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Biology
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1-2 How Scientists Work
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Designing an Experiment
How do scientists test hypotheses?
A hypothesis should be tested by anexperiment in which only one variable ischanged at a time.
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Designing an Experiment
Designing an ExperimentThe process of testing a hypothesis includes:
Asking a question
Forming a hypothesis
Setting up a controlled experiment
Recording and analyzing results Drawing a conclusion
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Designing an Experiment
Asking a Question
Many years ago, people wanted to know how livingthings came into existence. They asked:
How do organisms come into being?
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Designing an Experiment
Forming a Hypothesis
One early hypothesis was spontaneousgeneration.
For example, most people thought that maggotsspontaneously appeared on meat.
In 1668, Redi proposed a different hypothesis: thatmaggots came from eggs that flies laid on meat.
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Designing an Experiment
Setting Up a Controlled Experiment
manipulated variable
responding variable
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Designing an Experiment
Redis Experiment
Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,Location, temperature,time
Covered jarsUncovered jars
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Designing an Experiment
Redis Experiment
Manipulated Variable:Gauze covering that keepsflies away from meat
Responding Variable:whether maggots appear Maggots appear.
Severaldays pass.
No maggots appear.
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Designing an Experiment
Drawing a Conclusion
Scientists use the data from an experiment toevaluate a hypothesis and draw a valid conclusion.
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Repeating Investigations
Spallanzani's Test of Redi's Findings
Gravy is boiled. Gravy is boiled.
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Repeating Investigations
Spallanzani's Test of Redi's Findings
Flask is open. Flask is sealed.
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Repeating Investigations
Spallanzani's Test of Redi's Findings
Gravy is teemingwith microorganisms.
Gravy is free ofmicroorganisms.
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Repeating Investigations
Pasteur's Test of Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur conclusively disproved thehypothesis of spontaneous generation.
Pasteur showed that all living things come fromother living things.
2 H S i i W k R i I i i
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Repeating Investigations
Pasteurs Experiment
Broth isboiled
Broth is freeof microorganismsfor a year.
Curved neck is
removed.
Broth is
teeming withmicroorganisms.
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Repeating Investigations
The Impact of Pasteurs Work
Pasteur saved the French wine industry, whichwas troubled by unexplained souring of wine.
He began to uncover the nature of infectiousdiseases, showing that they were the result ofmicroorganisms.
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How a Theory Develops
How does a scientific theory develop?
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How a Theory Develops
How a Theory Develops
As evidence from numerous investigations
builds up, a hypothesis may become so wellsupported that scientists consider it a theory.
In science, the word theoryapplies to a
well-tested explanation that unifies abroad range of observations.
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Major Theories in Biology
Germ Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Cell Theory
Gene Theory
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In an experiment, the variable that is deliberatelychanged is called the
a. control.
b. manipulated variable.c. responding variable.
d. constant control
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The mistaken belief that living organisms canarise from nonliving matter is called
a. biogenesis.
b. Pasteur's theory.c. spontaneous generation.
d. Spallanzanis hypothesis.
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Which of the following was the manipulatedvariable in Redis experiment?
a. the kind of meat used
b. the temperature the jars were kept atc. the gauze covering on some jars
d. the kind of fly that visited the jars
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A well-tested explanation that unifies a broadrange of observations is a
a. hypothesis.
b. variable.c. control.
d. theory.
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A scientific explanation does not become atheory until
a. a majority of scientists agree with it.
b. it has been supported by evidence fromnumerous investigations and observations.
c. it is first proposed as an explanation.
d. it is published in a textbook.
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