chapter – vii summary of major findings of the study and...

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Chapter – VII

SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE

STUDY AND SUGGESTIONS

In the concluding chapter, an attempt is made to bring out the major

findings and conclusions of the study. This chapter includes two parts. Part – I

deals with the major findings of the study and Part – II represents the suggestions.

The study on “Non Governmental Organisations and Improvement of

Livelihood Security of Women Beneficiaries in Karnataka – A Case Study of

Dharwad District" was undertaken with the objective of examining how far the

socio-economic conditions of women are improved due to NGOs programmes.

The specific objectives have been studied with reference to the Dharwad district in

Karnataka State.

The Introductory Chapter has provided for an understanding of the problem

under analysis, the objectives behind the study and procedures followed in the

analysis of data gathered through personal observation in the field and secondary

sources. This chapter serves as the foundation on the basis of which the other

chapters of the study are developed.

The second chapter devoted attention on theoretical framework and review

of empirical studies concerned to subject matter. In this chapter a brief review of

research studies conducted by individual researchers and research institutions on

NGOs and empowerment of women in India and also in Karnataka State is

presented. Finally research gaps have been identifed.

The third chapter deals with the Non Governmental Organisations and the

development of women in India. A detailed State-wise and year-wise analysis of

the Non Governmental Organizations programmes will be presented in this

chapter.

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The fourth chapter represents the performance of Non Governmental

Organizations programmes in Karnataka state. It includes the objectives, functions

and different programmes of the Non Governmental Organizations in Karnataka.

The fifith chapter deals with the women empowerment through

development programmes of BAIF and IDS Non Governmental Organisations.

And also highlights the year wise progress of BAIF and IDS Non Governmental

Organisations.

An attempt is made in sixth chapter to analyse the socio-economic profile

of the sample respondents in Dharwad District. A detailed analysis is presented in

this chapter. This chapter is considered as focal chapter of the present study.

The last chapter sets out a summary, and presents the major findings of the

study. It also attempts to indicate the possible changes in the procedures of Non

Governmental Organizations programmes for the community empowerment,

which called for the fuller realization of the objectives as originally envisaged.

7.1 Part- I

Major Findings of the Study

Based on the analysis and discussion on the role of Non Governmental

Organizations and Improvement of Livelihood Security of Women, the following

findings have been drawn:

1. Out of 300 respondents under study 45 percent belongs to the age

group of 31-40. That means they were responsible and matured

housewives. Further analysis of data indicates that those who were in

the age group of 55 -75 constituted mainly widows and separated

women, and they were most vulnerable who needed assistance in self-

employment schemes, micro finance and micro credit.

2. Out of 300 respondents 67 percent of the respondents have

educational qualification above upper primary level. The higher

educational standard of the members have helped them to take up

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leadership positions and lead the Non Governmental Organizations in

a responsible manner. But at the same time 5.33 percent of the

respondents were found illiterate. And there was no significant

difference between the IDS and BAIF members.

3. It is found that out of 300 respondents 71.67 percent of the

respondents were married and 15.67 percent were either widows or

separated women. Single women constituted only 12.66 percent. It

indicated that a great majority of the members of the Non

Governmental Organizations were responsible housewives. Even in

this matter, there was no significant difference between the members

of Non Governmental Organizations of IDS and BAIF.

4. The main income generating programmes are undertaken by the

respondents were production and sales of snacks and bakery items,

animal husbandry, vegetable wending, sales of readymade

garments, provision shops, pickle making etc.

5. The total population stood at 1715 in 300 families selected for

the study. Thus the average family size was 5.71.This was higher

than the average family size of the State. This was mainly due to the

joint family system still found in the Northern Karnataka. The family

structure showed that 7.18 percent of the family members including

children below five years, abandoned or unwed mothers, unmarried

because of illness and financial problem, disabled persons due to old

age, handicapped, chronically ill etc.Required special attention and

care from the other family members. The Non Governmental

Organizations system could take up special programmes for the

welfare and rehabilitation of these people.

6. The study indicates positive signs of change in the families of the

respondents as regarding the attitude of men in helping women in the

household chores. Even though the change was noticed only in 11.33

to 21.67 percent of the families of the respondents, the situation

would change for better if the trend continues. For a great majority up

to 88.67 percent of the respondents there was no change in the attitude

311

of men in helping women in the household work. This shows that

there is need for gender sensitization for men, because women still are

not able to influence men in helping them in their daily household

works.

7. All the facilities like Land ownership, Electrification of house

Sanitary latrine Drinking water within 150 meter were found

available to a great majority of the respondents. The ownership

of land by the respondents shows that, 14.67 percent of the

respondents from IDS and 10 percent of BAIF members were

landless families. This was found to be significant difference. This

was mainly because some of the respondents from Non Governmental

Organizations of IDS were residing either in joint family or in rented

house particularly the cantonment area in Dharwad District.

Another significant difference was found in the electrification of

houses, while 23.33 percent of the respondents from IDS were not

electrified, only 18.67 percent of the respondents from BAIF did not

have that facility. As far as sanitary latrine facility and availability

of safe drinking water within 100 meters were concerned, there

was no significant difference between respondents from IDS and

BAIF. Those families who did not have their own sanitary latrine

depended on public latrine, open place and pit latrine. Availability

of Drinking water within 100 meter was another facility that the study

probed into. It was found that while 8.67 percent of the respondents

from BAIF felt the scarcity of safe drinking water facility within

a reasonable distance, only 5.33 percent of the respondents of the

IDS felt the scarcity. Further probing whether these facilities were

made available because they were members of Non Governmental

Organizations, only in the housing and construction of sanitary

latrines there was a positive response. While 14 members 9.33 percent

of BAIF received assistance for construction of houses, only 4

members 3 percent from the IDS side received assistance for

housing. In the same way assistance for construction of sanitary

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latrine was received by 6 members from the BAIF it was just half 4

from among the IDS. The above findings indicated that as far

as electrification of houses and provision of sanitary latrines

were concerned; the BAIF had taken greater initiatives in

providing such facilities.

8. Out of 300 respondents, 57.33 percent of the respondents have not

utilized loan for other purposes. Among those utilized the loan

majority of respondents used it for purchase of household items like

chairs, table, bed, cupboard etc. Repayment of outstanding loan from

moneylenders was the next priority for taking other loans and a

good many number of respondents used this loan for the

construction of sanitary latrines. Only three respondents used the loan

for purchase of land. About 15 percent of the respondents used the loan

for other purposes more than once. Amount of this loan taken ranged

between Rs. 1,500 to Rs. 20,000. About 62 percent of the

respondents who had taken other loans have already fully repaid

the amount while the rest 48 percent are continuing repayment of

the loan. The repayment rate has been found above 90 percent. Again,

the utilization of loan for other purposes was not found very

encouraging. Many more members could make use of this loan for

meeting the needs of the household.

9. It is indicates that there was a marked 22.67 percent increase in the

participation of respondents in Gram Sabha after they became

members of Non Governmental Organizations. The increase was

noticed more among members of BAIF 29.34 percent than of Non

Governmental Organizations 16 percent. While almost all 92.67

percent the respondents from BAIF attended the Gram Sabha,

only 61.33 percent attended the last Gram Sabha. One of the

reasons for this phenomenon was that 15 percent the respondents

were residing in cantonment area, and therefore they had no Gram

Sabha system. When this figure is added to those who attended

the Gram Sabha, the number of those who did not attend the last

313

gram Sabha among the IDS would come down to 22. Thus there was

no significant difference found between the Non Governmental

Organizations of IDS and BAIF. In fact only 9.25 percent of the

respondents did not attend the last Gram Sabha.

10. It has been observed that cases of school drop outs were found 8

percent among the family members of respondents from BAIF

and 4.67 percent among respondents from the IDS. But alcoholics

and drug addicts were found 41.33 percent among the family

members of respondents from the IDS and 20.67 percent among

the respondents from the BAIF.

11. Out of 300 respondets 10.67 percent of the total families were

landless, while it was 18 percent among families under IDS. It is

mainly due to the joint family and the extended family system

found among the respondents in Dharwad District. It is avident

that 38.67 percent of the total respondents had a landholding of

less than 02 acres. Another 4.33 percent of the respondents owned

land between 10 acres to 12 acres and only 4.3 percent of the

respondents had land measuring more than 15 acres.

12. On an average a great majority 79.37 percent of the respondents had

awareness on the legal rights relating to women and children. On an

average only 88.75 percent of the knowledge came through the Non

Governmental Organizations system. It clearly indicated that even the

poor women in Karnataka are well informed of their rights and duties.

13. It has been observed that knowledge of respondents about

governmental programmes was much high 85.02 percent

expectation. And in these matters 90.08 percent of the information

came from the Non Governmental Organizations. The present

study would recommend that these Non Governmental

Organizations IDS as well as the BAIF should take greater

interest in organizing awareness classes on government schemes

so that all the poor women would benefit from these programmes.

14. It gives a clear picture of the dependency on moneylenders for loan

314

after they became members of Non Governmental Organizations. But

the dependency on moneylenders has come down drastically. Out of

300 respondents 61.33 percent reduction (from 102 to 72) among the

respondents from IDS and 48 percent reduction (from 77 to 5) among

the respondents from BAIF.

15. It is inferred that increase in skills of respondets. Highest increase

was seen in communication skills. Out of 300 respondents, 83 percent

of the respondents showed the increase in freely and frankly speaking

after obtained training from Non Governmental Organizations.

16. Out of 300 respondents under study 21.67 percent of the respondents

were belongs to house-wives before joining into NGOs activities. But

after joining into NGOs activities it has been reduced to 11.67

percent. Before joining into NGOs activities 34 percent of the

respondents were unemployed but after the period it has been

tremendously decreased to zero percent. This clearly indicates that

NGOs activities positively impact on the women beneficiaries in

Dharwad district. Before the period there were only 8.33 percent of

the respondents engaged in Agriculture and allied activities but after

the period it has been increased to 34.33 percent. Only 3 percent of

the respondents were engaged in self employment activities before

joining in to NGOs. But after NGOs assistance it has been drastically

increased to 46.67 percent. Hence there is positive impact of NGOs

on occupation of the respondents in Dharwad District.

17. It is observed from the study that the number of respondents with

monthly income of Rs. 3001-4000 increased from 7.66 percent to 21

percent after benefitted from NGOs programmes in the study area in

both IDS and BAIF NGOs. And income group of Rs. 4001-5000

increased from 1 percent to 35.33 percent after the period. In case of

more than Rs. 5000 income group respondents increased from 0.33

percent to 37.34 percent. It is evident from the study that income

groups from Rs. 4001-5000 and more than Rs. 5000 has been

315

drastically increased. This is clearly indicates that monthly income of

the respondents due to NGOs assistance is increased.

18. Out of 300 respondents under study 1.66 percent of the respondents

were under savings group of Rs. 1501-2000 per month before NGOs

assistance. But after NGOs assistance it has been increased to 27.33

percent, followed by 0.67 percent of respondents were in Rs. 2001-

2500 savings group per month increased to 32.67 percent after the

assistance and it is interestingly noted that there were no respondents

having saving habit in the savings group of Rs. 2501-3000 before

NGOs assistance. But after the period it has been tremendously

increased to 37.33 percent. Hence the savings motivation of the

respondents under study has been increased due to NGOs assistance.

7.2 Testing of Hypotheses

Hypotheses- 1

“Non Governmental Organizations build the capacity of women to manage

risks by increase in savings and its utilization”

The details of the impact of NGOs on monthly savings of respondents in

Dharwad District of Karnataka State are presented. The data clearly indicates that

out of 300 respondents under study 1.66 percent of the respondents were under

savings group of Rs. 1501-2000 per month before NGOs assistance. But after

NGOs assistance it has been increased to 27.33 percent followed by 0.67 percent

of respondents were in Rs. 2001-2500 savings group per month increased to 32.67

percent after the assistance and it is interestingly noted that there were no

respondents having saving habit in the savings group of Rs. 2501-3000 before

NGOs assistance. But after the period it has been tremendously increased to 37.33

percent. Hence the savings motivation of the respondents under study has been

increased due to NGOs assistance.

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Savings (in

Rs.)

Non Governmental Organisations Total

IDS BAIF Before After Before After Before After

No. of Respond

ents

Percentage

No. of Respond

ents

Percentage

No. of Respond

ents

Percentage

No. of Respond

ents

Percentage

No. of Respond

ents

Percentage

No. of Respond

ents

Percentage

1 – 500

58 38.67 - - 60 40 - - 118 39.33 - -

501 – 1000

60 40 1 0.67 62 41.33 2 1.33 122 40.67 3 1

1001 –

1500 28 18.66 2 1.33 25 16.67 3 2 53 17.67 5 1.67

1501 –

2000 3 2 42 28 2 1.33 40 26.67 5 1.66 82 27.33

2001 –

2500 1 0.67 50 33.33 1 0.67 48 32 2 0.67 98 32.67

2501 –

3000 - - 55 36.67 - - 57 38 - - 112 37.33

Total 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 300 100 300 100

295

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t-Test

To find out the impact of Non Governmental Organizations on the

livelihood security of women benficiaries the t-test was done, which is a statistical

test for finding the differences in performance before and after joining the Non

Governmental Organizations who are involved in saving by income generating

activities. And t- test is based on t- distribution and is considerd an appropriate test

for judging the significance of a sample mean are for judging the significance of

difference between the means of two samples in case of small samples when

population variance is not known.

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Pair 1 60.00 5 58.408 26.121

37.60 5 48.201 21.556

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 5 -.892 .042

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

t df

Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

99% Confidence Interval

of the Difference

Lower Upper

Pair 1 22.400 103.713 46.382 -191.146 235.946 .483 4 .654

1% Significance level

As Ha is two sided, we shall determine the rejection region applying one-

tailed test at 1 percent level of significance and it comes to as under, using table of

t- distribution for 4 degrees of freedom. The observed value of t is .483 in the

acceptance region; we accept the H0 at 1 percent level and conclude that “Non

Governmental Organizations build the capacity of women to manage risks by

increase in savings and its utilization”.Hence the research statement is proved.

318

Hypotheses – 2

“There is a positive correlation between Non Governmental Organizations

women development programmes and livelihood security, improvement of gender

awareness”.

On an average a great majority 79.37 percent of the respondents had

awareness on the legal rights relating to women and children. On an average only

88.75 percent of the knowledge came through the Non Governmental

Organizations system. It clearly indicated that even the poor women in Karnataka

are well informed of their rights and duties. That could be one of the reasons that

these topics did not find due consideration for discussions in the Non

Governmental Organizations meetings. But at the same time that these topics

and others, relating to legal rights of women and children find place in Non

Governmental Organizations meetings and the members know about it without

fail. Here Non Governmental Organizations have to play a more important role.

In these matters there was no significant difference seen between respondents

from IDS and the BAIF. And even on other matters the level of knowledge was

found highly satisfactory. There are Panchayats, which organized legal and other

social awareness classes for women in Karnataka and Channapura Gram

Panchayat in Dharwad district got recognition as “Women Friendly Panchayat”. In

order to assess the level of knowledge of respondents regarding government

programmes and schemes, especially for the development of women and

children, commonly known 12 programmes and schemes were identified and

asked them whether they knew about these, and if so from where they got the

information, either from the Non Governmental Organizations or from outside.

The following table gives details of the questions.

319

Sl. No

Legal Rights of Women and Children

NGOs Total

IDS BAIF

Known Through

NGO Don’t know

Known Through

NGO Don’t know

Known Through

NGO Don’t know

1

A daughter widow and mother can

inherit paternal

property as equal to sons

No of Respondents

146 128 4 147 120 3 293 248 7

Percentage 97.33 87.67 2.67 98 81.63 2 97.67 84.64 2.33

2

Widows and divorced

women are entitled to remarry

No of Respondents

144 136 6 148 118 2 292 254 8

Percentage 96 94.44 4 98.67 79.72 1.33 97.33 86.98 2.67

3

Marriageable age for girls

is 18 years an for boys is 21

No of Respondents

146 138 4 146 122 4 292 260 8

Percentage 97.33 94.52 2.67 97.33 86.57 2.67 97.33 89.04 2.67

4 Dowry giving /accepting are

prohibited

No of Respondents

133 125 17 129 117 21 262 242 58

Percentage 88.67 93.98 11.33 86 90.69 14 87.33 92.36 19.33

5

With the consent of women on

medical ground,

abortion is legalized

No of Respondents

110 105 40 118 98 32 228 203 72

Percentage 73.33 95.45 26.67 78.67 83.05 21.33 76 89.03 24

6

Immoral trafficking of women and

girls is legally

punishable

No of Respondents

136 125 14 142 120 8 278 245 22

Percentage 90.67 91.91 9.33 94.67 84.50 5.33 92.67 88.12 7.33

7

Women also have the right to divorce on same ground as admissible

for men

No of Respondents

119 110 31 123 105 27 242 215 58

Percentage 79.33 92.43 20.67 82 85.37 18 80.67 88.84 19.33

8

Women are entitled to get equal wage

with men for same type of

work

No of Respondents

107 98 43 102 90 48 209 118 91

Percentage 71.33 91.58 28.67 68 88.23 32 69.67 89.95 30.33

9 Provision for

getting alimony

No of Respondents

77 70 73 60 54 90 137 124 163

Percentage 51.33 90.90 48.67 40 90 60 45.67 90.51 54.33

10

Right to education is a right for the

child

No of Respondents

88 80 62 80 72 70 168 152 132

Percentag 58.67 90.90 41.33 53.33 90 46.67 56 93.82 44

Average 79.07 92.45 20.93 79.67 85.02 20.33 79.37 88.75 20.63

Source: Field Survey.

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t-Test


Mean N Std.

Deviation Std. Error

Mean

Pair 1

Level of Knowledge of Respondents about

Legal Rights of Women and Children

124.22 9 23.215 7.738

Between IDS and BAIF 123.89 9 28.624 9.541


N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 Level of Knowledge of Respondents about Legal Rights of Women and Children Between IDS and BAIF

9 .979 .000

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

t df Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean

99% Confidence Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Pair 1

Level of Knowledge of Respondents about Legal

Rights of Women and Children -

Between IDS and BAIF

.333 7.599 2.533 -8.166 8.833 .132 8 .899


As Ha is one sided, we shall applya two tailed test for determining the

rejection region at 1 percent level of significance which come to as under, using

table of t- distribution for 8 degrees of freedom. The observed value of t is .132

which falls in the acceptance region and thus we accept the H0 at the 1 percent level

and conclude that “There is a positive correlation between Non Governmental

Organizations women development programmes and livelihood security,

improvement of gender awareness”. Hence the research statement is proved.

321

The following table indicates that the knowledge of respondents about

governmental programme was much high 85.02 percent expectation. And in these

matters 90.08 percent of the information came from the Non Governmental

Organizations. The respondents from IDS had a better knowledge about common

governmental programme such as Developmental programme of the government,

Karnataka Development Plan, Financial assistance for the marriage of widow’s

daughters, pensions for widows, handicapped and elderly. But programme such as

Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), Asraya Programme, National

Social Assistance Plan (NSAP), Women's Component Plan (WCP), Sampoorna

Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) etc. were better known to respondents from

BAIF. One of the reasons could be that beneficiaries of these programmes are

being selected through BAIF programme. The respondents were aware of these

programmes. It was also reported that BAIF units were getting better opportunities

under government sponsored programmes.

The present study would recommend that these Non-Governmental

Organizations IDS as well as the BAIF should take greater interest in organizing

awareness classes on government schemes so that all the poor women members

of the groups would benefit from these programmes. The Non Governmental

Organizations on their own should take initiatives in these matters.

Sl. No

Programmes and Schemes

NGOs Total

IDS BAIF

Known Through

NGO Don’t know

Known Through

NGO Don’t know

Known Through

NGO Don’t know

1

Developmental programmes of

the

government

No of Respondents

101 95 49 94 82 56 195 177 105

Percentage 67.33 94.05 32.67 62.67 87.23 37.33 65 90.77 35

2

Integrated Child

Development

Scheme (ICDS)

No of Respondents

106 95 44 130 122 20 236 218 64

Percentage 70.67 89.62 29.33 86.67 93.84 13.33 78.67 92.37 21.33

3 Karnataka

Development Plan

No of Respondents

123 107 27 112 108 38 235 215 65

Percentage 82 86.99 18 74.67 96.42 25.33 78.33 91.48 21.67

4 Financial

assistance for the marriage of

No of Respondents

129 120 21 131 115 19 260 235 40

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the widow’s daughters

Percentage 86 93.02 14 87.33 87.78 12.67 86.67 90.38 13.33

5

Pension for widows /

handicapped /

elderly

No of Respondents

131 122 19 132 118 18 263 240 37

Percentage 87 93.12 12.67 88 89.39 12 87.67 91.25 12.33

6 Asraya

programme No of

Respondents 123 102 27 138 132 12 261 234 39

Percentage 82 82.92 18 92 95.65 8 87 89.65 13

7

National Social Assistance Plan

(NSAP)

No of Respondents

142 132 8 141 130 9 283 262 17

Percentage 94.67 92.95 5.33 94 92.15 6 94.3 92.57 5.67

8

Women’s Component

Plan

No of Respondents

131 95 19 139 125 11 270 220 30

Percentage 87.33 72.51 12.67 92.67 89.92 12.67 90 81.84 10

9

Sampoorna Grama

Swarozgar Yojana

(SGSY)

No of Respondents

97 90 53 136 127 14 233 217 67

Percentage 64.66 92.78 35.34 90.67 93.38 9.33 77.67 93.13 22.33

10

Prime Minister’s

Rozgar Yojana

(PMRY)

No of Respondents

139 130 11 117 105 33 256 230 44

Percentage 2292.67 93.52 7.33 78 89.74 22 85.33 89.84 14.67

11

Swarna Jayanthi Shahary Rozgar

Yojana (SJSRY)

No of Respondents

145 135 5 142 137 8 287 272 13

Percentage 96.67 93.10 3.33 94.67 96.47 5.33 95.67 94.77 4.33

12

Valmiki Ambedkar

Awaz Yojana

(VAMBAY)

No of Respondents

142 135 8 140 137 10 282 260 18

Percentage 94.67 95.07 5.33 93.33 97.85 6.67 94 92.19 6

Average 83.83 90 16.17 86.22 92.65 13.78 85.02 90.08 14.98


t-Test

Paired t- test for judging the significance of the mean of difference between

the two related samples. It can also be used for judging the significance of the

coefficients of simple and partial correlations. The relevant test statistic, t, is

calculated from the sample data and then compared with its probable value based

on t distribution at a specified level of significance for concerning degrees of

freedom for accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis.

323


Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Pair 1

Level of information on Government Programmes

and Schemes 124.27 11 16.420 4.951



N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1

Level of information on

Government Programmes and

Schemes & Between IDS and

BAIF

11 .417 .202

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences


Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean


Difference

Lower Upper

Pair 1

Level of information

on Government Programmes and Schemes

- Between IDS and

BAIF

-4.091

16.944 5.109 -20.282 12.100 -.801 10 .442


As Ha is one sided, we shall applya two tailed test for determining the


table of t- distribution for 10 degrees of freedom. The observed value of t is -.801

which falls in the acceptance region and thus we accept the H0 at the 1 percent level

and conclude that “There is a positive correlation between Non Governmental

Organizations women development programmes and livelihood security,

improvement of gender awareness”. Hence the research statement is proved.

324

Hypotheses – 3

“Non Governmental Organizations programmes are helped to cross the

poverty line and participation in decision making process of rural women”.

Decision-making was one of the most important aspects looked into

while studying the empowerment and livelihood security of women through

Non Governmental Organizations. The decision making process was looked into

from two angles, namely within the family and in the group. The study looked

into the change that has happened in the decision making process within the

family after the respondents became the member of IDS. The following

table gives details regarding the areas studied under decision-making process

within the family.

Empowerment and livelihood security of women can be assessed from the

changes occurred in the level of their participation in the decision making process

within the family. In the present study the areas looked into were regarding the

education of their children, making investments or taking a loan, deciding the

menu for the day, the health care of the family members. The above table shows

that there was a change has occurred in the level of participation of women in

the decision making process within the family. As far as matters like

education of children, deciding menu for the day’s meals and health care,

majority was of opinion that there was also change in their families, but at the

same time 67 to 78 percent respondents agreed that there was change in the

decision making process within their families. Together with participation in

decision-making another important aspect was the freedom of women as far

as mobility was concerned. The traditional women were considered to be

spending their time within the four walls of the house. But changes are

happening in this sphere since the Non Governmental Organizations system came

into existence. And always women’s contribution to the family in the form

of their household work was not taken into consideration, not accounted for. This

study has tried to look into this aspect as well. The above table shows that

remarkable change has happened regarding mobility of women - including women

325

going out for attending meeting, classes, seminars, training programme, and

various other functions of the Non Governmental Organizations investment and

credit utilization were concerned.

Participation in Decision-Making

Non Governmental Organizations

Total IDS BAIF

No of Respondents

Percentage No of

Respondents Percentage

No of Respondents

Percentage

Education of

children

Increasd 105 70 103 68.67 208 69.33

No change

45 30 47 31.33 92 30.67

Total 150 100 150 100 300 100

Investment /

loans

Increasd 112 74.66 109 72.67 221 73.67

No change

38 25.34 41 27.33 79 26.33

Total 150 100 150 100 300 100

Menu deciding

Increasd 116 77.33 120 80 236 78.67

No change

34 22.67 30 20 64 21.33

Total 150 100 150 100 300 100

Health care

Increasd 102 68 118 78.67 220 73.33

No change

48 32 32 21.33 80 26.67

Total 150 100 150 100 300 100

Mobility

Increasd 110 73.33 108 72 218 72.67

No change

40 26.67 42 28 82 27.33

Total 150 100 150 100 300 100

Recognizing

women’s

contribution

Increasd 103 68.67 98 65.33 201 67

No change

47 31.33 52 34.67 99 33

Total 150 100 150 100 300 100


t-Test

Paired t- test is a way to test for comparing two related samples. For a

paired t- test, it is necessary that the observations in the two samples be collected

in the form of what is called matched pairs, each observation in the one sample

must be paired with an observation in the other sample in such manner that these

observations are some how matched or related, in an attempt to eliminate

extraneous factors which are not interest in test. Such a test is generally considerd

appropriate in a before and after treatment study.

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Mean N Std.

Deviation Std. Error

Mean

Pair 1

Participation of Women in Decision Making within the Family

109.00 5 5.568 2.490



N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1

Participation of Women in Decision Making within the Family & Between IDS and

BAIF

5 .232 .707

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences


Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error Mean


Difference

Lower Upper

Pair 1

Participation of Women in

Decision Making within

the Family - Between IDS

and BAIF

-2.600

7.987 3.572 -19.046 13.846 -.728 4 .507


As Ha is one sided, we shall applya one tailed test for determining the


table of t- distribution for 4 degrees of freedom. The observed value of t is -.728

which falls in the acceptance region and thus we accept the H0 at the 1 percent

level and conclude that “Non Governmental Organizations programmes are helped

327

to cross the poverty line and participation in decision making process of rural

women”. Hence the research statement is proved.

7.3 Part- II

Suggestions

On the basis of the study, the following suggestions are recorded to

make NGOs programmes for improvement of livelihood security to be

more effective and purposeful in empowerment of women:

1. Non Governmental Organizations should increase the amount of credit

facilities available to women entrepreneurs so that women can access

credit ranging according to their needs and requirements.

2. Training as an intervention on its own, should be extended through

appropriate strategies so as to reach and benefit as many as 100 percent

of the women entrepreneurs.

3. The Non Governmental Organizations have to more focus on the

political empowerment and livelihood security of women, as the study

found that political empowerment and livelihood security in both the

selected areas were found to be low.

4. Since women-owned businesses have become increasingly important to

economic growth and employment more proactive, targeted policies are

needed for women, where women have been identified as a target group

for specific policy measures.

5. Besides governments effort Non Governmental Organizations should

provide financial assistance to the families those who below the poverty

line to grant household industries.

6. It is essential to say that women’s labour remains disregarded areas,

even if some efforts have been made recently. So that a great deal of

research needs to be done in detail to provide necessary information to

determine the factors influencing women’s labour supply decisions in

the area.

7. Non Governmental Organizations should work hard in the area of

implementation of interventional measures in health.

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8. Government should monitor the activities and efforts given by Non

Governmental Organizations and also provide financial as well

technical support to the Non Governmental Organizations.

9. Non Governmental Organizations should also organize awareness

camps for male and motivate them to come forward in the way of

women empowerment and livelihood security.

10. Members of Non Governmental Organizations should provide mental

and financial support to the women who want to go for higher

education and if needed they should also counsel their parents / elders

in the family.

11. Social gathering, entertainment, education and self motivation are the

key areas in which Non Governmental Organizations should put some

more efforts.

7.4 Conclusion

Overall there is significant impact of Non Governmental Organizations on

women of the selected areas. After joining organization, drastic changes are seen

in the life style of women. Now women have started earning money, becoming

independent and self motivated. They can take their own decisions in some

matters and give their suggestions in family concerns. The study found significant

difference in Non Governmental Organizations’ efforts towards implementation of

interventional measures in the area of health and to increase literacy level of

women. After lots of efforts of Non Governmental Organizations in the area of

women empowerment and livelihood security, still the situation is not improved at

the paramount level. About 70 percent of the respondents said that they had

power / freedom to spend their own money. It can be concluded that in India,

there is a significant role of Non Governmental Organizations in women

empowerment and livelihood security.

In conclusion, this study has found that empowerment and livelihood

security is not an abstract notion, but is real in the lives of the poor and

marginalized women who see it primarily in terms of Non Governmental

329

Organizations; that is, an expansion of both their choices and their capacity to act

on those choices. An important aspect of the expansion in Non Governmental

Organizations, as a consequence of development interventions, is ‘downward’

accountability from the facilitating organization, the Non Governmental

Organizations. This finding suggests a sharper focus on the accountability of the

facilitating Non Governmental Organizations to the aid recipients in development

programming. This moves the theory of participation from its being important for

programmes outcomes to one in which a more formalized relationship between the

recipient and the Non Governmental Organizations are a part of an empowering

process. This has clear implications for how poverty alleviation programmes that

deal with the structural causes of poverty are designed, and how development

programmes and Non Governmental Organizations are managed. The challenge

that local Non Governmental Organizations in developing countries face is that as

they become less dependent on foreign aid for poverty alleviation programmes,

there will inevitably be a shift, at least in the short term, for national governments

to move their funding away from empowerment and livelihood security

programmes to more direct service delivery by Non Governmental Organizations.

This will inevitably leave a gap in resourcing for local Non Governmental

Organizations if they are to do innovative work.

7.5 Directions for Further Research

1. A comparative analysis of the empowerment and livelihood security of

women those involved in Non Governmental Organizations activity

may be conducted.

2. A comprehensive study on impact of Non Governmental Organizations

activity on socio-economic aspects of the families of the women

members can be taken up.

chapter – vii summary of major findings of the study and...

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