chapter: the nonliving environment
DESCRIPTION
Table of Contents. Chapter: The Nonliving Environment. Section 1: Abiotic Factors. Section 2: Cycles in Nature. Section 3: Energy Flow. Abiotic Factors. 1. Environmental Factors. Biotic factors - features of the environment that are alive, or were once alive. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter: The Nonliving Environment
Table of Contents
Section 3: Energy Flow
Section 1: Abiotic Factors
Section 2: Cycles in Nature
![Page 3: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Biotic factors - features of the environment that are alive, or were once alive
• Abiotic factors - nonliving, physical features of the environment
Environmental FactorsAbiotic Factors
1
![Page 4: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Atmosphere - air that surrounds Earth
AirAbiotic Factors
1
• 78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
![Page 5: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• CO2 - required for photosynthesis. Air
Abiotic Factors
1
• Oxygen released
![Page 6: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Respiration - cells use oxygen to release the chemical energy stored in sugar molecules
Abiotic Factors
1
![Page 7: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Organisms - 50 to 95% H2O
WaterAbiotic Factors
1
• More H2O = More diversity
![Page 8: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
SoilAbiotic Factors
1
• Soil - mixture of mineral and rock particles, the remains of dead organisms, water, and air
![Page 9: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SoilAbiotic Factors
1
• Humus - decaying matter
Click image to view movie.
![Page 10: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Abiotic Factors
1 • Sunlight - energy source
• Energy - passed to consumers when they eat producers or other consumers.
![Page 11: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
TemperatureAbiotic Factors
1
• Body temperature - 0°C to 50°C to survive
![Page 12: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
TemperatureAbiotic Factors
1
• More Sun = Higher Temperature
![Page 13: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Abiotic Factors
1
![Page 14: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Abiotic Factors
1
![Page 15: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Abiotic Factors
1 • Climate - an area’s average weather conditions over time
![Page 16: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wind
Abiotic Factors
1
![Page 17: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Rain Shadow EffectAbiotic Factors
1
![Page 18: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1Section Check
Question 1
Which is an abiotic factor?
A. insectsB. plantsC. treesD. water
![Page 19: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1Section Check
Answer
The answer is D. Non-living, physical features of the environment are abiotic.
![Page 20: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
1Section Check
Question 2
_______ and _______ are the two most important components of climate for the majority of living things.
Answer
The answer is temperature and precipitation. The average temperature and rainfall in an area influence the type of life found there.
![Page 21: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
1Section Check
Question 3
Which best describes this illustration?
![Page 22: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1Section Check
A. the greenhouse effectB. the nitrogen cycle
C. the rain shadow effectD. the water cycle
![Page 23: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1Section Check
Answer
The answer is C. As wind blows toward one side of the mountain, air is forced upward by the mountain’s shape. The air cools and releases its moisture as rain or snow, losing most of its moisture before reaching the other side of the mountain.
![Page 24: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Cycles of Matter
• Constant supply of light
• Biosphere - fixed amount of • Water• Carbon• Nitrogen• Oxygen
Cycles in Nature
2
![Page 25: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Water Cycle• Evaporation -
liquid water changes into water vapor
Cycles in Nature
2
![Page 26: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Water Cycle• Transpiration - water vapor enters the
atmosphere from plant leaves
Cycles in Nature
2
![Page 27: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Condensation - changing a gas to a liquid
Cycles in Nature
2
![Page 28: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Water cycle - surface atmosphere surface
Cycles in Nature
2
![Page 29: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cycles in Nature
2
![Page 30: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Nitrogen - necessary ingredient of proteins• Cannot be used directly from air
Cycles in Nature
2
• Nitrogen fixation - soil bacteria forming useable nitrogen compounds
• When things die, nitrogen returns to the soil or to the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen cycle – atmosphere soil organisms atmosphere
![Page 31: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Nitrogen Cycle
Cycles in Nature
2
![Page 32: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Soil NitrogenCycles in Nature
2
![Page 33: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cycles in Nature
2
• Carbon cycle carbon molecules move between the living and nonliving world.
![Page 34: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Carbon Cycle
Cycles in Nature
2
• CO2 removed from the air during photosynthesis.
• Respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2.
• Photosynthesis uses CO2 and releases oxygen.
![Page 35: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2Section Check
Question 1Which letter corresponds with condensation?
A. AB. BC. CD. D
![Page 36: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
2Section Check
AnswerThe answer is C. Condensation is the process of changing from a gas to a liquid.
![Page 37: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
2Section Check
Question 2_______ is the process by which certain soil bacteria transform nitrogen into the usable nitrogen compounds plants need.
A. nitrogen cycleB. nitrogen eliminationC. nitrogen fixationD. nitrogenation
![Page 38: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
2Section Check
AnswerThe answer is C. The nitrogen cycle is the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere.
![Page 39: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
2Section Check
Question 3Which is NOT a means of replacing nitrogen compounds in soil?
A. animal manureB. compostC. fertilizersD. planting crops such as corn or wheat
![Page 40: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
2Section Check
AnswerThe answer is D. When crops such as wheat and corn are planted, most of the plant is removed when it is harvested. The plants are not left in the field to decay and return their nitrogen compounds to the soil.
![Page 41: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Converting Energy• Matter - recycled
Energy Flow
3
• Energy - NOT recycled• converted from one form to another
• Photosynthesis - light energy converted into chemical energy
![Page 42: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Energy Flow
3 • Chemosynthesis - production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals
![Page 43: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Food Chains• Food chain - shows how matter and energy
pass from one organism to another
Energy Flow
3
![Page 44: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Food web – shows feeding relationships among the organisms in a community
Energy Flow
3
• made up of many different food chains
![Page 45: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Energy Pyramids
Energy Flow
3
• Available energy - reduced as you move from one level to the next in a food chain
• Energy used for: respiration, digestion, life processes (most given off as heat)
![Page 46: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Energy Flow
3
![Page 47: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• Energy pyramid - shows the amount ofenergy available at each feeding level in an ecosystem.
Available Energy
Energy Flow
3
• About 10% of the energy available at each feeding level is transferred to next level
![Page 48: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
3Section Check
Question 1All living things are made of _______.
The answer is matter. Matter can be recycled over and over again.
Answer
![Page 49: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
3Section Check
Question 2
The production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals is called _______.
The answer is chemosynthesis. Consumers living in hydrothermal vent communities rely on chemosynthetic bacteria for nutrients and energy.
Answer
![Page 50: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
3Section Check
Question 3
A. bottom levelB. herbivoresC. producersD. top level
Which best describes the level of the energy pyramid with the leastenergy?
![Page 51: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
3Section Check
AnswerThe answer is D. As you move up the pyramid, the transfer of energy is less efficient and each level becomes smaller. Carnivores are at the top level of the pyramid.
![Page 52: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
To advance to the next item or next page click on any of the following keys: mouse, space bar, enter, down or forward arrow.
Click on this icon to return to the table of contents
Click on this icon to return to the previous slide
Click on this icon to move to the next slide
Click on this icon to open the resources file.
Help
Click on this icon to go to the end of the presentation.
![Page 53: Chapter: The Nonliving Environment](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062501/56816341550346895dd3d0c4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
End of Chapter Summary File