC at engine speed 2500 rpm 74
4.20 Comparison of HC at engine speed 2000 rpm 75
4.21 Comparison of NOx at engine speed 3000 rpm 76
4.22 Comparison of NOx at engine speed 2500 rpm 76
4.23 Comparison of NOx at engine speed 2000 rpm 77
4.24 Comparison of CO at engine speed 3000 rpm 78
4.25 Comparison of CO at engine speed 2500 rpm 78
4.26 Comparison of CO at engine speed 2000 rpm 79
4.27 Comparison of CO2 at engine speed 3000 rpm 80
4.28 Comparison of CO2 at engine speed 2500 rpm 80
4.29 Comparison of CO2 at engine speed 2000 rpm 81
4.30 Comparison of O2 at engine speed 3000 rpm 82
4.31 Comparison of O2 at engine speed 2500 rpm 82
4.32 Comparison of O2 at engine speed 2000 rpm 83
xiii
4.33 Comparison of smoke at engine speed 3000 rpm 84
4.34 Comparison of smoke at engine speed 2500 rpm 84
4.35 Comparison of smoke at engine speed 2000 rpm 85
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/ SYMBOLS
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materi
AFR - Air fuel ratio
B2 - 2% Biodiesel 98% diesel
B5 - 5% Biodiesel 95% diesel
B7 - 7% Biodiesel 93% diesel
B10 - 10% Biodiesel 90% diesel
B100 - Pure Biodiesel
BSFC - Brake specific fuel consumption
BP - Brake power
BDC - Bottom dead center
BMEP - Brake mean effective pressure
CO - Carbon monoxide
CO2 - Carbon dioxide
CR - Compression ratio
D - 100% Diesel
DI - Direct injection
FFAs - Free fatty acids
FAME - Fatty acid methyl ester
UCME - Used cooking oil methyl ester
UBHC - Unburned hydrocarbon
SFC - Specific fuel consumption
- Mass rate of flow of air
- Mass rate of flow of fuel
N - Engine speed in rpm
xv
NOx - Nitrogen oxides
O2 - Oxygen
ppm - Parts per million
- Heat supplied from combustion of fuel
rpm - Revolutions per minute
SFC - Specific fuel consumption
TDC - Top dead center
WCO - Waste cooking oil
WVO - Waste Vegetable oil.
VCO - Virgin cooking oil
Vd - Engine displacement volume
i.p - Indicated power
f.p - Friction power
ηm - Mechanical efficiency
η th - Brake thermal efficiency
η IT - Indicated Thermal Efficiency
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
It has been generally acknowledged by various publications that over 70
million vehicles are profusely into the global market by various automotive car
manufacturers. Particular category of vehicles produced has been highlighted to be
about 10.5 million light category vehicle, 2.5 Heavy category vehicle and 0.5 Heavy
Bus and 56 million cars. This figure is expected to be on the increase in the next five
years up to a billion cars on the roads (Jon Van Gerpen, 2008).
Continuous increase in production of automobiles by new and existing auto
firms in the recent years have been believed to lead to a high demand for petroleum
products, Authors have opined that the world supply of natural gas and oil from
traditional sources is not likely meeting the required increasing energy for the next
20 years (Zhang, et al., 2003)
2
However, the consistent increase in world prices of crude oil sources recently and
threat to the society as a result of exhaust emissions and the uncertainty about energy
production and supply, coupled with other reasons was found significant to create
new alternative fuel source with features that are similar to petroleum based fuels.
This thinking leads to efforts globally to explore fuel of lesser cost with minimum
environmental impact for many internal combustion engines as an option or additives
such as waste cooking oil, rice bran oil, and palm oil to petroleum energy particularly
in years to come. Due to this additives are cheap with less environmental effect.
The new choice of fuel should be cost efficient and attractive so as to compete with
recent adopted fossil fuels, in the low fuel consumption utilization for diesel engine
efficiency.
One such alternative fuel source is the vegetable oils, which is an alternative
fuel using for diesel engine gives a benefit due to its comparable properties with
diesel. But it was reported that the main limitation of making use of vegetable oil is
because of its viscosity. This covers the examination of energy resources and created
inexpensive diesel fuel powering a customized “Diesel Engine”. Most of these
additives are utilized as diesel fuel, though a large volume of waste cooking oils and
animal fats are obtainable globally, usually in the developed nations, in this regards
the waste cooking oil is the most appropriate fuel. Though its high viscosity due to
the huge molecular mass and chemical structure of vegetable oils, limits their direct
use in diesel engines, which in turn result to the pumping problems and excessive
load on the pumps, combustion and atomization in the injector systems of a diesel
engine that result to the lacquering issues. Production of biodiesel from WCO for
diesel substitute is mostly useful due to the reducing trend of low cost oil reserves,
environmental problems generated from fossil fuel use and the high cost of crude oil
products in the global market. Considering this perspective, substantial efforts has
been given to the production of biodiesel as a substitutional energy source for
automotive engines.
3
This research derives its motivation from the combustion, emission and
performance properties of waste cooking oil methyl ester (UCME) and its blends
with diesel are analyzed in a direct injection engine. The major benefits of the used
cooking oil to attract popular authors are the renewable and greener qualities it
possess to the environment due to related properties with the diesel fuel used cooking
oil can be accepted as a proper substitute to the diesel fuel because of plants,
vegetable oils and animal fats are renewable biomass sources
1.2 Background
The discovery of Biodiesel as a cleaner burning diesel alternative fuel
processed from natural, renewable oil source derived from biological materials like
used cooking oil and refined bleached deodorized palm oil (Mahfuzah, 2009). The
biodiesel has lower sulphur and aromatics contents and reduced CO2 emissions
compared with diesel fuel. By 2017, 20% blend of biofuels with diesel has been
approved by the Gov. of India in 2009. About 38 million tons of petroleum products
are consumed in India in the year 2007. It is expected that it may be doubled by the
end of 2030. This implies a larger scope of production and use of biofuels in India
(Arjun, et al., 2008). The process used to produce biodiesel is called
Transesterification (Mahfuzah, 2009).
Again, the rise in the price of virgin vegetable oil has contributed to the
problems of biofuel production companies. Hence, the greatest possibilities is in the
use of waste cooking oil recycling, which involves a variety of processes like
pyrolysis and catalytic cracking, designed to transform waste cooking oil into
hydrocarbon products for use in the preparation for refined chemicals or fuels
(Khalisanni, et al.,2008).
4
The aim of used WCO as biofuel feedstock is to reduce the cost of biofuel
production since the feedstock costs constitutes approximately 70-95% of the total
cost of biofuel production. Hence, the use of waste cooking oils and non-edible oils
should be given higher priority over the edible oils as biofuel feedstock. The fuel
properties and the combustion characteristics of used cooking oil methyl ester
(UCME) are found to be similar to those of diesel. A minor reduction in thermal
efficiency with considerable improvement in reduction of particulates, carbon
monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons is practical compared to diesel.
In addition the waste cooking oil is renewable and greener to the
environment, so the use of Transesterified used cooking oil and its blends as fuel for
diesel engines will reduce reliance on fossil fuels and also reduces substantially the
environmental pollution (Lakshmi Narayana Rao, et al., 2008), as a result that plants
and vegetable oils and animal fats are renewable biomass sources.
Biodiesel has lower emission of pollutants comparing to petroleum diesel, it
is biodegradable and enhances the engine lubricity and contributes to sustainability.
Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than diesel fuel, no aromatics, no sulfur, and
contains 10–11% oxygen by weight (Enweremadu and Rutto, 2010)..
1.3 Objectives
The objectives of this study are:
1. To prepare fuel from waste cooking oil by Transesterification, this
refers to a catalyzed chemical reaction involving vegetable oil and an
alcohol to yield fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol.
5
2. To study the combustion characteristics of biodiesel using cooking oil
methyl ester (UCME), To be compared with pure diesel in order to
determine the optimum Transesterification reaction conditions that
produce methyl ester content or purity and biodiesel yield
1.4 Problem Statement
Transesterified vegetable oils (biodiesel) are promising alternative fuel for
diesel engines. Waste cooking oil eliminated from restaurants in large amounts. But
it cannot be used direct in diesel engines because of its higher viscosity.
The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of waste cooking
oil Methyl Ester (UCME) and its blends with diesel are analyzed in a direct injection
C.I. engine. The fuel properties and the combustion characteristics of UCME will be
compared to those of diesel. A minor decrease in thermal efficiency with significant
improvement in reduction of particulates, carbon monoxide and unburnt
hydrocarbons is observed compared to diesel. The use of Transesterified used
cooking oil and its blends as fuel for diesel engines will reduce dependence on fossil
fuels and also reduce considerably the environmental pollution.
1.5 Scope of the Study
In this context, an experimental investigation will be conducted on single
cylinder diesel engine fuelled with the blends of waste cooking oil and Diesel.
Engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics are also evaluated
using WCO blended with the fuel in a present engine. The working scope will
6
consist of a literature review on studying the combustion characteristics and emission
measurement for different biodiesel fuels and an experimental setup for engine
testing using single cylinder engine, natural aspirated, direct injection engine as test
engine and instrumentation for combustion and emission measurement.
This research will be conducted by performing experiments with the use of
four waste cooking oil based blended-biodiesel fuels in the ratio of 2%, 5%, 7% and
10% and diesel fuel designate as the reference fuel to characterize their combustion
and emission profile under different engine loads. The time frame to conduct this
study ranges from 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes.
The effect of these fuel blends is studied experimentally using 3.75 kW DI
diesel engine. Experiments were conducted for different blends and its effect on
brake power, fuel consumption, break thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency
exhaust gas temperature etc. variation with the load on the engine are reported.
Previous studies related to the effect and characteristics of WCO as a new renewable
energy resource will be investigated from the literature with the hope of directing this
research work to the new fields of this topic.
Theoretical study should be achieved by the burning process with the new
components of the fuel and their effects on the characteristics of the engine will be
reported. Data analysis consist of identifying and quantifying parameter pertaining
to exhaust emission content and also evaluation of combustion characteristics
according to analysis of in-cylinder data.
7
1.5 Project Flow Chart
Figure 1.1 Project Flow Chart
90
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