chapter10
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
World Regional GeographyChapter 10: A Geographic Profile of Latin America
![Page 2: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Extent of Latin America– From Mexico south to Argentina and Chile,
together with the islands of the Caribbean Sea– Comprised of 38 countries– Spans more than 85° of latitude and 82° of longitude
• Subregions– Middle America– South America
• Population of 569 million people (2007)– Distributed mainly across “rimland” and “highland”– Region is 76% urban
10.1 Area & Population
![Page 3: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Principal Features of Latin America
![Page 4: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Comparison of Size and LatitudeLatin America vs. Conterminous U.S.
![Page 7: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Population Distribution of Latin America
![Page 8: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Population Cartogram of Latin America
![Page 9: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Climates and Vegetation• Elevation and Land Use• Natural Hazards in Latin America
10.2 Physical Geography & Human Adaptations
![Page 10: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Physical Geography of Latin America
![Page 11: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Extraordinary climatic and biotic diversity– Tropical Rain Forest– Tropical Savanna– Humid Subtropical– Prairie– Mediterranean– Desert– Steppe
10.2.1 Climates and Vegetation
![Page 12: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Climates of Latin America
![Page 13: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Biomes of Latin America
![Page 14: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Altitudinal Zonation– Terra caliente (Hot Country)– Tierra templada (Cool Country)– Tierra fría (Cold Country)– Tierra helada (Frost Country)
• Zonation results from the fact that air temperature decreases with elevation at a normal rate of approximately 3.6°F per 1,000 feet
10.2.2 Elevation and Land Use
![Page 15: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Altitudinal Zonation
![Page 16: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Land Use in Latin America
![Page 17: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Coffee Crop in Tierra Templada of Mexico
![Page 18: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tierra Fria in Andean South America
![Page 19: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Paramo at 12,000 Feet in Colombian Andes
![Page 20: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Latin America is beset by natural hazards– Adjoins a large section of the Pacific Ring of Fire
• Violent history of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
– It fronts two seasonal hurricane regions
10.2.3 Natural Hazards in Latin America
![Page 21: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Unfortunate that this region came to be known as Latin America, as there were no “Latins” among its inhabitants before the end of the 15th century
• When the first Europeans arrived in 1492, the region was home to an estimated 50-100 million Native Americans
10.3 Cultural & Historical Geographies
![Page 22: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Native American Groups and Civilizations
![Page 23: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Maya• Teotihuacános• Aztecs• Tarascan• Inca• Nazca• Chibcha
10.3.1 Civilizations Predating European Arrival
![Page 24: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Maya Civilization in Tikal
![Page 25: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Teotihuacan’s Pyramid of the Sun
![Page 26: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Inca’s Machu Picchu in Peru
![Page 27: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Indigenous Language Families(Mexico and Central America)– Hokan-Siouan– Aztec-Tanoan– Oto-Manguean– Totonac– Penutian– Mayan
(South America)– Quechu-Aymaran
• European Languages– Spanish is most prevalent European language in region– Portuguese in Brazil– Some French, Dutch, and English in Caribbean
10.3.2 Languages in Latin America
![Page 28: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Languages of Latin America
![Page 29: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 marked the beginning of profound changes in almost every aspect of life in what would become Latin America, including:– Death (Both deliberate and unintended)– European settlement patterns and development of ports– Development of agricultural districts– Increased volume of trade products shipped overseas– European-introduced horses, cattle, sheep, donkeys,
wheat, sugarcane, coffee, and bananas– Labor provided by the arrival of slave ships– Discovery of gold and silver by Europeans led to opening
or reopening of mines– Introduction of Catholicism
10.3.3 The European Conquest
![Page 30: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Corn in Oaxaca, Mexico
![Page 31: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Zocalo of Mexico City
![Page 33: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cave Offering of Q’eqchi’ Maya in Guatemala
![Page 34: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Majority of Latin Americans are of mixed heritage• In addition to the Native Americans, there are
four leading racial types:– Europeans– Blacks– Mestizos– Mulattoes
• Only Argentina, Uruguay & Costa Rica have significant white European ethnic groups
10.3.4 Ethnicity in Latin America
![Page 35: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Many Faces of Latin America
European
Mestizo
Black
Mulatto
![Page 36: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Latin America is generally a region of LDCs– People do not enjoy a high standard of living– One-third of population lives in poverty
• Large gap between the “Haves” and “Have-Nots”– Glitter of Metropolises vs. Shantytowns (Favelas / Barrios)
• Benefited from global boom in commodities– Abundance of raw materials– Poverty and unemployment have diminished in
recent years
• Heavy borrowing from international bankingcommunity
• Recent push to move away from raw materialstoward manufactured exports
10.4 Economic Geography
![Page 37: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Shantytown of Belen in Iquitos, Peru
![Page 38: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• In many countries, more than half of all export revenue is still derived from farm products
• Overreliance on a narrow range of exports makes these countries economically vulnerable to changes in market conditions– “Banana Republics”
10.4.1 Commercial Agriculture
![Page 39: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Farms are classified by size and system of production– Latifundia
• Large estates with strong commercial orientation• Also called haciendas and plantations
– Minifundia• Smaller holdings with a strong subsistence component• Generally, people who lack the money to purchase large
and fertile properties– Usually marginal plots, often on sharecropping basis
10.4.2 Types of Farms
![Page 40: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Henequen Plants on Plantation in Yucatan
![Page 41: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Market Scene in Mexico
![Page 42: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Latin America is a large-scale producer of a small number of key minerals– Few nations gain large revenues from exporting these minerals
• Chile (largest copper producer in the world)• Venezuela and Brazil (iron ore)
– Venezuela was a founding member of OPEC in 1961– Some of profit from mineral production has funded significant
infrastructure, including roads, power stations, water systems, schools, and hospitals
10.4.3 Minerals and Mining
![Page 43: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Many countries have formed or joined free-trade agreements, trying to reduce their dependence on raw materials and boost their exports of value-added manufactured products
• Free-Trade Agreements (FTAs)– Mercosur
• Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay– Andean Community
• Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru– Union of South American Nations
• Modeled after the EU (Mercosur & Andean Community)– DR-CAFTA– Central American Common Market– CARICOM– Plans for Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
• Maquiladora Program in Mexico
10.4.4 Free Trade Agreements
![Page 44: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Economic Associations of Latin America
![Page 45: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
“Panama Hats” from Ecuador
![Page 46: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Immigrant Workers– Remittances
• Earned savings sent home by people working abroad, especially in the United States
– Multi-Latina Companies• Some experienced workers return to their home
countries to establish companies that invest inthe U.S.
• Aiding the revival of certain down-troddensectors of U.S. economy, including cementand steel mills
10.4.5 Sending Money Home
![Page 47: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• Tourism has become a major regional economic asset, generating critical foreign exchange– Only oil exports are more valuable
• Tourism revenues reflect distance-decay relationship– Highest tourism receipts flow to Mexico, the nearest
neighbor to the wealthy countries
– Tourism revenues fall off for more distant destinations
10.4.6 Tourism in Latin America
![Page 48: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Castaway Cay, An Island Owned by Disney
![Page 49: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• The U.S. has staked its geostrategic claim to the region– Monroe Doctrine (1823)
– Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)
– Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
– Bay of Pigs Invasion
– Trading with the Enemies Act
– Plan Patriot
– Washington Consensus
• Modern U.S. Interests in Latin America– Promoting trade
– Fighting drug trafficking
– Guaranteeing secure access to oil
10.5 Geopolitical Issues
![Page 50: Chapter10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070316/555b9f35d8b42ab9568b4b17/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Panama Canal Saves Distance, Time & Money