chapter vi v ermitecnology in recycling of distillery...

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CChhaapptteerr VVII

VERMITECNOLOGY IN RECYCLING OF DISTILLERY SLUDGE

OVERVIEW

Heavy metals are one of the prime factor that affects the agro industry polluted

by the distillery sludge, with decreased nutrients they go vain also make them as potent

environmental pollutant. In this study efforts have been taken in a range of sugarcane

distillery sludge treated in bioreactor using three epigenic earthworm Eudrilus

eugeniae, Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavatus to find out which would best balance

the needs of the distilleries, farmers and the environment. The goal was to find a

treatment option that would exploit the biological resource for the distillery waste

management, produce maximum increases in crop yields for farmers, and have as little

pollution impact on the environment as possible. Results show significant decrease in

the toxic compounds and/or heavy metals such as Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, and Cd.

Adding to this detoxification, the nutrient availability of the distillery sludge have

increased largely, permitting us to suggest the technology in distillery bio-recycling

treatment process. So as the farmers would be benefited to greater extent on the one

hand and on another, the environmental pollution can be controlled significantly.

INTRODUCTION

As industrialization is inevitable and progress with rapid acceleration, the need

for innovative ways to get rid of waste has increased. Recent advancement in

bioresource technology paves novel ideas for recycling of factory waste that been

polluting the agro industry, soil and water bodies. This can be turned into a valuable

resource that can facilitate farmers improve their productivity (Selladurai et al., 2010).

Distillery units in India are in a considerable number, where molasses and impure

alcohol are still being used as raw materials for production of liquor. The wastewater or

spillage products from such distilleries contain huge quantity of dissolved organic

matter, heavy metals, dyes etc., along with other pollutants. These discharge into water

bodies, sombre the aquatic life in consonance with decrease in the quality of water and

irrigation land (Morin and Payot, 2006). Sugarcane is one of the most common raw

CHAPTER-I Introduction

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materials used in sugar industry and ethanol production. More than 30 billion litters of

spent wash are generated annually by 254 cane molasses-based distilleries in India

alone (0.2 to 1.8 m3 of wastewater per ton of sugarcane produced (Mukeshand Anil,

2005). As per the Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and

Forests (MoEF), Government of India, alcohol distilleries are listed at the top of “Red

Category” industries having a high polluting potential. The industry generates large

volumes of spent–wash with high BOD (45,000–60,000 mg/L) and COD (80,000–

120,000 mg/L) (CPCB, 2003; TERI, 2003). This poses a serious pollution threat; thus it

is mandatory for distilleries to respond appropriately and obligatory for an

environmentalist to suggest appropriate technology. This huge quantity of effluent

enters lagoons where it is aerated to reduce the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and

afterward the effluent is used for land irrigation. The solid particles settle in the lagoons

to form a sludge that can be used as biofertilizer because of its nutritive value.

However, prior to application the waste must be processed properly using a composting

method. Earlier, studies revealed that Vermicomposting could be an appropriate

technology to transfer energy rich organic wastes in to value-added products, i.e.,

vermicompost (Kale 1998; Elvira et al., 1998; Suthar 2006a). Seenapa et al.(1995)

demonstrated that Eudrilus eugeniae can breakdown the waste generated from

distilleries when mixed with other potting materials. They recorded appreciable results

during Vermicomposting of distillery sludge mixed with press mud, water hyacinth,

plant litter, and cow dung in different proportions. The treatment consisting of three

parts of distillery sludge and cow dung along with 1 part of pressmud, water hyacinth

and plant litter showed the maximum earthworm biomass production as compare to the

others. Distillery sludge contains a high concentration of essential plant metabolites e.g.

NPK and micronutrients. Due to excellent nutritive value it, can be used as soil

conditioner after processing through appropriate biotechnological devices.

In the study we examine to the suitability of a composting earthworm species

i.e. E.eugeniae, E. fetida and P. excavatus for recycling distillery sludge mixed with

(cow dung) in different ratios, to produce a value-added product (vermicompost).

Vermicompost could be than used for sustainable land restoration practices on plant

growth.


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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and processing of worms, Preparation of Compost, Determination of

LC50, Casting, Macro & Micronutrient Analysis, Identification, and Biochemical

characterization of microbes in gut region of earthworm were performed as described

previously in Chapter IV.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The LC50 was determined by the wide dosage and found the sludge to be lethal

at the concentration between 55 and 60, and further narrow down of dosage the worm’s

shows high mortality rate at for 60% for E. eugeniae, 55% E. fetida , and 50 for

P. excavatus respectively (Table 6.1; Fig 6.1)

Table 6.1 Determination of LC50 for E. eugeniae, E. fetida and P.excavatus at various dosages for distillery sludge before treatment

Dosage-Mortality (%) S.No

No. of Worms E. eugeniae E. fetida P. excavatus

1 10 66 60 55

2 10 65 58 52

3 10 64 57 50(50%)

4 10 62 55(50%) 48

5 10 60 (50%) 53 46

Physico-Chemical Changes in Bioreactors

The pH of the final product was lower in all treatment samples of E. eugeniae

than their initial values. The reduction in pH was between the ranges of 7.55± 0.15 for

E. eugeniae, 7.49±0.35 for E. fetida and 7.61± 0.24 P. excavatus (Table 6.4; Fig.6.2)

after treatment whereas the pH of the control ranges from 8.21± 0.03 (Table 6.4) this

decrease is considered statistically significant. The shift in pH during the study could be

due to production of CO2 and organic acids microbial decomposition during

vermicomposting and is favourable for the use of recycled water in agricultural field

since the increase in the pH induces the alkaline stress in the plants resulting decrease

in production. Hence, this significant decrease was considered a positive outcome.


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TOC was lower after treatment in with E. eugeniae, E. fetida and P. excavatus

(Table 6.4) when compared to the initial level in the DS (Table 6.4; Fig.6.3). This

major lower shift is due to the utilization of the organic carbon by earthworm

additionally this organic carbon act as the carbon source for the microbial population

present in the bioreactor. Dominguez points out that vermicomposting process involve

active participation of earthworm and microbes (Dominguez, 2004). The earthworm

disintegrates, homogenizes the ingested material through foregut muscular action,

supplement mucus and enzyme rich environment. This provides increased surface area

for microbial action and the microorganisms perform the biochemical degradation. The

microbial action would be absolute in the extracellular enzymatic environment of

earthworms. This biological mutuality is suggested to cause TOC loss in the form of

CO2 from the municipal sludge during the decomposition and mineralization of organic

waste (Suthar, 2007).

Total N (TN) was significantly higher in the (Table 6.4) bioreactors

inoculated with E. eugeniae than E. fetida and P. excavatus (Table 6.3 and Fig 6.2) It

is suggested that earthworms enhance nitrogen levels by accumulating excretory

products, mucus release, body fluids, and other biological fluids rich in nitrogen.

Decaying tissues of dead worms is yet another factor for this improvement of N value

in significance. After treatment, in all the bioreactors inoculated with E. eugeniae,

E. fetida and P. excavatus presented higher concentrations of TP than the DS (Table

6.4).The difference between control and experimental value was statistically

significant. The increases in the concentration of TP after treatment may be due to the

action of gut phosphatise enzymes of the earthworm. After ingestion the bound

phosphorus are subjected to the action of phosphatise enzymes in the gut, thereby

releasing the available phosphorus and enriches the soil nutrient. The status of Ca

(TCa) and Mg (TMg) was raised significantly in the bioreactors inoculated with

E. eugeniae, E. fetida and P. excavatus (Table 6.4) after treatment completion. This

study agrees with previous reports stating a significant increase in the level of Ca, and

Mg after the completion of vermicomposting (Simard, 1993). It is a known fact that

earthworm plays critical role in conversion of plant metabolites into available forms,

which is further subjected to microbial disintegration and recycling allied with their

casts (Dominguez, 2004). Overall comparisons of the treated bioreactor suggest the


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inoculation of E. eugeniae produces superior result than E. fetida and P. excavatus in

the physiochemical parameter improvement.

Heavy Metal Dynamics in Bioreactors: The concentration of heavy metals was

lower in vermicomposted material as compared to the initial concentration

(Table6.5).The bioreactor inoculated with the E. eugeniae, E. fetida and P. excavatus

showed the decrease (2.58± 0.12, 2.53±0.21 and 2.53± 0.13) in the level of zinc.

Among all the species E. eugeniae act significantly in decreasing the level of metals

such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co and Cd (Table 6.5; Fig 6.4). This study is

accordance with previous workers who reported a significant decrease in the level of

heavy metals, after the completion of vermicomposting process. Although metal

concentration varied in terms of both effluent and treated in bioreactor, the

vermicompost was efficient in the treatment of the distillery waste. Lamim et al. (1998)

reported the effects of the time on adsorption of various metals by vermicomposts.

This decrease in the heavy metal toxicity relief the metal stress to the plant

thereby providing a feasible solution to use them in agro industry.Previous report also

states that the heavy metals decreases drastically during vermicomposting processes

(Jordao et al., 2002). In vermicomposting sub-system, the loss of carbon as carbon

dioxide due to respiratory activities of earthworms and associated micro flora, and

simultaneously adding of nitrogen in substrate material by inoculated earthworms

(through. production of mucus, enzymes and nitrogenous excrements) lowers the C:N

ratio of the substrate (Mortvedt et al., 1991). Adding high concentrations of phenol,

heavy metals and significant concentrations of N, P and K were present in the sludge

versus substrate. It has previously stated that the soil amended by 10% of distillery

sludge (w/w) might be used as a fertilizer, whereas high concentration of distillery

effluent is harmful for plants and soil (Chandra et al., 2008). A risk assessment of toxic

metals present in the edible parts of the plant, grown in the distillery sludge-amended

soil, is required as the animals and general populations are consuming these.

Microbial dynamics

Earthworms feed selectively on material rich in organic matter, such as organic

polymers(or breakdown products thereof) derived from plants, protozoa, fungi, and

bacteria (Brown and Doube, 2004; Edwards and Fletcher, 1988). Ingested protozoans


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are required for maturation of certain earthworm species and are digested in the crop,

gizzard, and fore gut (Bonkowski and Schaefer, 1997; Kristufek et al., 1994;

Miles1963; Piearce and Philips, 1980). Digestion of large ingested bacteria may also

occur during gut passage (Brown and Doube2004; Clegg, 1995; Kristufek et al., 1994).

Schonholzer et al., 2002), although total and culture-dependent bacterial counts tend to

increase (Fischer et al.,1994; Kristufek et al., 1992; Parle, 1963; Pedersen and

Hendriksen, 1993; Sconholzer, 2002; Wolter and Scheu, 1999). Thus, there is evidence

that ingested microorganisms with high cell volumes are preferentially disrupted in the

gizzard. The alimentary canals of L. terrestris and E. fetida are perhaps the most

thoroughly described earthworm digestive systems (Breidenbach, 2002; Brown and

Doube, 2004; Edward and Bohlen, 1996; Edwards and Fletcher, 1988; Kukenthal and

Renner, 1982; Laverack, 1963; Tillinghast et al., 2001; Van Gansen, 1963). Ingested

material, which is usually a mixture of organic material and soil, enters the alimentary

canal via the mouth, is transferred. sequentially to the esophagus, crop, gizzard,

intestine, and finally leaves the worm via the anus Salivary glands in the pharynx

amend ingested soil/litter with amylase- and protease- containing mucus that aids in the

movement of coarse, dry material through the alimentary canal. Calciferous glands in

the esophagus secrete mucus that contains calcium carbonate, enabling the worm to

expel excess calcium andcarbonate and to regulate the pH of gut and coelom fluids. A

chitinous membrane (called a peritrophic membrane) (Arthur, 1963; Breidenbach,

2002) that lines the alimentary canal from the crop to the end of the midgut region has

both protective and digestive functions. This membrane contains digestive enzymes

that are released into the gut lumen when abraded by ingested material as it passes

through the alimentary canal. The gizzard is a muscular, cuticula-lined grinder that

triturates ingested material. Digestive enzymes (e.g., lipases, chitinases and cellulases)

are secreted into the intestine by both the worm and ingested microorganisms (Urbasek

and Pizl, 1991). The intestinal mucus that is secreted in large quantities into the foregut

contains water-soluble organic carbon that can be readily degraded by microbes

(Lavelle et al.,1995; Martin et al., 1987; Trigo et al., 1999). Digested microbial biomass

yields forms of organic carbon that can be utilized by the earthworm. Microbial

population in the gut of earthworm’s E. eugeniae, E. fetida and P. excavatus cultured

in different substrates for two weeks.The total microbial population in foregut, midgut

and hindgut of E.fetida showed increase when analyses at the end of experiment 14th

day over the microbial load recorded (CFU x 105g-1 control 43, 48 and 68 to 49, 70 and


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79 for treated sludge) in the gut at the time of introduction (initial to final i.e., 0-14th

day). The bacterial population of 48, 67and 73 CFU x 105g-1 (control) was recorded

respectively in foregut, midgut, and hindgut of E .eugeniae cultured in distillery

sample. The population of bacteria were observed in the foregut, midgut and hindgut

region of E. eugeniae collected at the end of experiment (after,14thdays) were 66 CFU x

106g-1, 81 CFU x 103g-1 and 89 CFU x 104g-1 respectively. Finally, the earthworm’s

P. excavatus enumeration the bacterial population was CFUx105g-1 46, 53 and 66 to 58,

67 and 73 for after treated sludge. Aseptically foregut, midgut and hindgut segments

shows a great variation in the microbial diversity and new species have been introduced

into the gut region were also reflected in the biochemical tests and characterization

were tabulated E. eugeniae, E. fetida and P. excavatus consist of, various pathogens

like Salmonella, Shigella and faecal coliforms in the gut region. In addition to these

bacteria Bacillus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aures, Micrococcus,

Escherichia coli and Klebsilla sp were found in the distillery sludge treated worm gut

after two weeks(Table 6.6, 6.7, 6.8 and chapter VIII-Table 8.9).


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Table 6.2 Macro Nutrient Analysis of Distillery Sludge before and after treatment using selected earthworms

Control E. eugeniae Collection Points

CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 CP6 Mean SD CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 CP6 Mean SD

pH 8.21 8.18 8.24 8.17 8.21 8.23 8.21 0.03 7.82 7.62 7.56 7.40 7.42 7.51 7.55 0.15

TOC 271.4 289.6 258.3 297.6 318.1 283.1 286.34 20.81 231.2 227.6 256.5 239.2 262.2 271.3 247.95 17.79

TN 5.73 5.63 5.91 6.02 6.31 5.86 5.91 0.24 6.32 6.02 6.36 7.08 6.83 6.71 6.55 0.39

C:N 33.03 34.06 33.07 36.06 33.81 33.29 33.89 1.14 23.03 24.26 24.45 21.70 23.09 24.22 23.42 1.03

TP 9.76 7.79 8.69 9.71 9.68 9.18 9.14 0.78 19.76 18.26 17.88 26.82 26.61 27.09 22.72 4.53

TK 7.1 7.18 7.16 7.19 7.13 7.13 7.15 0.03 7.20 8.99 9.82 5.84 7.18 6.06 7.52 1.59

TCa 33.08 3.08 36.51 33.81 37.41 33.51 29.57 13.09 45.04 43.14 30.9 25.32 39.1 37.6 36.86 7.49

TMg 20.31 20.11 19.81 19.33 18.33 19.76 19.61 0.71 22.38 32.74 36.53 35.88 35.65 39.00 33.70 5.90

E. fetida P. excavatus Collection

Points CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 CP6 Mean SD CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 CP6 Mean SD

pH 7.89 7.02 7.81 7.18 7.39 7.66 7.49 0.35 7.69 7.82 7.50 7.32 7.39 7.91 7.61 0.24

TOC 245.6 241.2 259.1 271.7 259.1 276.6 258.89 13.91 238.1 359.6 271.1 269.2 253.9 263.0 275.83 42.79

TN 5.81 5.42 4.99 5.32 6.22 6.71 5.75 0.64 4.32 5.06 5.82 4.69 4.73 4.36 4.83 0.56

C:N 30.03 32.41 30.36 32.58 29.13 28.59 30.52 1.66 30.03 33.02 32.91 33.92 33.06 33.1 32.67 1.34

TP 9.01 17.02 15.81 23.66 21.32 25.08 18.65 5.95 16.05 17.01 19.53 18.03 17.06 19.01 17.78 1.32

TK 6.93 6.38 6.91 6.31 7.81 7.53 6.98 0.60 6.81 5.93 6.54 6.32 6.11 6.82 6.42 0.37

TCa 38.92 37.38 31.81 30.71 35.11 26.32 33.38 4.67 39.11 37.56 38.31 31.03 36.01 37.1 44.85 20.37

TMg 31.38 35.41 45.53 44.23 45.11 39.51 40.20 5.83 30.94 33.81 30.19 30.63 36.11 33.9 32.60 2.37


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Table 6.3 Micro Nutrient Analysis of Distillery Sludge before and after treatment using selected earthworms

Control E. eugeniae

Collection Points


Zn 2.92 2.87 2.2 2.9 2.68 2.18 2.63 0.35 2.74 2.54 2.53 2.67 2.41 2.58 2.58 0.12

Cu 1.66 1.9 1.94 1.53 1.78 1.98 1.80 0.18 1.26 1.2 1.24 1.23 1.26 1.25 1.24 0.02

Fe 21.2 18.8 17.2 18.7 18.6 19.6 19.03 1.31 16.3 15.3 16.2 16.7 16.2 16.7 16.25 0.50

Mn 5.28 4.82 4.72 5.42 5.31 5.61 5.19 0.35 4.28 4.18 4.32 4.52 4.67 4.76 4.46 0.23

Cr 0.29 0.47 0.68 0.83 0.63 0.53 0.57 0.19 0.24 0.23 0.51 0.54 0.61 0.63 0.46 0.18

Ni 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.29 0.28 0.68 0.34 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.19 0.14 0.17 0.02

Co 0.84 0.77 0.75 0.79 0.56 0.54 0.71 0.13 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.21 0.27 0.25 0.03

Cd 0.39 0.3 0.29 0.49 0.41 0.41 0.38 0.08 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.16 0.03

E. fetida P. excavatus

Collection Points


Zn 2.83 2.61 2.14 2.51 2.49 2.62 2.53 0.21 2.36 2.68 2.48 2.49 2.48 2.69 2.53 0.13

Cu 1.53 1.28 1.21 1.28 1.23 1.25 1.29 0.11 1.59 1.28 1.31 1.29 1.35 1.71 1.42 0.18

Fe 17.1 15.8 16.3 19.4 18.2 17.7 17.35 1.09 18.2 16.1 19.2 15.7 16.8 17.2 17.21 1.31

Mn 4.18 4.92 3.08 3.99 4.38 3.97 4.09 0.55 4.96 4.42 4.02 4.06 4.81 4.09 4.39 0.41

Cr 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.61 0.68 0.62 0.45 0.19 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.61 0.58 0.51 0.42 0.16

Ni 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.61 0.16 0.15 0.25 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.31 0.21 0.28 0.23 0.05

Co 0.26 0.24 0.28 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.03 0.28 0.26 0.21 0.31 0.61 0.28 0.33 0.14

Cd 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.01 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.37 0.16 0.22 0.08


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Table 6.4 Mean statistical value (‛t’-test) for the Macronutrient analysis of distillery sludge before and after treatment using selected earthworms

Macro-nutrients Control E. eugeniae E. fetida P. excavatus

pH 8.21 ± 0.03 7.55 ± 0.15 7.49 ± 0.35 7.75 ± 0.24

TOC 286.34 ± 20.81 247.95 ± 17.79 258.89 ± 13.91 264.39 ± 42.79

TN 5.91 ± 0.24 6.55 ± 0.39 5.75 ± 0.64 4.83 ± 0.56

C:N 33.89 ± 1.14 23.42 ± 1.03 30.52 ± 1.66 32.67 ± 1.34

TP 9.14 ± 0.78 22.72 ± 4.53 18.65 ± 5.95 17.78 ± 1.32

TK 7.15 ± 0.03 7.52 ± 1.59 6.98 ± 0.60 7.21 ± 0.37

TCa 29.57 ± 13.09 36.86 ± 7.49 33.38 ± 4.67 33.27 ± 20.37

TMg 19.61 ± 0.71 33.70 ± 5.90 40.20 ± 40.20 31.17 ± 2.37

Paired Differences

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Lower Upper

t df Sig. (2-tailed)

Control - E. eugeniae 1.69375 16.89266 5.97246 -12.42887 15.81637 .284 7 .785

Control - E. fetida -.25500 13.59525 4.80665 -11.62092 11.11092 -.053 7 .959

Control - P. excavatus .09375 10.04686 3.55210 -8.30563 8.49313 .026 7 .980


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Table 6.5 Mean statistical value (‛t’-test) for the Micronutrient analysis of distillerysludge before and after treatment using selected earthworms

Micro-Nutrients Control E. eugeniae E. fetida P.excavatus

Zn 2.63 ± 0.35 2.58 ± 0.12 2.53 ± 0.21 2.53 ± 0.13

Cu 1.80 ± 0.18 1.24 ± 0.02 1.29 ± 0.11 1.42 ± 0.18

Mn 5.19 ± 0.35 4.46 ± 0.23 4.09 ± 0.55 4.39 ± 0.41

Cr 0.57 ± 0.19 0.46 ± 0.18 0.45 ± 0.19 0.42 ± 0.16

Ni 0.34 ± 0.17 0.17 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.16 0.23 ± 0.05

Co 0.71 ± 0.13 0.25 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.14

Cd 0.38 ± 0.08 0.16 ± 0.03 0.19 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.08

Paired Differences

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Lower Upper

t df Sig. (2-tailed)

Control - E. eugeniae -1.47375 5.10326 1.80427 -5.74018 2.79268 -.817 7 .441

Control - E. fetida -2.25125 7.41777 2.62258 -8.45266 3.95016 -.858 7 .419

Control - P. excavatus -1.18500 4.19862 1.48444 -4.69513 2.32513 -.798 7 .451

Since, ‘t’calculated value is less than the‘t’ tabulated value; we have no evidence to reject our null hypothesis (i.e) Comparing the values of

Macro, Micro nutrients and Heavy metal reduction with control and the three species of earthworms, E.eugeniae appears to be most suitable for the treatment of distillery sludge using Vermitechnology


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Table 6.6 Biochemical Characteristics and identification of dominant colonies of microbes found in the gut region of earthworms

Eudrilus eugeniae introduced in distillery sludge

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- + + + - - - + - Escherichia coli

FG Rod

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FG Coccus

+ - - - A A A - - - + - - - - - Streptococcus lactis

MG Rod

+ + + + - A A - + - - ± - - - + Bacillus subtilis

MG Coccus

+ + - + A A A - + - + ± - - + - Staphylococcus lactis

MG Rod

+ + + + - A A - + - - ± - - - + Bacillus cereus

HG Rod

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- + - - + + - + - Enterobacter aerogenes

HG Rod

- - - - AG AG

AG

- + - - ± + + + - Klebsilella pneumoniae

HG Rod

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A ±


HG Rod



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Table 6.7 Biochemical Characteristics and identification of dominant colonies of microbes found in the gut region of earthworms Eisenia fetida introduced in distillery sludge

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+ + - - - - - - ± - - - + + - - Micrococcus luteus

FG Cocci


FG Coccus


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MG Coccus


MG Rod


MG Coccus


HG Rod

- - - - AG AG

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HG Cocci



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Table 6.8 Biochemical Characteristics and identification of dominant colonies of microbes found in the gut region of earthworms Perionyx excavatus introduced in distillery sludge

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HG Rod


Fig. 6.1 Determination of LC50 for E.eugeniae,E.fetida and P.excavatus at various dosages for Distillery sludge in before treatment

Fig. 6.2 Pictogram representation of Macro-Nutrient analysis of earthworm treated Distillery sludge; TP:Total Phosphorus; TK: Total Potassium; TCa: Total Calcium; TMg: Total Magnesium; EE: E. eugeniae; EF: E. fetida; PE: P. excavatus

Fig. 6.3 C:N is obtained by arithemetic calculation from TOC and TN; TOC: Total Organic Carbon; TN:Total Nitrogen

Fig. 6.4 Pictogram representation of Micro-Nutrient analysis of earthworm treated Distillery sludge; Zn:Zinc; Cu: Copper; Mn: Manganese; Cr: Chromium; Ni: Nickel; Co: Cobalt; Cd: Cadmium; EE: E. eugeniae; EF: E. fetida; PE: P. excavates

chapter vi v ermitecnology in recycling of distillery...

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