chapter 8images.pcmac.org/sisfiles/schools/al/mobilecounty/causeymiddle/...•to the east was the...
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Mountains&Settlements• PeopleofGreecesettledinrivervalleysandalongthecoast.• Theylivedinvillagesseparatedbymountainsandseas• Travelacrossthemountainsandseaswasdifficultsocommunitiesdevelopedtheirowngovernmentsandwaysoflife.• TheGreeksspokethesamelanguage,butthoughtofthemselvesasdifferentcountries.
Seas&Ships• Sincetravelinlandwasdifficultacrossthemountains,theGreeksturnedtotheseas.• TotheSouthwasthehugeMediterranean Sea• TotheWestwastheIonian Sea• TotheEastwastheAegean Sea• TheGreeksbecameskilledatshipbuilding&trade.
TradingCulturesDevelop• ManyculturessettledinGreece.• TwooftheearliestweretheMinoan andtheMycenaean• By2000BC– TheMinoans hadbuiltanadvancedsocietyontheislandofCrete.• TheMinoans wereknownfor:bestshipbuildersoftheirtime&(how)tradedupanddowntheMediterraneanSea• Traded:wood,oil,pottery• Language:Greek• Somewherearound1600BC– avolcanoeruptednearCretecausingatsunamithatcoveredmostofCrete&thevolcanicashcoveredtheisland,possiblyleadingtotheendoftheMinoancivilization
Mycenaean• Thefirstpeopletospeak(language)Greek &thereforethefirsttobeconsideredGreekweretheMycenaean.• WhiletheMinoansweresailingtheMediterranean,theMycenaean werebuildingfortressesalloverthemainland,eventuallytakingovertheislandofCrete.• Knownfor:Theybecamemajortraders,notalwayspeacefully.• Tradedby:attackingotherkingdoms• Ended:Duetoearthquakes,decline,andattacksfromEuropeans– GreeceslidintowhatisnowcalledtheDarkAgeofGreece.• Theydid:SomehistoriansbelievedtheystartedtheTrojanWar.
GreeksCreateCity-States• About300yearsaftertheMycenaeancrumbled,theGreeksbegantoformcity-statesforprotection• Theformationofcity-statesmarksthebeginningofwhatiscalledClassicalGreece• TheGreekwordforcity-stateisPolis.• AClassicalAgeisatimeinhistorymarkedbygreatachievement.• Acity-statewasbuiltaroundastrongfortressthatstoodontopofahighhillcalledtheAcropolis.• ThetownaroundtheAcropoliswassurroundedbyanotherwall.
LifeinaCity-State• Farmersusuallylivedoutsidethecitywalls– butwouldselltheirproduceinsidethecityandrunintothecityduringtimesofwar.• LifeinthecityfocusedonthemarketplaceortheAgora• Socialgatheringswerealsoheldthere• Itoftencontainedshops• Thecity-statewasthefoundationofGreekcivilizationprovidingsecurity&identity.
GovernmentinAthensChapter8Section2
• Greeceisthebirthplaceofdemocracy.• Notallthecity-statesbecamedemocracies• InearlyAthens– Kingsruled– thenlateraristocrats tookpower• Draco-createanewsetoflaws-veryharsh• Eventually– amannamedSolon createdlawsthatgaverightstopoormen.• Freemen,livinginAthens,becamecitizensandcouldparticipateingovernment– butthepeoplewantedthearistocratsoutofpower.
TheRiseoftheTyrants• 536– PeisistratusruledasaTyrant – andheldpowerthroughforce• Thepeoplesupportedhimbecausehebroughtpeace&prosperitythroughstrictrule• Manyimprovementsweremadetothecity.• Whenhedied– hissonruledforawhileuntil
Athenswasattacked byanothercitywiththehelpoftheirownaristocrats.
AthensCreatesDemocracy• 500BC– Cleisthenes gainedpowerandestablishedademocracy• Heissometimescalledthe“FatherofDemocracy”• Allcitizenscouldparticipateinmakingthelaws,speakingpublicallyatmeetings,andvoting.
• Athensremainedademocracyforabout170years,reachingitsheightunderPericles.• Periclespaidthosepeoplewhoworkedingovernmentandencouragedpeopletospreaddemocracy.
EndofDemocracyinAthens• 330BC– AthenswasconqueredbytheMacedoniansfromthenorth• MacedonianKingruled– thoughAthenscouldmakelimitedlaws,buteventuallyanewKingtookoverandendeddemocracyforever.
HowareWetheSameorDifferent?• Athenshadadirectdemocracy–• Citizensvotedontheissues– Majorityruled.• TheUSistoolargefordirectdemocracy.Wecannotallmeetinoneplacetodiscussissues&vote
• WehaveaRepresentativeDemocracy– aRepublic• Weelectofficialstomakethelaws– theyvoteontheissues– wevoteonwhotheofficialswillbe
EssentialQuestionWhoheldpoweratdifferenttimesinthegovernmentofAthens?
Whatroledidcommonpeoplehaveineachtype?
Oligarchy Tyranny DemocracyAgovernmentwhereonlyafewpeoplerule– theAristocrats
Commonpeoplehadlittlesayingovernment
Rulebyatyrant– aleaderwhoheldpowerthroughtheuseofforce&strongarmies
Thepeoplesupportedhimifhekeptthepeaceandimprovedtheirlives
Agovernmentwherethepeoplerulethemselves.
Thecommon“man”inAncientGreececouldvoteif hewasacitizen.
MythsExplainedtheWorld• TheancientGreeksbelievedinmanygods.• ThesegodswereatthecenterofGreekmythology– storiesexplainingnaturalorhistoricalevents• TheGreeksbelievedthatgodscausedthunder,earthquakes,andvolcaniceruptions
GodsandMythology• Hephaestus livedunderground.Thefireandlavathatpouredoutofvolcanoescamefromhisforge.• Hecreatedweaponsandarmorfortheothergods
• TheGreeksalsobelievedthegodscauseddailyevents.• Demeter– goddessofagriculturecreatedtheseasons• Inthewinter– sheweepsforherdaughterwhohastoreturntohercaptor.• Inthespring– Demeterishappybecauseherdaughterreturnstoher
TemplestoGods• TheGreeksbuiltgreattemplestohonorthegods• ManyGreeksinneedofadvicetraveledtoDelphi wheretheyspoketotheoracle – femalepriestofApollotowhomtheythoughtthegodgaveanswers.• TheoraclewassorespectedthatGreekleadersaskedherforadviceaboutrulingtheircities
HeroesandMythology• ManyGreekmythstoldaboutadventuresofgreatheroes.• PeopleofAthenstoldstoriesaboutTheseus whotraveledtoCreteandkilledtheMinotaur.
• NorthernGreecetoldmythsaboutJasonsailingacrosstheseatofindthegoldenfleece– andfightingenemies.
• ThemostfamouswasHercules – whofoughtmonstersandperformedimpossibletasks
Fables• Fablesareshortstoriesthatteachalesson• AesopwasafamousGreekstoryteller.• Animalsarethemaincharactersthattalk&actlikehumans.• WhatisthelessoninthefableofTheAnt&TheGrasshopper?pg.257• Peopleshouldn’twastetimeinsteadofworking• TheTortoiseandtheHareteachesthatitisbettertoworkslowlyandcarefullythantohurryandmakemistakes.• TheBoyWhoCriedWolfwarnsreadersnottoplaypranks.
AncientGreekLiterature• AmongtheearliestGreekwritingsaretwoepicpoems,TheIliad&TheOdyssey,byapoetnamedHomer• TheIliaddescribesthedeedsofgreatheroeswhofoughtintheTrojanWar:Achilles,Hector,Paris,
• TheOdysseydescribesthechallengesthattheGreekheroOdysseus(Ulysses)facedonhiswayhomefromthewar.• Homer’spoemsweremorethanjustentertainmenttotheGreeks.• TheywerecentraltotheancientGreekeducationsystem• Peoplememorizedlongpassagesaspartoftheirlessons.• TheyweresymbolsofGreece’sgreathistory.• Theyareconsideredtobesomeofthegreatestliteratureeverproduced
LyricPoetry• Otherpoetswrotepoemsthatwereoftenrecitedassongsaccompaniedbythelyre.• Thesepoetswerecalledlyricpoets.• Todaythewordsofsongsarecalled“lyrics”aftertheancientGreekpoetsandtheirlyre.• Mostweremen,howeverthemostfamouslyricpoetwasawomannamedSappho.• Herpoemswereaboutloveandrelationshipswithherfriends&family.• Onlyfragmentsofherworkremain