chapter viii. human geography notebook pp. 186-231
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Chapter VIII. Human Geography Notebook pp. 186-231. Focus: the mutual influence of people and the Planet. In other words, how do we get from this…. …to this?. A. Demographic Transition Model [p. 193-194]. The theory: every society will go through 4 periods of development [p. 193]:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter VIII. Human GeographyChapter VIII. Human GeographyNotebook pp. 186-231 Notebook pp. 186-231
Focus: the mutual influence of people and the Planet
In other words, how do we get from this…
…to this?
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A. Demographic Transition Model [p. 193-194]
The theory: every society will go through 4 periods of development [p. 193]:
•Stage 1/A: Pre-transition-high birth rates, high death rates i.e., low development
•Stage 2/B: Early Transition-high birth rates, lower death rates i.e., start of development
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•Stage 4/D: Post Transition-low birth rates, low death rates i.e., society developed
•Stage 3/C: Full Transition-declining birth rates, low death rates i.e., development in progress
•Stage 5/E: Unknown Future?- birth rates below death rates i.e., where do we go now?
How do we know which country is in which of these stages? We use data from population pyramids.
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B. Population Pyramids [pp. 195-196]
This is how we can analyse a nation’s progress in development.
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1. Early Expanding/Pre-Transition
•High birth rates—lots of sex = lots of babies
•High death rates—not many of these babies last
• Disease, malnutrition, low life expectancy
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2. Expanding/Early Transition
•High birth rates—still lots of sex = lots of babies
•Lower death rates—more of these babies lasting into adulthood
• Improved health care, hygene, diet
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3. Stable/Full Transition
•Lower birth rates—still lots of sex = not as many babies
•Low death rates—more of these babies lasting into old age
• Low disease, women working, birth control
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4. Contracting/Post Transition???
•Very low birth rates—still lots of sex = few babies•Very low death rates—many surviving into old age•Many kids and old surviving—high dependency ratio…what next?
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C. Factors in development
1. PGR—Population Growth Rate [p. 192]
= (Immigration - Emmigration) + Birth Rate - Death Rate
i.e., how fast is the population growing?
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2. Standard of Living [pp. 210-212]
What makes a country livable?
a) Life Expectancy: how many years will the average person live?
Antonio Todde died at age 112
b) Literacy Rates: ability to read and write effectively
c) GDP/Gross Domestic Product: total of all goods and services produced
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D. Challenges to development
1. Environmental concerns [text pp. 199-208]
a) Global Warming & the Greenhouse effect [pp. 200-201]
b) Ozone depletion pp. 202-203
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2. Dependency Ratio [text p. 197]: how many are too old or too young to support themselves i.e., under 15 & over 64
Dependents
Dependents
Working Age
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Chapter VII. QuChapter VII. Quéébec and Aboriginal Issuesbec and Aboriginal IssuesNotebook pp. 171-184Notebook pp. 171-184
A. Québec
The problem: you have a French minority governed by an English majority.
Battle of the Plains of Abraham Rebellions of 1837
Hanging of Louis Riel
In the 20th century, some decided to do something drastic.
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1. The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s [text pp. 171-172]
•Québec became secularized and urban instead of Catholic and rural, which made them more nationalistic.
• 1967: At Expo 67, French President Charles de Gaulle’s “Vive le Québec libre!” furthered this thought.
• 1969: Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau signs the Official Languages Act, making both French and English the official languages.
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Some decided to take this further and make Québec an independent nation.
2. The FLQ crisis [text pp. 173-175]
•The Front de Libération du Québec was a separatist group ready to use violence to get independence
•October 1970: British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte were kidnapped for a prisoner exchange.
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•The October Crisis of 1970: Laporte’s murdered body was found on Oct. 17th.
•Cross’ release was negotiated, but still Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act and suspends civil liberties: “Just watch me!”
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3. Legislative Attempts [text pp. 174-175]
•Bill 22, 1974: French the official language of Québec
•Parti Québécois (PQ) founded as party of separation
•Bill 101, 1977: restrictions of English in Québec
The Supreme Court in 1989 ruled this law unconstitutional, but the Provincial Government used the 5 years of the Notwithstanding Clause [pp. 19 & 175]
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4. Federal Intervention [text pp. 175-177]
• Referendum of 1980—independence of Québec: 60% voted no [text p. 175]
• Constitutional Act of 1982—constitution repatriated, but Québec doesn’t sign because of “late night revisions” [text p. 175]
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•Meech Lake Accord of 1987—PM Brian Mulroney’s failed attempt to redo the Constitution with Québec with the “distinct society” clause [text pp. 175-176]
•Charlottetown Accord of 1992—PM Brian Mulroney’s other failed attempt to redo the Constitution with Québec with the “distinct society” clause and a “Canada Clause” of Canadian values [text pp. 176]
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•Bloc Québécois (BQ) founded as the federal party of separation in 1993
• Referendum of 1995—independence of Québec: 50.6% voted no [text p. 175]
•Where do Québec and Canada go from here?
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B. The Aboriginal Issue [text pp. 179-184]The problem: you have an even smaller Native minority governed by an Caucasian majority that wants to assimilate it.
1) Attempts to Assimilate
•Reserve System of 1830 [text p. 180]
•Indian Act of 1876: residential schools, health care, hunting and fishing rights, and treaty payments in exchange for abandoning their culture [text pp. 180-181].
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2) Attempt to Reverse Assimilation [text pp. 182-184]
•The White Paper of 1968: government policy to end the reservation system and “special status” for equality and preservation of culture—it was unpopular [text p. 182]
•National Indian Brotherhood founded in 1969, later the Assembly of First Nations [text p. 182]
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•Land Claims—which lands belonged to which bands by which treaty? E.g., the Oka Standoff in 1990 [text pp. 182-183]
• Self Government: the recognition of aboriginal communities to make decisions integral to their culture [text pp. 183-184]
•E.g., the Nisga’a Treaty and the formation of Nunavut
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