Anatomy I: Anatomy I: Human AnatomyHuman Anatomy

Spring Semester Spring Semester 20102010

5 Units5 Units Lecture: Tues Thurs Lecture: Tues Thurs

5:30-6:45, Room 5:30-6:45, Room 18141814

Lab: Tues Thurs Lab: Tues Thurs 7:00-9:50, Room 7:00-9:50, Room 18101810

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

John Gallagher, BS, MS, DVMJohn Gallagher, BS, MS, DVM

Colorado State Colorado State UniversityUniversity– BS, Animal Sciences, BS, Animal Sciences,

19741974– MS, Clinical Sciences, MS, Clinical Sciences,

19761976– DVM, Veterinary DVM, Veterinary

Medicine, 1980Medicine, 1980

Body WorldsBody Worlds

Turn off your Cell Phone! No texting, either.

Review the new Safety Rules and microscope guidelines in the syllabus.

Don’t bother to telephone me. Email is much better!

Email:jgallagher@laspositascollege.edu

My web site:http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/jgallagher/index.htm

Blackboard: http://clpccd.blackboard.com/

A Few Details:

The Books:The Books:

Marieb, Mallatt, Wilhelm, Human Marieb, Mallatt, Wilhelm, Human Anatomy, Pearson, Benjamin Anatomy, Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 5Cummings, 5thth ed., 2008 ed., 2008

Marieb and Mitchell, Human Anatomy & Marieb and Mitchell, Human Anatomy & Physiology Lab Manual, Cat Version, 9th Physiology Lab Manual, Cat Version, 9th edition, Marieb, 2008edition, Marieb, 2008

Optional:Optional: Kapit and Elson, The Anatomy Coloring Kapit and Elson, The Anatomy Coloring

BookBook

First Assignment!First Assignment!Send me an email before Sunday, Send me an email before Sunday, 11:00 PM, the first week of class 11:00 PM, the first week of class (3 points!)(3 points!)

Always put Anatomy in the subject Always put Anatomy in the subject line.line.– Why are you taking this class?Why are you taking this class?– What is your college background?What is your college background?– Do you have a job? Where?Do you have a job? Where?– What special interests do you have?What special interests do you have?

Anatomy =Anatomy =

The study of The study of external and external and internal structuresinternal structures

The physical The physical relationships among relationships among body partsbody parts

Temnein (Gr.) = cutTemnein (Gr.) = cut

Leonardo da Vinci

OrganizationOrganization

AtomsAtoms Molecules and Molecules and Macromolecules, such as proteinsMacromolecules, such as proteins OrganellesOrganelles CellsCells TissuesTissues OrgansOrgans Organ SystemsOrgan Systems OrganismOrganism

The Systems

PlanesPlanes

FrontalFrontal– Think front!Think front!

TransverseTransverse– “ “ Trans” = acrossTrans” = across

Sagittal Sagittal – Especially mid-Especially mid-

sagittalsagittal ObliqueOblique

– Any DiagonalAny Diagonal

Quadrants Surrounding the Quadrants Surrounding the UmbilicusUmbilicus

RUQ: RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt Gall Bladder, Rt kidneykidney

RLQ: RLQ: Appendix, Rt Appendix, Rt ovaryovary

LUQ: LUQ: Lt liver lobe, Lt liver lobe, stomach, Lt kidneystomach, Lt kidney

LLQ: LLQ: Small intestine, Lt Small intestine, Lt ovaryovary

These words are used all the time, including this class!

Note the Anatomic Position.

Get used to them!

Superficial: Superficial: Toward the skinToward the skinDeep: Deep: Farther insideFarther insideMedial: Medial: Toward the midlineToward the midlineLateral: Lateral: Away from the midlineAway from the midline

Body Cavities

Body Cavity Membranes

More later!

Body Cavities

1. no open-toe or open-heel shoes allowed in the labs;2. no eating or drinking (including WATER), nothing by mouth in the labs EVEN if it is only lecture, no fingers in mouth or eyes (contact replacement, taking medication, etc);3. nothing down the drains, but water (and hand & dish detergents/soaps);4. nothing into the regular trash cans but paper towels from hand-washing and clean office paper.

Lab Safety (details in syllabus)

Medical ImagingMedical Imaging

Light Microscopy Light Microscopy (cytology)(cytology) Electron Microscopy Electron Microscopy (ultrastructure)(ultrastructure)

– TEMTEM– SEMSEM

RadiographyRadiography (X-Rays) (X-Rays)– CT ScanningCT Scanning

UltrasoundUltrasound Positron Emission Tomography Positron Emission Tomography

(PET)(PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)(MRI)

Light Light MicroscopMicroscopyy

Light Microscopy, cont’dLight Microscopy, cont’d

1.1. The specimen is The specimen is fixedfixed1.1. Usually in 10% formalinUsually in 10% formalin

2.2. Then embedded in paraffinThen embedded in paraffin3.3. SectionedSectioned with a with a

microtomemicrotome1.1. Approx 5 μ sectionsApprox 5 μ sections

4.4. and and stainedstained1.1. Enhances contrast for better Enhances contrast for better

visualizationvisualization2.2. Many types of stainsMany types of stains

1.1. H & E = Hematoxylin and EosinH & E = Hematoxylin and Eosin2.2. May add “May add “artifactartifact””

The Light MicroscopeThe Light Microscope

Always start with low Always start with low power objectivepower objective

Close iris diaphragm, Close iris diaphragm, then open as more then open as more light is neededlight is needed

Focus on the Focus on the specimen (low power specimen (low power first)first)

Move to medium Move to medium objectiveobjective– ParfocalParfocal

http://www.udel.edu/biology/ketcham/microscope/joelle.mov

Microscope AdjustmentsMicroscope Adjustments

Interpupillary distance Interpupillary distance and focus of ocularsand focus of oculars– Binocular ‘scopes onlyBinocular ‘scopes only

Condensor: usually Condensor: usually nearly as high as it will nearly as high as it will go (Koehler illumination)go (Koehler illumination)– Iris diaphragmIris diaphragm

Clean slide with Kim Clean slide with Kim WipeWipe

Clean lenses with lens Clean lenses with lens paperpaper

Concepts Important for Concepts Important for ViewingViewing

Resolution - The distance between two objects that is

required for the two objects to be distinguished.

Depth of Field - depth that focus is clear

Contrast Formation - (e.g. absorption contrast)

Illumination Source - diascopic vs. episcopic

from below (compound) vs. from above (dissecting)

Artifact – Distortion from preparation of the specimen

How The Concepts InteractHow The Concepts Interact

As Resolution and Brightness improve,

Depth of Field and Contrast are diminished. Vice

versa is also true.

As magnification improves, resolution improves

Contrast can be adjusted by the iris diaphragm, the

position of the condensor, and the magnification.

Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy

Uses a beam of electrons (instead of

visible light) to view topography,

morphology, composition, and

crystallography.

EM was developed for 10,000 – 25,000 X

magnification. Properties of light limit

magnification of light microscopes to

1000 X and resolution to 0.2 m.

TransmissioTransmission Electron n Electron MicroscopeMicroscope