CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT AND

ORGANIZATIONS

Who Are Managers?

• Manager– Someone who coordinates and oversees the

work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.

• Nonmanagerial employees– These organizational members who work

directly on a job or task and have no one reporting to them.

Managerial Levels

Classifying Managers• First-line Managers

– Are at the lowest level of management and manage the work of non-managerial employees.

• Middle Managers– Manage the work of first-line managers.

• Top Managers– Are responsible for making organization-wide

decisions and establishing plans and goals that affect the entire organization.

What Is Management?

• Coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.

• Managerial Concerns– Efficiency

• “Doing things right”– Getting the most output for the least inputs

– Effectiveness• “Doing the right things”

– Attaining organizational goals

Effectiveness and Efficiency in Management

What Do Managers Do?• Functional Approach / Management Functions:

– Planning• Defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals,

developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.

– Organizing• Arranging and structuring work to accomplish

organization’s goals.

– Leading• Working with and through people to accomplish goals.

– Controlling• Monitoring, comparing, and correcting the work.

Management Functions

What Do Managers Do? (cont’d)

• Management Roles Approach

Henry Mitzberg classified the activities of managers into 10 management roles.I) Interpersonal roles: involves people and other duties

that are ceremonial or symbolic in nature.• Figurehead• Leader• Liaison

II) Informational roles ( Managing by information): Involve collecting, receiving and disseminating information.• Monitor• Disseminator• Spokesperson

III) Decisional roles: Resolve around making choices – “Managing action”• Entrepreneur• Disturbance handler• Resource allocator• Negotiator

What Do Managers Do? (cont’d)

• Skills Approach/ Management Skills• Robert L. Katz mentioned 3 essential skills managers

need.– Technical skills

• Job – specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific task

– Human skills• The ability to work well with other people individually

and in a group

– Conceptual skills• The ability to think and conceptualize about abstract

and complex situations concerning the organization

Skills Needed at Different Management Levels

How The Manager’s Job Is Changing

• Changes impacting manager’s job:

• 1) Changing technology

• 2) Increased security threats

• 3) Increased emphasis on Organizational and Managerial Ethics

• 4) Increased Competitiveness

How The Manager’s Job Is Changing

• The Increasing Importance of Customers– Customers: the reason that organizations exist

• Managing customer relationships is the responsibility of all managers and employees.

• Consistent high quality customer service is essential for survival.

• Innovation– Doing things differently, exploring new territory, and

taking risks• Managers should encourage employees to be aware of

and act on opportunities for innovation.

What Is An Organization?• An Organization Defined

– A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose

• Common Characteristics of Organizations– Have a distinct purpose (goal)– Composed of people– Have a deliberate structure

Many of today’s organizations are more open, flexible and responsive to changes than organizations once were.

Characteristics of Organizations

Why Study Management?• The Value of Studying Management

– (1) The universality of management• The reality that management is needed in all

types and sizes of organizations, at all organizational levels, in all organizational areas, and in organizations no matter where located.

• Good management is needed in all organizations.

Universal Need for Management

Why Study Management? (cont.)

• The Value of Studying Management– (2) The reality of work

• Employees either manage or are managed.

– (3) Rewards and challenges of being a manager• Management offers challenging, exciting and creative

opportunities for meaningful and fulfilling work.

• Successful managers receive significant monetary rewards for their efforts.

Challenges of being a manager• 1) Have to deal with a variety of personalities

• 2) Work with limited resources

• 3) Motivate workers in chaotic and uncertain situations.

• 4) Blend knowledge, skills, ambitions and experiences of a diverse work group.

• 5) Success depends on others’ work performance.

Rewards of being a manager• 1) Have opportunity to think creatively and use

imagination.• 2) Help others find meaning and fulfillment in

work.• 3) Meeting and working with a variety of

people.• 4) Receive recognition and status in the

organization and community.• 5) Receive appropriate compensation in form of

salaries and bonuses.• 6) Play a role in influencing organizational

outcomes.