Chapter Ten - Serology

FRSC 8104Criminalistics II

Professor Bensley

FRSC 8104 – Serology Objectives1. Describe the basic components of blood 2. Convey the techniques for collecting and

preserving blood evidence at a crime scene.

3. List and describe various forensic tests used to characterize a stain as blood.

4. Understand the concept of antigen-antibody interaction and how it is applied to the origin determination of blood.

FRSC 8104 – Serology Objectives

5. List the A-B-O antigens and antibodies found in the blood for each of the four blood types: A, B, AB, and O.

6. Understand and describe how whole blood is typed.7. Describe the structure of components of semen and

understand the laboratory tests used to characterize seminal stains.

8. Understand the concept of “secretor” status and explain the relevance of such in forensic casework.

9. Calculate basic population genetic problems from forensic casework scenarios.

FRSC 8104 – Serology OutlineI. Introduction

A. What is serology?B. Three main goals of Forensic SerologyC. What is proteomics?

II. BloodA. Formed Elements

1. Erythrocytes (RBC)2. Leukocytes (WBC)

a. Lymphocytesb. Monocytesc. Granulocytes

3. Platelets

B. Fluid (Native Plasma)1. Serum = Plasma - fibrinogen

FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline

http://home.comcast.net/~itpaware/platelets.html

http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/bloodless/000209.html

FRSC 8104 – Serology OutlineC. Collection of Blood EvidenceD. Factors Affecting Blood EvidenceE. Presumptive Tests for Blood

1. Introduction – Catalytic Tests2. General Reaction3. False positives and False negatives4. Color Tests

a. Kastle-Meyerb. Tetramethylbenzidinec. Leucomalachite Green

FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline5. Other Presumptive Tests

a. Chemiluminescent Tests (Luminol)b. Fluorescent Tests (Fluorescein)

http://www.webpagedreams.com/ABPD/Investigation.htm

FRSC 8104 – Serology OutlineF. Confirmatory Tests for Blood

1. Crystal Testsa. Takayama Test

FRSC 8104 – Serology OutlineIII. Antigens and Antibodies, Etc.

A. Antigens1. Definition2. Types3. Requirements

B. Antibodies1. Definition2. Types3. Structure4. Classes

C. Antigen/Antibody ReactionsD. Antisera

FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline

Antiserum - nounplural noun: antisera

a blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat or protect against specific diseases.

FRSC 8104 – Serology OutlineIV. Origin Determination Examinations

A. False PositivesB. False NegativesC. Ring Precipitin Test

http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigang/Lecture-syllabus.html

FRSC 8104 – Serology OutlineD. Ouchterlony Double Diffusion

http://www.nfstc.org/pdi/Subject02/pdi_s02_m02_02_b.htm

FRSC 8104 – Serology OutlineV. Blood Group Systems

A. ABO System1. Introduction2. Genetics

http://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/about_blood/blood_types.html

FRSC 8104 – Serology OutlineVI. Body Fluids

A. Seminal Fluid1. Pipeline Effect

a. Pre-Sperm – Cowper’s Glandb. Sperm-Rich – Prostate Glandc. Post-Sperm – Seminal

Vasicular Secretion

2. Spermatozoaa. Morphologyb. Productionc. Their Fate

CHRISTMAS TREE STAIN

FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline

http://www.stlouisco.com/LawandPublicSafety/PoliceDepartment/CrimeLaboratory/BiologyDNAUnit

Nuclear Fast Red and Picroindigocarmine (green)

3. Seminal Plasma4. Prostatic Acid Phosphatase

a. Introductionb. Testing Procedures

5. Choline6. Spermine

a. Barberios Test

7. P30 (PSA)

FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline

B. Saliva1. Introduction2. Secretors vs. Non-Secretors3. Formation

a. Parotid Glandb. Submandibular (Submaxillary)

Glandc. Sublingual Glands

4. Composition5. Functions6. Testing

a. Amylase – Phedebas Test

FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline

C. Secretor SystemD. Lewis System

1. Introduction2. Genetics

E. Urine1. Composition2. Properties3. Testing Procedures

FRSC 8104 – Serology Outline