chapter13 - blood
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Chapter13 - BloodTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 13
BloodBlood
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Blood componentsBlood components
Plasma
Formed elements
Buffy coat
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Formation of blood cellsFormation of blood cells Called hemopoiesishemopoiesis Red bone marrowRed bone marrow: Produces all types
of blood cells Lymphatic tissueLymphatic tissue: Produces
lymphocytes
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Red blood cellsRed blood cells• Deliver oxygen to cells• Remove carbon dioxide
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HemoglobinHemoglobin
Globins Heme
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What is the extracellular matrix of blood?A.HemoglobinB.Red blood cellsC.PlasmaD.Serum
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Correct answer: C
Rationale:Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs are one of blood’s formed elements. Serum is plasma with clotting proteins removed.
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Red blood cell (RBC) life cycleRed blood cell (RBC) life cycle
1. O2 levels ↓.2. Kidneys secrete erythropoietin (EPO).3. Bone marrow creates erythrocytes.4. Reticulocytes are released; they
mature into RBCs.5. O2 levels ↑; EPO and RBC production
↓.
View animation of life cycle of red blood cell
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Breakdown of RBCsBreakdown of RBCs
Hemoglobin → globin and heme Globin → amino acids Heme → iron and bilirubin
View animation of breakdown of RBCs
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White blood cellsWhite blood cells Called leukocytes Protect the body against pathogens GranulocytesGranulocytes: neutrophils,
eosinophils, and basophils AgranulocytesAgranulocytes: lymphocytes and
monocytes
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PlateletsPlatelets
Platelet
Megakaryocyte
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A move to high altitude would trigger which change in the blood?A.Increased reticulocytesB.Decreased reticulocytesC.Increased neutrophilsD.Decreased neutrophils
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Correct answer: A
Rationale:Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs). The body compensates for lower levels of atmospheric oxygen by increasing production of RBCs. As a result, the number of immature RBCs (reticulocytes) would increase rather than decrease. Neutrophils are white blood cells (WBCs), and a change in altitude alone would not affect their rate of production.
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HemostasisHemostasisVascular spasmVascular spasm
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HemostasisHemostasisFormation of a platelet plugFormation of a platelet plug
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HemostasisHemostasis
Extrinsic pathwayExtrinsic pathway: Initiated by damage to areas outside the blood
Intrinsic pathwayIntrinsic pathway: Initiated by factors within the blood
Both pathways end with formation of factor X
Formation of a blood clotFormation of a blood clot
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Common pathwayCommon pathway: Begins with production of prothrombin activator
Prothrombin activator → prothrombin → thrombin → fibrin
Fibrin forms a web at injury site
View animation of hemostasis
Formation of a blood clot (cont’d)Formation of a blood clot (cont’d)
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Dissolution of blood clotsDissolution of blood clots1. Platelets contract 2. Fibrinolysis
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Factors that discourage blood Factors that discourage blood clotsclots
Smooth endothelium Blood flow Anticoagulants
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What is the first step in hemostasis?A.Formation of a platelet plugB.Formation of fibrinC.Formation of a thrombusD.Vascular spasm
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Correct answer: D
Rationale:A platelet plug occurs after vascular spasm, and formation of fibrin occurs even later, during the formation of a blood clot. A thrombus is an unwanted blood clot inside a blood vessel.
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Blood typesBlood types
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View animation of blood types and transfusion reactions
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Rh groupRh group
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1. First pregnancy1. First pregnancy 2. Delivery: Blood mixes2. Delivery: Blood mixes
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3. Antibody formation3. Antibody formation 4. Subsequent pregnancy4. Subsequent pregnancy
View animation of blood Rh group, Rh antibodies, and erythroblastosis fetalis
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What substance, carried by each red blood cell, determines blood type?A.AntibodyB.AntigenC.HemoglobinD.Globin
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Correct answer: B
Rationale: Blood plasma carries antibodies against the other blood types. Hemoglobin is the red pigment within blood cells. Globin is the ribbon-like protein chain that helps form hemoglobin.