CHAPTERS 15 & 16

BOURBON TRIUMVIRATE; HENRY GRADY; TOM WATSON & THE

POPULISTS; REBECCA LATIMER FELTON; 1906 ATLANTA RACE RIOT; LEO FRANK; PLESSY V. FERGUSON; JIM CROW LAWS;

DISFRANCHISEMENT; BOOKER T. WASHINGTON; W.E.B. DUBOIS;

ALONZO HERNDON

The New South

Bourbon Triumvirate

Southern Democrats who believed the South’s prosperity depended on industry not cotton.

Did not want any other social or political change.

The three served as Senators and Governor from 1872-1890

Alfred Colquitt

The Bourbon Triumvirate

John B. Gordon Joseph E. Brown

The Bourbon Triumvirate

The Four Goals

for the

South

Make the state more self sufficient; a push toward industry.

Attracting investors from the north to build factories and mills in GA.

Farmers needed to diversify their crops; less cotton, more foods and grains.

Grains were bought from other states, so less money leaving the state.

Independent Movement 1870's

Farmer’s Alliance 1890’s

A campaign to help the farmer. Dr. Felton was a 3 time US Congressman.

Mrs. Rebecca Latimer Felton gave speeches, wrote articles and sent letters to the newspapers about the injustices that farmers and other “little people” were suffering.

Wanted better schools & roads and changes in state tax laws to ease the burden of the farmers.

Fought for laws requiring railroads to post their rates in the railroad stations and charge the same rater per mile for all shippers.

Four Political Parties of the New South

Tom Watson & Populists

Was against the New South and represented the farmers in GA. Did not want Northern

investors to get rich at the hands of GA farmers.

The Populist Party was a national party that supported the farmers.

Progressive Democrats

•Wanted to keep GA a one party state.

•Opposed any law that would promote social equality of the races.

•Legislating moral behavior, improving education, and helping those in need.

Democrats in Power

Georgia became a one-party state after Reconstruction was over.

Carpetbaggers, scalawags, and black leaders lost their power as white conservatives regained their former positions of power.

Democrats regained control of state

government. Georgia has had a Democratic governor since 1871, with the exception of the current Governor, Sonny Perdue.

Taking away the

right to vote.

Disfranchisement

Jim Crow Laws (poll tax & grandfather clause) contributed to

the disfranchisement of African American men

in the south.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that restricted behavior of African Americans and kept them separated from whites socially and politically.

Jim Crow was the creation of a minstrel show performer. He is not a real person.

Voting Restrictions

“Good character & citizen clause”

According to the county registrar, those who were of “good character” and understood the “duties of citizenship”; usually applied this rule to illiterate whites but not blacks.

Property Exemptions Grandfather Clause

If you owned at least 40 acres of land or had other taxable property worth at least $500; few blacks owned this much land or taxable property.

Could exempt if you were the descendent of a Union or Confederate veteran; mostly applied to white Georgians whose grandfathers were Civil War veterans.

Voting Restrictions

Plessy v Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case.

“Separate but Equal” It is legal to have separate facilities for blacks and

whites, as long as they are equal.

Facilities were never equal.

Child LaborPrison Reform

Children often worked 10 – 15 hour days in factories.

There were NO laws governing the treatment of children.

Poor treatment of prisoners.

Chain gangs made famous throughout the country due to GA’s chain gangs.

Other Social Issues of the New South

Prohibition Women’s Suffrage

The 18th Amendment outlawed alcoholic beverages for the whole country in 1917.

Suffrage means the right to vote.

Women were

not given the right to vote until the 19th amendment to the US Constitution in 1919.

Other Social Issues of the New South

County Unit System

County Unit System was a special formula for counting votes in the primary elections of the Democratic Party

It made votes in the RURAL (country) areas of Georgia more than votes in the City (heavily African American

Used in elections for the Governor and US Senators

For County Unit SystemAgainst County Unit System

This system protected the rural counties from being controlled by the large cities – such as Atlanta.

The system violated the voting rights of Georgians who lived in urban counties. Many African Americans lived in the urban city counties to work in factories.

Argument over County Unit System

In April of 1962 the US Supreme Court struck down the county unit system. It violated the 14th Amendment by making votes unequal for urban voters.

Henry Grady One of the most important

New South figures.

Was the editor of the Atlanta Journal Constitution.

He believed that the key to breaking the South’s dependency and poverty was industrialization.

But, the South did not have the capital to build new factories and mills.

Traveled to the North to urge them to invest in the South.

Increase in Textile Manufacturing

Great Cotton Exhibitions

As more factories were built, production of good increased.

With more factories, meant more JOBS for Georgians.

These were several conventions held in Atlanta.

The idea was to bring people to Georgia and show them why they should invest in industry in the State.

It worked!

Increase in Industry

Tenant Farming Sharecropping

Tenant Farming V.S. Sharecropping

Land owners divided plantations into sections & constructed crude shacks for tenants.

Tenants would provide own supplies & farm the land.

Tenants gave a portion of their profits to the land owner.

Land owner supplied land, house, plows, mules, seed and other supplies to families.

Land owner would

receive a share of the crops raised on the land occupied by the sharecropper.

Crop Lien's Crop Lien is a loan security that bankers and merchants demanded to loan money to farmers.

It was a legal claim to a farmer’s crops if farmer’s could not pay the loan back.

WHY WAS THIS A PROBLEM?

Farmers could fall into debt by not raising enough money from the crop to pay the debt back.

Merchants would cover the farmer by letting the farmers have supplies on credit based on money coming in when the crop was harvested.

Sometimes, the crop harvested did not cover the debt.

Atlanta: Gate City to the South

The railroads in the city made it a growing city, and many businesses put their regional headquarters and branch offices there.

Atlanta attracted people for the jobs available and the prosperity.

Auburn AvenueDeveloped into a social

and commercial center for African Americans.

African American business, such as the Atlanta Life Insurance Company (Alonzo Herndon) was located here.

Now site of MLK Center

Rich’s Department Store

Established in 1867, Morris Rich.

He opened a dry goods store in Atlanta.

The store continued to grow and flourish, and expanded its inventory.

Rich’s Department Store became a symbol of Atlanta and prosperity

Coca-Cola – An Atlanta Tradition

John Pemberton, a druggist, developed a headache remedy in 1886.

Asa G. Chandler later took ownership of the product and stressed the refreshing part of Coca-Cola.

By 1895, it was sold in every state in the Union.

In 1919, Candler sold Coca-Cola for $25 million to the Trust Company of Georgia.

Robert W. Woodruff became president of the corporation in 1923. Under Woodruff, Coke became a world product by WWII.

Booker T. Washington

Established Tuskegee Institute: Center for Education for African Americans Stressed technical

training and agriculture

Told blacks to accept social segregation, learn a skill, eventually equality would come.

W.E.B. DuboisFirst African American to

earn a PHD from Harvard.

Niagara movement- 1st national effort to end Jim Crow laws.

Co-founded the NAACP, which worked for racial equality.

Disagreed with Washington, pushing for social equality for African Americans.

1906 Atlanta Riot

Tension between whites and blacks over voting and competition for jobs.

3 days of violence and dozens of people were killed.

1906 Race Riot

“Not an isolated incident of racial violence” Georgia had gained an unwanted reputation of lynching.

False statements in the AJC started the riot. False reports of black males showing

violence toward white women started the riot.

25 blacks and 1 white were killed as a result of the race riot.

1906 Atlanta Riot

Leo Frank Case

Jewish factory owner is tried for the murder of a 14 year old girl.

Convicted although evidence was circumstantial

Convicted to hang, but sentence was reduced to life.

Mob took him from prison & lynched him in Marietta

Anti-Jewish writings by Tom Watson helped fuel the Mob.

Reasons “Great Migration”

Lack of help from white judges, law enforcement officials and politicians

Low wages, lack of schools, lynching's and violence.

Blacks left rural farms and moved to large cities or went to work in mills or on the railroads.

As a result of continued violence, up to 50,000 blacks left Georgia and headed North to New Your, Philadelphia and Chicago.

SO may left that many

farmers began to complain of a lack of labor.

THEN, white leaders began to speak out against the violence against Blacks.

Blacks React to Violence

Georgia Schools Segregated

White schools continued to have better facilities and materials than black schools.

Blacks schools started to close while white schools stayed open.

Cumming V. Richmond School Board

Black parents sued when the black school was closed.

It went to the Supreme Court, where the Court decided that this issue was to be left up to individual districts

Gustavas J. OrrIn 1872, he was

appointed as the school commissioner.

He built a permanent system of public education in Georgia.

Known as the “Father of the Common school system.

Alonzo HerndonFormer slave who

worked as a barber and then started Atlanta Life Insurance Company.

Company was worth over 1 million dollars at the time of his death.

John Hope Lugenia Burns Hope

President of Morehouse College and later Atlanta University.

Leader in the black community in Atlanta

Started the Neighborhood Union, YWCA, and other organizations which helped improve lives of black Georgians.

Also worked with the NAACP

John and Lugenia Burns Hope

Rebecca Latimer Felton

First Female Senator

Senator Tom Watson Died and Gov. Hardwick appointed Felton to take his seat temporarily.

She only served two days.

Joel Chandler HarrisCreator of the fictional

storyteller “Uncle Remus”

These stories were based on African Folklore brought to American by slaves.

 Also wrote for the Atlanta

Journal Constitution & knew Henry Grady

Martha BerryBegan a school near

Rome, GA allowing underprivileged children to work for an education.

Berry College, founded in 1926, follows the same tradition today.

Juliette Gordon Lowe

Started the Girl Scouts of American in Savannah in 1912.