chapter1_introduction to microbiology

8/13/2019 Chapter1_introduction to Microbiology

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Fazlena Hamzah

Faculty of Chemical Engineering,

UiTM Shah Alam

Chapter 1

Introduction to microbiology


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the study of microorganisms, which aremicroscopic, unicellular, and cell-clusterorganisms

Too small to be seen with the unaided eye

History and scope of microbiology

Microbiology

Microorganisms are very diverse

bacteria,fungi,

archaeaprotists

microscopic plants

(green algae);
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganisms


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Microbes are also exploited by people in

biotechnology, both in traditional food and

beverage preparation, and in moderntechnologies based on genetic engineering

pathogenic microbes are harmful, since they

invade and grow within other organisms,

causing diseases that kill people, other

animals and plants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_microbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology


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How microbe affect our life

Maintain the balance of living organism and chemicals in ourenvironment

e.g

Marine and ocean microorganism

form the basic of the food chain in ocean, lake, river etc Soil microbe

help break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gasfrom the air into organic compound, thereby recyclingchemical elements in the soil, water and air.

Microbe in intestinal for digestion and synthesis of somevitamins require by body included some Bvitamin(metabolism) and K vitamin (blood clotting)


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Food industry

producing vinegar,sauerkraut, pickles,alcohol

beverages, green olives, soy source,

buttermilk, cheese, yogurt and bread

Microbe

excreted enzyme that used for producing of

cellulose, digestive aids, drain cleaner,

therapeutic substances such as inculin


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Naming and classifying Microorganism

Genus name + species name

Capitalized Both name are underlined or italic

Escherichia coli or E.coliStaphylococcus aureus


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History of microorganism

Start : 1665 using crude microscope on thin slice of cork

Claims:

- lifes smallest structure units were little boxes or cell

Theory:

-all living things are composed of cells.

Lack in staining techniques that would see microbe clearly

van LeeuwenhoekFirst person who actually observe live microorganisms

through magnifying lenses

Highest magnification about 300X(time)

Describe detail drawing of animalcules in rainwater, his own

feces and in material scraped from teeth. (bacteria and

protozoa)

Robert Hooke


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Spontaneous Generation Conflict:

- From earliest times, people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or

decomposing matter.

- The SGT was challenged by Redi, Needham, Spallanzani

- Louis Pasteur(1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all; heated the necks of flasks anddrew them out

Role of Microorganisms in Disease:

- Bassishowed that silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.

- Berkeleyand Pasteurshowed that Microorganisms caused disease.- Joseph Listerdeveloped system for sterile surgery

- Robert Koch(18431910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracisand

anthrax; also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis.

- Charles Chamberland(1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease.


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Kochs Postulates:

- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy

individuals.

- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures.- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy

host.

- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host.

Isolation of Microorganisms:

- During Kochs studies, it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens.

- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut, boiled potatoesNot satisfactory.

- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatingelatin melted @ T>28C.

- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar; 100C to melt, 50 C to solidify.

- Richard Petri developed petri dish, a container for solid culture media.

Louis Pasteur(18221895):

- Developed vaccinesfor Chickenpox, anthrax, rabies- Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and

bacteria.


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- Discovered that fermentative microorganismswere anaerobicand could live only in

absence of oxygen.

- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage. Important: Foods

Other Developments- Winogradskymade many contributions to soil microbiology; discovered that soil bacteria

could oxidize Fe, S and ammonia to obtain energy.

- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria; studied the decomposition of cellulose.

- Together with Beijerink, developed the enrichment-culturetechnique and the use of

selective media.

- Early 40s, Microbiologyestablished closer relationship with Geneticsand Biochemistry;

microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects.

- e.g. Study of relationship between genes and enzymes; evidence that DNA is the genetic

material;

- Recently, Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology.

- Studies on Genetic code; mechanisms of DNA, RNA, and Protein synthesis; regulation of

gene expression; control of enzyme activity.

- Development of Recombinant DNA Technologyand Genetic Engineering.


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- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms, while

others focus on specific groups;

- Virologists - viruses

- Bacteriologists - bacteria

- Phycologistsalgae

- Mycologist -fungi

- Protozoologistsprotozoa


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- Medical Microbiology:deals with diseases of humans and animals; identify and plan

measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases.

- Immunology:study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens.

- Agricultural Microbiology:impact of microorganisms on agriculture; combat plant diseases

that attack important food crops.

-Food and Dairy Microbiology:prevent microbial spoilage of food & transmission of food-

borne diseases (e.g. salmonellosis); use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses,

yogurts, pickles, beer, etc.

- Industrial Microbiology:using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics,

vaccines, steroids, alcohols & other solvents, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, etc.

- Genetic Engineering:Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones, antibiotics,

vaccines and other products.

- Since virusesare acellular and possess both living and nonliving characteristics, they are

considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. They will be discussed in separate section of

the course.


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Basic groups ofmicrobes


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Domain(superkingdom) organisms

Eukarya


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Kingdoms

Slime mold, protozoa and algae

Protists

Unicellular yeast, multicellular molds and mushroomFungi

Mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plantsPlants

Sponges, worms, insects and vertebratesAnimals

Unicellular and colonial including Eubacteria(true

bacteria) and cynobacteria (blue green algae)Monera

Eukaryote

Prokaryote

King Philips Come Over For Good Soup


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Biological organization

Domain Kingdom Phylum

Class Order Family

Genus species


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Microorganismtype

Bacteria

Archaea

Fungi

Protozoa

Algae

Viruses


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Type of microorganism

Bacteria

Relatively simple, unicellular organisms

Genetic materia is not enclosed in a special

nuclear membrane

Type: bacillus, coccus, and spiral (corkscrew andcurved), star shape or square

Individual may for pair, chains, cluster or other

grouping

Enclosed in cell walls that are composed of

carbohydrate and protein complex

(peptidoglycan).

Reproduce by binary fision(dividing into two

equal cell)


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Archaea

Consist of prokaryote cells, they lack peptidoglycan in

cell wall

Habitats in extreme conditions

Groups: methanogens (produce methane as waste

product); extreme halophile (salty environment) and

extreme thermophile (hot sulfurous water such as hot

springs)

Fungi

Eukaryote, genetic material surrounded by a special

envelope or nuclear membrane

Unicellular or muticellular

Multicellular: mushroom


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Composition of the Microbial World:Procaryotes:

-relative simple

morphology and lacktrue membrane

delimited nucleus

-mostly unicellular

organisms without anucleus

-Most prokaryotes

are bacteria

-Bacteria, which are

made of prokaryotic

cells, almost always

have a cell wall.


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CBE 531 : MICROBIOLOGY AND CELLBIOLOGY

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Eucaryotes:

-morphologicallycomplex with a truemembrane enclosednucleus

-may be variously

unicellular ormulticellular

Animal cell


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Plant Cell

Eucaryotes:Cells of plants, fungiand protists are also

eukaryotic

Plant cells, which areeukaryotic, have cellwalls as well, but theeukaryotic animal cellsdo not.


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-THANK YOU-

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