chapter034
TRANSCRIPT
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Timby/Smith: Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10/e
Timby/Smith: Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing, 10/e
Chapter 34: Caring for Clients with Immune-Mediated Disorders
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Allergic Disorders Allergic Disorders
• Hyperimmune response to weak antigens that are typically harmless
• Organs, structures primarily involved:
– Skin
– Respiratory passageways
– GI tract
– Blood, vascular system
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Allergic Disorders Allergic Disorders
• Pathophysiology and Etiology
– Tendency can be inherited
– Sensitization
– Hypersensitivity response
• Immediate; Delayed
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QuestionQuestion
Is the following statement true or false?
There is more than one type of hypersensitivity response.
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AnswerAnswer
True.
There is more than one type of hypersensitivity response. The response can be immediate or delayed.
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Allergic Disorders Allergic Disorders
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Hypersensitivity ResponsesHypersensitivity Responses• Immediate Hypersensitivity Responses
– Type I: Atopic; Anaphylactic
• Most severe; IgE mediated
– Type II: Cytotoxic
• IgM or IgG mediated
– Type III: Immune complex
• IgG mediated
• Delayed Hypersensitivity Response: Type IV
• Allergic response suppression
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Allergic Disorders Allergic Disorders • Assessment Findings: Signs and Symptoms
– Cause-and-effect relationship
• Symptom correlation
• Consistent exposure reaction to allergen
• Assessment Findings: Diagnostic Findings
– RAST
– Scratch (or prick) test
– Patch test
– Intradermal injection test
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QuestionQuestionIs the following statement true or false?
Allergic reaction symptoms are unconnected to the exposure route.
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AnswerAnswerFalse.
Allergic reaction symptoms typically have a cause-and-effect correlation to the route of exposure to the allergen.
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Allergic Disorders Allergic Disorders • Inhalant Allergy Potential Complications
– Nasal polyps; Sinus infections; Asthma
– Secondary pulmonary infections
• Most Severe Complications of any Allergy Type
– Anaphylactic shock; Angioneurotic edema
• Medical Management
– Allergen avoidance
– Symptomatic; Drug therapy; Emergency kit
– Desensitization
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Nursing ManagementNursing Management
• Diagnostic Skin Testing
• Observe for allergic reaction
• Remove the offending substance
• Notify the physician
• Anaphylactic reaction
• Removal of ring from a swelling finger
• Temporary discontinuation of some medications
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Nursing ManagementNursing Management
• Desensitization
– Administer serial doses; Monitor for 30 minutes
– Sublingual-swallow immunotherapy
• Allergic rhinitis
– Client teaching
• Prescribed medications: Self-administration; Side effects
• Reduce exposure at home and work
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QuestionQuestion
Is the following statement true or false?
A newer type of desensitization therapy uses sublingual-swallow immunotherapy for several types of allergic reactions.
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AnswerAnswer
False.
A newer type of desensitization therapy uses sublingual-swallow immunotherapy. It is used as a desensitization treatment for allergic rhinitis.
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Nursing ProcessNursing Process• Assessment
– Thorough history: Diet and family
– Record
• Allergic symptoms
• Factors that appear to increase or decrease symptoms
– Prescription or nonprescription drugs taken
– Skin rashes or eruptions
– Observation and monitoring each time a new drug is given
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Nursing ProcessNursing Process• Diagnosis, Planning, and Interventions
– Altered comfort: Itching
– Impaired home maintenance
– PC: Anaphylaxis and angioedema
• Evaluation of Expected Outcomes
– Relief of itching; No evidence of rash
– Stable vital signs
– Effortless breathing
– Necessary changes made at home
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Autoimmune Disorders Autoimmune Disorders • Pathophysiology and Etiology
– Unrelenting, progressive tissue damage
– Killer T cells; Autoantibodies attack “self”
– Triggering event
• Assessment Findings: Signs and Symptoms
– Acute inflammatory response
– Low-grade fever; Malaise; Weight loss
– Alternating exacerbations, remissions
• Assessment Findings: Diagnostic Findings
– Elevated circulating antibodies
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Autoimmune Disorders Autoimmune Disorders • Medical Management
– Rarely cured
– Goal: Remission; Slowing destruction
– Drug therapy
• Anti-inflammatory agents; Immunosuppressive agents; Antineoplastic drugs
– Controlling side effects of drugs
– Continued medication to avoid recursive exacerbation
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Nursing Process: Autoimmune DisorderNursing Process: Autoimmune Disorder
• Assessment
– Family history
– Vital signs
– Signs of localized inflammation and compromised body functions
– Client’s level of energy
– Laboratory test findings
– Client teaching
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Nursing Process: Autoimmune Disorder Nursing Process: Autoimmune Disorder • Diagnosis, Planning, and Interventions
– Activity intolerance
– Risk for infection
– Disturbed personal identity
• Evaluation of Expected Outcomes
– Participation in self-care, ADLs without overwhelming fatigue
– No evidence of iatrogenic infection
– Realistic self-perception
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chronic Fatigue Syndrome • Profound fatigue without identifiable cause,
unrelenting for 6+ months
• Pathophysiology and Etiology
– No known cause: Possible combination of immune defects, viral assault
– Low serum cortisol levels; Impaired activation of HPA axis
• Assessment Findings: Signs and Symptoms
– Ongoing fatigue plus at least four additional signs, symptoms
– Neurologic symptoms (several)
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chronic Fatigue Syndrome • Assessment Findings: Diagnostic Findings
– Medical history, physical examination
• Unremarkable findings
– Blood tests
– Exhaustive medical workup
– Tilt-table test
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chronic Fatigue Syndrome • Medical Management
– Drug treatment: Symptomatic; Investigational
– Balanced activity, rest
– Hypotension: Increased salt, water intake
– Several adjunct and alternative therapies
• Nursing Management
– Client education: Disease process; Accommodating limitations
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