chapter12 coordination&response

8/4/2019 Chapter12 Coordination&Response

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- vr,Fril r:-.- CHAPTERlntemalstlmutt

COORDINATION AND RESPONSE' The changes in the internatand erternatenvimnme.tofaivingorganism happen aI the time.' Theorganismsare abietosensethe changes and respondto, There are 2 tpes ot stimui :

. Stihull : the changes which trigger responses in the trody. Receptors: h gh y spe.ia ised sensorycelts that recetve stimutifrom ihe env ronment. Efiectors : cafy olt flie res. Heslonse :the wayan organtsm reacrs. coordination : ensure the activities ofa tivingorganism.urd on as normat

&

The etiector initiates

-- siini,ii / ----.Externar srimuri." ",. "-.:":'"1:"", " ""- e@changes ln blood osmoric presure'changes in blood Etucose tevel

'Temperature sensltvece s in the hypotha amLrs.

lf deGct nga.d respoidingtoclranges inthe inlernatand exrerna env ronoenr.changes in right intensi9, touch,tefrperature, pressure and sornd

8lli""-Tl,?l ji:;"""""j'"rr\n''--.. B ffffii::T::li:"."#"." s lHlil: i";, ","" the senso ry system.They detectan externasumulus (the sound of lredoor bell). UsLra ly, onetype of receptor detectson y one typ ofst mu !s,

sentthrolgh the n.rvethe ntegrat ne.eftrc.

0 aii-.rcnt f-ar!cs to Llrc

? q}'*'}-]J ) -.*.r II err"t.nri :::lfillJ' f mt'wurtThe nessage from integraton centre is then re ayedalongthe efierent pathwayto the efiectors. rhe efterentpathwaytransm ts the mpu ses through efierent nervesto ihe effectors. Examptes of the effectors are thesmooth m!scles ofthe arrerioles, ihe erector musclesolthe sk n, the sweat gands. the adrena g ands, thethyrold gands an.r the sketeratmlsctes

Receptorsin sensoryorgans

E fectors

---lil"*l -++ s-@-

(-Dn0"fl'""v I

bmin and spinatcord\-\/:centrarne oussystem(cNS)3l lhe b,arn rnrern,cr


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! connectthe sense organs' and muscles of the head. .neck and vlscera. send nerue 'mpulsesto andjfrom the biainffi{

. dc ver nformalion belw,.-.fthc se rsory receptors. theorgafs.nd e ecto s. PNSwillllnkthe recepiors andeffectors to the CNS' Then, PNS relaysthe signa s betweentheCNS and the other body Parts t \{

. cont.o s reflex act o.slhaldo nol rvolve br! i

Sympathelic system

,l,

Spinal Nerves

cNs

i) Perlpheral narvous systn{PNS). catr es outlhe responses. carYoltthe responses

732


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' the Largest and mostcomplex partofthe brain' divided inioiwo ha ves:(al eit cerebral hem sphere :contros movements on tlre rightside oftlrelbl right cerebra hemisphere:contro s rnovments on tire eit side ofthe

, rcelves the sensory lnputafd carries outntegrat ve iunctons' coord natesthe actvites of the other brain parrssends commands to the muscleserarnpes: movement. hearingand tasiing

c;"d,,i- ), contro s volunlaryactons,

learnlng, mmorzingand

processes s gnals rece vedfrom the sense organs andre ays sensory lnformation tontegrates the informationfrom the sensory receptors

enhances certain signa sand b ocks otherslgnalsgives !s the awareness ofmpulses ike touch, pa n

main coordinating centreior activities regulation

press!re, s eep and thirstsneezing, !orniting and

. works as importantnervous s!tem andffi\f'',.5- MedullaSkull ' controls involuntaryand. acts as the refex centre. eg: vomiting, coughing,LrI(l 1l-9:t'iC

a structure wlth manyloidsncreases the surlace areadirects vol!ntary mlscle movementsthat res!lt in a sensory perceptionresponsibefor menta I a bilities, eg:

:W respons ble for body ba ance and body, receives nformaiion frorn ihe sensoryreceptors on ihe poston ofdiffereniGI,ro

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Between Various Types ot Neurones

Structure

From receptor to centratnervoussystein. (brain an.t sptnat cor{t) From aiferent neurones ro From the centratnervous systemin dorsa I root gangtion ln grey matier

Brain and centralneruous systemReceives and sends impulsesto brain and spjiatcord. Sends impulses between theafierent neurones and efierent Sends impulses to the tjsslesand organs in the body.

! Sensory ne!ronesarer.yelinated so thatthetransmission is raprd.. Carriesthe informations aboutthe changes n the externaand internat environment.1 Rd{ b rh. sdc I o.s,i m;.

' Delivers nerve irnp!tsesbetween the vaiols parts ofthe blain and spinarcord.. lransmlts nerve irnputsesbetween the brain and spinat. lntegrates mitions ofmessages constant y throughthe

. l\4otor neurones aremyelinated and form the blrtkofthe ventrat root of the spinat. Stim! ates ortnhibitsrhecontraction or secretion.'itffi;*a


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il:ii;,r," ".,,,"", ",,,.. ." i".F*.**,*l@ Dendron or Dendrites @] Mvetin streatn 'i)i'." Idendronisa ongnervelibrewhledendrleisashortandine thlck aye.softattysubstancethatencosesthenervfibres Ibranchesofnerveribres a.las.i iisu at ng ayer Ithe.ene libres oonduct nrpllsest.uardslhe.e b.dJ- ' p.oteclsthe axon and he pstospeed up the pro pse of Ilheyprovdealargesurfacearatoreceiveinformaton nerveimpLlsesrransmssion t Idendrf.s ofarrcr.nl i.lrnns riave specdrore flrr: re rrowevei some axons \) Iarapraronsto prodL c. sa..rs ii reslor se gpw,- 'Ig.",,1,/ J ;:m i.Uk__"""..,",,." g_:::,:;":::":.-"

conta fs a we deveroped nuce ooJvtnat L,arsn ts riour.es a*a, , !, td,n mc,rtrrane Pn..se.rsaesitgrves rise loa iumberorrine processes frcmrh;.etbod! alttot ansm I e ect cal signa stoca led nervefbres usua v bund edtoeethe, to fo,m llre mls.le. ls, gand cellsortheintegratesthe e eclric. slgnas or nerve "",".; - dndrrs orother neuroneimpuseswhichtravelalonglhdndritesand thecommunicaton.ouieberweenthe iervelhpusesarc ansmffcncoordinatethe metabolic activlrles ce0bodvandlheaxoitermnab alo.gtlre arcn before reach ngynaptic term na sThe Tronsmission Pothri

@ The nerve impulses pass fromthe afferent ne!rones to theinterneurones . the bra n.rlnging.Ihen, the

@

E\:^r""nj ,Xqructuro Df a lupioalneuroneD.tlq CarridAI [4!Dao


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B.yond lhesyfaprcrermina,lhere sa natro\!sp.celg!pseraratnglrr.syiaptclermrna from the defdrite.fa r..eviig ne!ro.e, a ruscece oreand.e lrrisgap s ca ..1asynaptic cleft.synapliclransnisso.: Elociric:t->

chnicat + Etectrical

,*-.6;;;o

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'F "")

Thefunctionsof synapse:iat c.frrols and nlegratesslimu at.d recepbrsiir ..s lri, ! , r! 1r l!'r.s r.r!',r,!ai 1l

Th.tr.nsmiss on of impL s... r!.ft. rt e ecl ir:5 ern s nr..rr! n..: etrr s r:fercnn.rreconverts ihe chern casign! s nto erectric.s gi. s arthe postsynallc

re ease and Cen.rale eiergylorthe transnr sson ol n.rve nrpu ses

-Aron terminal

Tlretr!nsmissof process of nerveinpu ses across syn.psc rertuiresenera/ ri5 dn active pr.ccss.rn., t 'r r..r !t 3 rsi |., hi,I i s u,r 1! r*src. r .in smalland clustere.t

O*__wNeurotransmitters arereleased lnto the synaptic

a baff rto the direct passage offie w:veoldetoa zation from pre synaptc to post

Synaptc vesi.les conta fingneurotransn tter nrove tolvardslhe pr.synapt c m-anrbrafe.The ves..s rlse w th lhe

, The neurotransm tGr wlllsnaJiLic lerm na and

,,r":"' N--r iotra rs n tr-.r:r I iir,!..r. oss th. synnfl .,r --iiir d at..ir t. tie e.e!tri! tes or t rc p.sts!...1rI e rrLrr!n. Th-o e.errt! !!.sls\ ipt. ir.nb..-p

Exa np cs of feurotransnriners

Dld.r tll! sf rs 11 ..rl.( riIsJirlr.,,5, srtr rr _r r. r.irg rc.r:T,t!1s..(ior...ltr., Lr..;,..r

mpu se restarts on thenexl neurone (propagat onof impLrlse) aiierthe b nding ofthe neurotransm tters to the receptors. A new e ectrical signa wt L cont nueto another neurones. The eiieci of ncurotransmitter s bref and or-ac se

PGtsynaptlcm6mbltlne


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Under the controlofthe wil Not under the controlofihe wllCerebral codex orthe cerebrum

Aware of action beingtaken Unaware of act on be ngtakenCard ac or smooth muscles

\iur n r!u!h6 !idobjd

,+,,fi;'-*-)

D Oulk\r ruri inr. n'i

Sneezing

Sweat ng

The Direclion of The Flow of The Nerve lmpulses

x

l. usua y, ref exes involves 3 types ol

{Eflector neu6ne} aionThe knee-jerk reflex,/ patellar reflex

Quadriceps.:r. .t( ,eri!fse lype or r!. L nrirfthe s mplest ne!ralcncuit as n invo vson y two kinds of ne!rones: allereitieuroneand efferent ne!rone

The rL bb.r ia Nr I tsatilired drornd a n!s..rbe,,.nr ieddel r 1r ra

!\rrr.i 1lr,! len'lon ofthe kree6 rapp.d,llr. q!a.jr ( errsmr s. e is str.1.h.d,..ti!r1.9ihe r.ept.rand g.n.r.t.e a

r{D

lopu ses tave ngba.r alonClPrerer r,noror f eurones.nd-calsc the nuscle to conrra.r, e-,

t(D lii :"""# ti'i:L?.-i,H:'#:il: J"-"-

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The importonce of retlexesGvea means foran instantvtlrdrawal from harmf!land dangercusstimu i.

the dangers and risks.

Reflexinvo ved r: renex act on' nvo ves conmunicat ofbtweei the neurones ithe perJrhera nervo!ssystm and the spina

P\{,rffi means for a response tobe excreted even beforethe pain is realised ata

Examples ot Reflex Actions! rn" oooy.r,ru","

lmportantto act as anautomatic response in whichwe are notaware and overwhich we have no control

\--.- \

After the eife.ent feuroneimP!lses, itwillcarrytheimpulses to the eflectorfromrhespinalcod. Then.awayioh the fire instantly.

$st-itgPM c,.,I osdl:

system

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n the spina cord,lhe nerveimpu ses are re ayed to aninterneurone from the atferentneurone to contjnue the p.ocess.+

Receptor r+ Afferent neuroneEiiector + Efferent neurone +

:).I

After the nerye impulses passedthrough lhe interneubne, thenerve ihpu ses are sent to an

. Thepu ingawayofli.gersfrom a lrorfre invoives 3qpesofneuro.e:lhe allerent neurone. iitemeuroneand effrent neuro e.

i'una " pur "a i

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Contrcs nvoluntaryactions.Links the nedlr..b..C.L..id hyrior ra amustottreRegulates the iniehalbody proce$esthatdo not need

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Prepares the body ior iraumat csituation n wh chthe responsesare related to fight and light.lncreases the b o.d pressnreDu se ra1eand breathing rateRedlces the rate ol the d gesrivesystem so ihat more lr ood isavailable to t6f sport oxygen tothe vita orEans such asthe brain.

Preparesthe bodyduringordina.ysituations and br ngson the resp o nses associatedDecreases tlre b oor prssurepu se rate and breatr ng1eAcuvates the digestive sy$emto continue digestingthe food.

difiic!tyln maintaining a formalpostures and causes mpa redbalance and coordinalionresl ls in weakness of the

pupil dilatesinhibits

opens

inhibits churningstimulates

eyestimulatessalivary glandconstrictsbronchi

heartstimulates churningstomach

glucose releasestimulatessecreiioninhibitsmobilityrelaxes

adrenalstimulates

glandmobility

a,'

contracisbladder

Parkinson'sdiseaseAn acce erat fgdisorderoftheCNS thattypically affecis victimsaround the age of 60 yea6 old a.dDue io rlre low levelof dopami.e(a neurotransmitter) in the brain,efiects ol Pa.k nson's disease:(al lremo6 ortrehbring ofrhe

arms,jaws, and face(bl

Alzheimer'sdiseaseA f eurologica disorder which affectsvictimsaround rheageof60years od and ab@e. -.-Ma I cause orthisdisease 6st rrnrno"n, #fbutothe,tucto,s rire cenerc '[1nvrcnmentaland aE,ne ".! 4q''orocess do errect. -}f l'inc,eas ns ross or.e.o,y una \ ','(a) contused and iorgetful(c) ose the abilityto.ead,

wrne, eat, walk and talk

Waystohandle

constricts pupil

-at.rv


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Cerebml co(ex of cerebrum lntegratjng centre Nledulla oblongata and hypothatamusGiands, cardiac musctes ofrhe heart,smooth muscres ofthe inrernal organssuch as the intestines

Rernoving hand from a horstove, knee-jerk rer exReguiates the inrerna I environ rnenr,ior xa mple : body temperaru re afcl

consists ofa giant network of nerve celsor neurones rhat tmnsport information consists of a number ofglands that. controls voluntaryand invotuntaryactions . controls involu nta ry actions' electrical signals (nerve tmpuises) Type of slgnal . chemica slgnats (horrnones). messages are conveyed via neurones . messagesare conveyed via btoodstream! carried to speciic tocations . carried tovarioLrs destinations' temporary and short-term response ' long astrng response I nevers bte)f,.t rn"4dlrdm-qr-oo".

Stimulus aifects endocrine thrcughsecreting cells in the endocrinegland so that it secretes hormones

disvibuted througho!t rhebody by the b oodsrream

A lrormone is a chemlcalprodlced in one part ofanorganism which is conveyedthroughout the organ smand prcduces a specilicresponse n target ce ts.

in Humans

F-@

Growth

Getorgan

with the original

The homones are conveyed in the btoodto all parts ofthe body. Receptors on themembranes ofthe targer organ tecognise,the circu lating homone motecutes. Thisensures that onlythe specinc target organcan respond to the hormone.


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Hormone and main

. PRL. Thesize ofpituitarygland isverysma ,lust ke the size ola pea.. lt secretes several hormones

that can regularerhe acrlvtesof other endocrine syslem andmany bodylLncllons.

Ihyroid st mlr at ng

hornrone (FSH)

lLlli

(GF)

(ADH)

r Hormone released : Thyroxine. Target organ : a thetissles. The princ palllnctons:(a) controlsthe bodymetabolism(b) conrrolsrhe phFcaland menta Crowlh(c) ncreases the body tenperatLre(d) reEUlates Arowth rnd deve opmeftofthe body cels

Adosreron (Adrenalcorter), adrena n andnoradrnaline lAd.ena nedu a)a dosterone -----> kdneya drena lne and noradrena ne -----t card ac and othcr. The princ pa functons:(a) secretesadrena n lvh ch preparesthe bodytorespond n an emergency snuanon(b) increasesthe reabsorption of h nera salts in kdieys. Functonotadosterone:o o\dif ' 16

. T e ,.fd enlli !r!5r.r1.J Drs'rsg.rlsrr.l..n.n

. The endo.rine gaids are lhe ducrless gands that producehonrones drectry i.lo the inlerslilia nlid and the boodstream.. The .ircu at ng b ood wll transpodtlrelrormonerlrroughoutthe

. Nornonswhiclr are no lonCer usefulare neutralised bythe verand excreted by the k dreys

' l)rg.,r!,rrr.rr 111r. r r.,nr.i.sn.t !p.n are.a cdtargel' A rrormone may hasa f.wraraeloreafsir': ,'

,r_'.: - ,)"t t

,tr",""*-tPancteas

Ovary ( Female only)oestroEen and progeslerone. Iargetorgan:Gonads1at oestrogen contro s thdeve opment of secondarysexua charader stics in(b) Proge$erone prohotes regrow|r of the uierus wa s andinhibirs ovuration


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Target0rgansactivates the thyroid gland to re easestimulates the deve opfirent offollic es infemales ovares ard spermatogeresis in..rl .ls i reo!!.ton dcvelopnrerit.l.orpL s !t-A! f.nd sc.rctron ot.estrog-Afand P'og--sler re n rcna.s.s,e a3se.rel.. !l L-Asr.stei.n. r nr..sstim uiates the adrenal cortex to releasest mulates prole n synthess, groMh andst mu atesthe milk synthessiiomstifiulates kidneysto reabsarb water frornsl nru ates tlre (rrrr aclons olth. dter.enrus.es a.d lhe r-A e.se.l m k froflnan.r.rv glands . ieDrLes.tter.ri.l..rse:rsDts .l..tof i| r: es

endocrine glands

rr. t n, t; !ir 'lisas. tr.r lfdr!otre .r...ri.{; (l:,l@trq

.s tr. iiet,r'rr rd frtre\r!t-t-

l-lornrones ca r bc d v ded nlo fi.ee ma I categores based oitheirfunctonssuch as reproducton. lromostasisand groMhTrr.s..rr.. !:'ror ro res ia! stIL .t.1r. r'ortrirrC.fs.rreo gans b!] -r trr., .. , e t fefrr nlrbtthl-d.i[n!or.lijellowevr ou. bodya so h.vesom gands wth aeramPe. tlre salivary g atrd !vhThseglandssccrelevaroushormones Novedphys ological pr.cesses.

ThyroidGland

lloroone reeased: ns! in and glucagonTarget organ : Live( hlsclesandthe adiposetssues(a) prodlces insu n andglucagon in approprate quantity(b) fsllin converts excess g lcose ro gr}toCen and

decreases b ood glucose leves. The gly.ogen isstored in liver afd musclecelslc) gucagon breaks down ihe glycogen afd reteasesglucose intorhe blood. Thjs wlllincrease blood

, Functionsofadrena ie andincrease lhe leve s olsugarandlatyacids in

activ ty, llie .at andfcrase the melabo crate and constr ctthe

lil::::[],:ffii"..", resris(Mareonrv)Gonads, skn hlscles afd

secondarysex!acharacrerisiics n malesspermatogenesls

NeuorlM)sd,i Bhd (5546e0 r)

Adrenal Gland


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(i! gland:lferts ol adrena ine and rioradrenal nc secr-cr o.lal An ncrease in the heartbeat and breath ng

A light oriight situation, forexampe,when you see a big snake approachesvou,the hypothalam!s wil send outthe nervemp!lses d recuy to the adrenal med!lla.

to plmp more oxygen to the brain ro behighlyaledto mobillse the various parts oithe body inro mmed ate actonrj Ar .creas-A I lirc b ood Fr-ass! e, bkrodgnr..se lele dnd rnctalrol. a.r v 1!.' to pump a Iargeramount ofg Lrcose to theto make the mlsces more energsedand enable a person tolight oifan attacker or r!n awaymmed ately from danger

The nervo!s and endocrlnetogetlrerto bring out anin fght or f ight

. once th danger s over.the internal changcs thatocc!tred wi rel!m t. normil

XidneyThis stirnulatesihe cel softhe adrena med!llato Produce adrenaline

. H.s n.rrr.ncs fr.mautonomic nervo!s

ldney @ The neurones from theneruous system ln the

l.t.,",*r Adrenalgland

EDinephrine l.d e ra irclNorpinephrine lnon.irena ine)From the adrenal med!lla{the nnernrost region of

. an:bnorma increase in the length of bo.esandcauses gigantism dur.g chi dhood' the bons, hands fet, cheeks andtawsthickenafd olher tissues eniarge caus fgacromegary

. retardaton of bonegroMh and caLsesdwarlism dlringgrowlng years. the perso. iaits to grow and ihe size ot bodysti

. the organs ofthe person also fa rio grow. an increase inthe merabolic rate ofthe body. excessve sweating, heat intoleGnce,netuousne$, increased bowet fr ovements, rapidheart raie and weight ossr enlarge oirhe thyroid crand (coirrc)

. causesnryr.dcm. inadulthood. slows down heart rate,low bodytempeEture, hlgh sensitivityto co d, generalletharev and a tendencyto gain weight eas tyr causes severe m enta i reta rdation (crertn sm) duringch tdhood. lack otiod ne reducesthesecretion of thyroxine. causes an abnorma ly low leveloig ucose in theblood (hypoglycaemia). fatigue, menta contusion, lnsomnid,nervousne$, faintinC spells, mood swifgsand. severe hypoglycaemia can cause convulsonsand

. eads to diabetes merrrlus ( high evets of slgar or gtu.ce in. causes b! lding up oiglucose in bloodstream. an ifcreased trequency ofurination, excessivethkst,numbness or buhingsensation in the ieet, anktes ard legs,,blJred o'poo'\ cron, dno slow he8,rgofsol.oscauses h gh retention or water in the body calse diabetes inslpldus (a largevo ume ofurine s excrered)p.t ents usualythirstand often wanrtodrinka otofwatersevere diabetes nslpidus may tead to death due to dehydratjon

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' Nephron ls tlref!nctonal!nit ot a, A nephron.orrprses3 najor parrsla) the gornerul!s and assocated(b) the Bowman s capsLr elcl the rena t!b!le (a tong, narrow, Fenaltlbule is made up otiJ proximar convorlred tubu eliii) dlstalconvo utd rub!l-.

Wtb n the I dney ea.h neph on ssuppredr'rh b ood by an afterFnt artrote whtrh rsa bran.h ofthe ren. .rterv.

Rma'|T.;'. Formed bythe reunion ol\ capi aries ofthe g/omerurus.

Peritubular capillary/

. Made upor2 a'rsofLe s.. Celstharmake upthe innerwaofBowhan scapsL e.. Adhere c oselyto rhe endothe at

t

i @E1..............fil'llitilirE\,,./////

r A6cendine timbLoop or Hente IL De.cendine timbLong, hanp n shaped reeon ofrhe neohron.Descefds intothe medu a and then retlrnsrothe.onex

Bhd. 15545e0 H)

Peritubular capit aries or thecapi aryfetworkwil eventLaly]ointogeiher into the renatvein.

. ;".;;;";";;;", ",. o ",";.....to a network olcap llarywh ch s known as gomerutus.


18/26

Ultratillration in theBow'nan's capsuleEfre.enl arteriole (narrow)

. The endothe iL'rn and the podocttes ortheEonrerulusfornr aiiliraiion membrane-. The membrane a lowsthe passage of watr andsoluteslrom ihe blood intothe caps! arspace.' Hlgh hydrostatc pressure forces smalmo ecu es into Bowman s capsu e.. The presslre s nra ntained and enhanced asthe affercnt arteriole has a larger diameterthanthe ef f erent arteriole.. As blood enters the g omeru !s, ultraf trationtakes p ace when the high pressureforces f['idthrough the liltration membrane and into thecapsular space.. Th liltrate contains no protein and -.."b ood ce ls asthey are too large...'..... Thenutd

{vide}

lliltrat -.' wh.h enlerslhe

"6';":,,... Occurs by passive diffusionand active transport.

Medulla. Seoctcd s!bsta res ca.- hydrogen ions ( N')potass um ions ( K'). FLrn.t o.s oisecreton :

a0,",,,,"' $ (a) elminates and lncreasesthe raie or waste disposatbt .onLrois th-. b ood evel ot certa n orsTherc is about 20% of the plasma leaving ihe blood vessels a nd enters the tena tu b! res.Secretion is a process in which wastes and xcss substancesthal are not nitialyfi tered are produced intothe rena t!bule. l4a


19/26

which is low in saltl@ neatsorntion_ .


20/26

- regulate the exchange olcarbon dioxide and oxygen

regulates the level ofsolutes in bloodskre 6e dit{etrB beNetr ieglrjYe

- supplies the constantpressure that isneeded lo deliver blood

controls heat exchange{thermoregulation)

regulate the levelol sall and waler(osmoregulationl

z = nujd ln rtre urinary bt.ddtr

supplysolublewater andloods

The interna env ronmenlconsistsof ntrstt. fuid.nd broo.re rnterna env ronmenlconsisrsof ntrstta fuid and btood pasma thatconslanllysuiround the ce s.so, r s importantto regularerhe physica and chemlca co.d tons inlheiterna env ronmeni or lrre bodylo function opt maltyThe physicai factors:blood pressure, osnotic pressure ard bodytemperalure.Thechemm tactors:sars sugar eve,parri! pressureof oxygenandcarboi

imPoftance of homostas s:forthecellstofuncrof opt nra ypreparestolerable nritfor humafs to surviveens!res the enzymarc and orhe6 metabo cprocessesorreactiois nthebodytofuncton

NEGATIVE

,1oo,,,,FEEDBACK

Negative Feedback Mechanism. Whenevr a change occurs n a system, tr cha.ge auto at cat y in rates a.. .cr'enecra.rsm wh ch reversestheoriCinalchange and brings$e system backto norma. Oppositeeffectsthat restore tlre env ronmentto its or g nat norma levet.. Homeoslasis s achieved bythe negatve feedback mechan sm

r'ValueL.n contrast. a positvefeedback mc.hanism produces a rsponsthatTh postvefeedback hechan sm is usua y hanniu aid rareTh responsewi keepto prodeed n thesame direction asrhe n talsiimu us nstead ofreurningthe chanCe to the normalvd ue..oieexampeofapostveleedbackmechansminthehlnranbodysthereeaseofrheox!,to.n(hornoie)tostimuatafd nte.siliesUrecontrccrof orutrned!ringtabou(

150


21/26

. lsachieved by regu aunAthevotumeof urineproduclion and excrerion fromthe kidneys.' lo maintain the blood osmot c presslre.

osmoregulation by the Kidneys. The process of haintainingrhe water content oftheblood at. conslant evet.Water content ts too highexamp e:when a pe6on

i -"\ a fl::#:"", \r I de(.eases, c' I betow rher A I no,ma range.' """ Hypothatahusw . Osmore(eptor ce s rn thehypotha amus monitorthechange in blood osmoticWater conient ls too rowexampe: when a Derson sweabioo much durl.g hot wearher ordr nkstoo litre water a decre.scin blood volume wil occurduetohaehotrhage or severe dehydratiof s_,;.6,o a::"*"':"ffi!x?" r,

ilosmorecepio.ce s n rhe hyporhatamus \\detectthe ncrease in blood.sm.ri.secrete more ADH into the blood

Sma vo ume ofconceftrated ur nes Droduced. Urine becomes m.rp

Negative feedback' Throughth fegarivefeedback, the tower osmoticad vity of the hypoihalamicosmoreceptor ce s a.d stopstiff u atingthe pituitary gtand

' )il):llii:",:il't'j;i*'*E @ Hl":llg

. Urinecontains moreand s lighlr in cotour

Osmoreceptor cel s n rhe hypothatamusare ess stimLlated. Hence,lessADB ssecrered from the pituitary gland.

N4m!(M)sdn.8hd 15546s0 H)


22/26

BGB

P=::!! s^9 {56qo;3:gbEY9.;:

!-3?tj

>>

o9fp-5o+q8ls3t53IeEbn .S 5n

b!1st :bt bal ab,

.. ;o:69 =orl :-: c oo: o9,EcoJ

-

I

.gIs.E6

;=

tit

z

.9

_g-.:i6z*

--3P; 22 p1-' g5 ;ti i- ..7 =-ii-.1 -2r r!'=-i1t = ! :: -i;.:= !: :aa-'1!,2e====:j:: E'r- ii B-= :iEj !, -==. "". "

tjE 2F.:it95I !fis *:-q:A $;;''EEi;

Y;--

E B -!.

.99-ysE3;EHb

!l:+oaqcii

a

!g 6aH3gs6gi E -! :- i- =!'. ?. IA:.011

&

16

6

q

.s

TE9F

69;cq-o5 ,q:& .> 9b:F e;E iFe^iY (E!l!l dd"! =i:olt :9g X F c 3 >l 0 o!=-E-i 6;;;r !,t:5sD> 5H= 6";t >> o o lDP Y :iF 6r6fi SF- qi39-.eq ri Er.g-u(5r

|Elooo0too-og!i83ooEOo=-ct

152


23/26

l+:: ! != E;5 8l',"

;l!; -.R; iP; P

hFc Y;*;EF

ieP339RE F

'ts;;:g;!-:9PE;EE5:

HE EgE ..::n ;rip{!i"= 5i;l:E3EE-s;6i;;=EtPEg:.tlil :

,l';.1 !;;, eo

rt' - - E:- E EiE 9E,C:!2 E:a" Ir'ilE ts

5teorr,r-

a9;5

. - .oE sE i. e E: " E i E iE :33:is-*Ebj;F;5=3it;;Hr!ii*:.eEI.e E c g : ; 3i # -6 E s E E E .&

body tehperature decre.ses bodytemp.rature incr6ases

ai6-",-1i, 6'00""

.!6E9. e,93F

:E:s!s

E.9

EE

!;';;::

R !tE;3Eqe;&IEoP

B93!Es

;q-:;EiPP6gi

:

!: ;+Ei*;; !;E;:t"z:==EEe

-.e 3 -.

9

F 3a

fs3zZ::

:\:

3963::69_o-

o- ti't a E'.+. i F.!>\-

lEr

"rnOri$::t

h !;- t6n153

vr, !^ . EZgEF-* ;:!";TEi:A::E e:6HeEg*E:;CCt+:::g!:::.li=r-F, :pt !E;:E;;*EreaFiitl:.6:eE:;5t::!gpE;e

NuDn1M)sdn 3hd (5546e0 H)


24/26

I

. The build-up of tox c wastes in the body can threatan the life. Hence, people who sutler from kidneylailure have lo undeo' Haemod a yss s a process of liltering blood thmugh an artificalwaythat takesoveithe lunctions ota laited kidney

Kdneys ofsome people may be dam:Eed by disease, drugs or injury.nh one k nney. Howerer. f bonr k dneys stop funcl on nA. tlre b ood

The process of dialysis in a haemodialyser 6. The haemon aysistrealmentlakesabout 6 hours per t ma.d nrlstdla yss Dalients re.tun 3 treatmerts prweek A

osnroti. pressurc.nd rr ood

Blood fromth arteryollrre patcnfs arm..lers |re d aryssNet dilfrsioi olro{ins i5 ftoni rhe b ood ro fie dia ys s fu d dueoi g ,did bd i4b" 4l)ood old to r i.

et

Kidney Transplant

Pcop.shoar. i the latestagesoichron c ldieydi5eases

@ n"; r-."r onn,r,ccntc.s tr,,, oootr!esse s oftlre sa re arn.il r. pali.ni

Depressants

Ale.nat ve way lo lreat k dfey fa !reThefa ed k d ry oflhe palient is rrnovd.nd then rep accd !vth thc aonoas k dncyllosever,lhere sa riskof relectionof transpantdoig.nf6.; Practising a Healthy Lifestyle

rncrease the activity of thecentra I nervo us sydem a nd the

brock the removar ol pleasure- inducing nurol6nsmitieB.Excess ve use can calse atefr porary excitement anddepre$ion. once lie eflect ofdrug is der i cause sreepiness.ways of consumpr on : njecton,

Stmuateand a so ruin then.r..s0 rhe metabo ic rateExanpe LSDlDryserec

.a1il] .h.w !o,s,noknre

dr#ry . lsua ys owdown the aclvty oflh central nervous system and thetansm'ss,o. oi nrve nnl]u ses. Erampe Balbturatcana arcoh.Trrey nhibittre rerease ofADH lromthe poslerior ptuitary afd cause

. An a coholc usuarypassest'l'e o

largevolumeolurnand nray

lnduce the fee iig oJ euPhora.srowdown th norma b@inflnctons and b ock the pa nExampl : Heroin and toorpliineThe dtugs may cause seepine$and disruplthe normarluncton olBesides, the drugs mimlcneurotansfrfte6 by bind ng toWays of consumpton: injection,

Typegof Dru


25/26

-a/ Plant IlormonesOrganccornpoundswlr ch are prodlced ii a sma tamo!nt.txper menls conducted by Chares Darwi. and Bosyen.Jense.' to fnd our lrowand why panrsgrowlowardssln grt

l/ (\b. /)

-p

(ii)

\ The gBwlr promoting chen calnies5eneei ca led auri.\ a rr,s", ' to ue" r.rr,tA

( I (iv)Tlp s covered Tp s coveredbyopaqle cap bycearcap

DaMin and his son (1aa0)Conclus oi: The lips ofihe shools were resDons b e

""." J1",",". -o ,lJil".*o ,'n"l!1."0byopaqueshied bya geat n bock by mic.

+ft


26/26

Aux.s contro the responses of botlr theroots and shoots to ight and gravty.

Geotropism = ihe growlh movement of a p ant in resDonseto Eravnv

horizonta y, both light andgravily cause auxins to becafied to rhe lower s des ofbolh the shool and ihe rootAccum! arlon oi auxin onlrie r.werside of the shool

Accu nllation of:uxin onthe lower s de of ttr root.. Aux .s are synthesized

They w laccumu ate on lhe lowers de ofthe shoot. Higher cofcentrat on ofaux mcalses the shoot bends lpwads.

shoot shows posit ve photoLropism

As ihe shool up s ve.t car, the d str butonofauxins becomes equa and even.The stm erows stra eht uD and emerEinAfrom llre dow.ward lowa rds the light.

concentrarion of auxins thatcaLsesthe elongation olrh shoor wi nh bittliecelle oigato. n the ools.

ce s eoigaG mo,e

sh!@

d,rwnwards. the auxlfs

w I keep on growing

o

otherfuncions oiauxins :(a) stimu ateihe deve ophent.fJruii wirh.ut fefti saii.n(bl nduce the growth ot

roj

Ethylene Also known as ethane, is a p ant lronnone.It is secreted duringthe ripening of fruits.The synthesis ofeihyene !s!a lyoccurs infr!its. stems and eaves.

. Functionsof ethylene :(a) st mulatesihe prodLrction ofcel'rlase(b) rnakesthelrultsoft

t) b The ethyiene ofripe mangoes wilinduce the ripening of papay.Hence, many farmers applythisknowledge and use ethylene torlpen the immature fruits that

chapter12 coordination&response

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