chapter seven
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Chapter Seven. Nonvisual Sensation and Perception. CHAPTER 7 NONVISUAL SENSATION AND PERCEPTION. Audition. Sound as a Physical Stimulus Intensity Amplitude of sound wave Sound waves vary from quiet whisper to rock band Logarithmic scale of sound intensity Frequency - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Seven
Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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CHAPTER 7NONVISUAL SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
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Audition
• Sound as a Physical Stimulus– Intensity
• Amplitude of sound wave• Sound waves vary from quiet whisper to rock band• Logarithmic scale of sound intensity
– Frequency• Number of cycles per unit of time, wavelength of a sound stimulus• Pitch determined by the wave having the lowest frequency
(fundamental frequency)• Timbre, or quality, determined by additional waves • Ultrasound: Frequencies above 20,000 Hz• Infrasound: Frequencies less than 20 Hz
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Figure 7.2 The Auditory World Differs Across Species
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Table 7.1 Sounds Vary Along the Dimensions of Amplitude, Frequency, and Complexity
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Table 7.2 Intensity Levels of Common Sounds
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Audition
• The Structure and Function of the Auditory System– The Outer Ear – pinna and auditory canal– The Middle Ear – eardrum, ossicles (malleus, incus,
stapes), tympanic membrane, oval window– The Inner Ear – semicircular canal, cochlea
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Figure 7.4 The Anatomy of the Ear
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Figure 7.5 The Cochlea
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Figure 7.6 Sound Frequencies Are Translated by the Basilar Membrane
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Figure 7.7 The Movement of the Cilia Regulates Neurotransmitter Release by Hair Cells
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Audition
• The Structure and Function of the Auditory System– Central Auditory Pathways
• Dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus of the medulla• Superior olive• Inferior colliculus• Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus
– The Auditory Cortex• Primary auditory cortex – columns respond to single frequencies• Secondary auditory cortex – activated by complex stimuli
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Figure 7.8 Auditory Pathways from the Cochlea to the Cortex
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Figure 7.9 Tonotopic Organization is Maintained by the Auditory Cortex
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Audition
• Auditory Perception– Pitch Perception
• Due to frequency, intensity and context of stimulus• Tonotopic organization
– Loudness Perception• Decibel level describes physical qualities of sound stimulus• Loudness is human perception of that stimulus• Equal loudness contours
– Localization of Sound• Comparison of arrival times of sounds at each ear and differences
in intensities important for horizontal plane• Pinna important for localizing sound in vertical plane
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Figure 7.10 Equal Loudness Contours
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Figure 7.11 We Localize Sound by Comparing Arrival Times at Both Ears
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Hearing Disorders
• Age-related hearing loss– Poor circulation to the inner ear– Effects of exposure to loud noise
• Conduction loss• Loss due to damage to inner ear, auditory
pathways, or auditory cortex
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The Body Senses
• Vestibular System– Movement Receptors of the inner ear
• Semicircular canals• Otolith organs: Utricle and Saccule
– Central Pathways• Axons originating in otolith organs and semicircular canals • Ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus• Primary somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex
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Figure 7.13 The Vestibular Structures of the Inner Ear
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The Body Senses
• Touch– Hairy skin and glabrous skin (hairless)– Layers
• Epidermis• Dermis• Subcutaneous tissue
– Touch Receptors – mechanoreceptors – Touch Pathways
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Figure 7.14 Mechanoreceptors of the Skin
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Table 7.3 Major Features of the Mechanoreceptors
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Figure 7.15 Two-Point Discrimination Thresholds
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Figure 7.16 The Four Classes of Sensory Axons Differ in Size and Speed
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Figure 7.17 Dermatomes Are Areas of Skin Served by the Dorsal Roots of One Spinal
Segment
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Figure 7.19 Somatosensory Information Is Sent to the Ventral Posterior and Intralaminar Nuclei
of the Thalamus
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The Body Senses
• Touch– Somatosensory Cortex
• Primary somatosensory cortex found in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
• Secondary somatosensory cortex found in posterior parietal lobe
– Plasticity of Touch• Somatosensory cortex rearranges itself in response to changes in
the amount of input it receives
– Somatosensory Disorders
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Figure 7.20 Somatosensory Cortex
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Figure 7.21 Drawings of a Patient with Neglect Syndrome
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The Body Senses
• Temperature– Thermoreceptors
• Cold fibers• Warm fibers
– Share pathways with sense of pain
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Figure 7.22 Responses by Cold and Warm Fibers
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The Body Senses
• Pain– A Purpose for Pain– Receptors for Pain
• Nociceptors• Chemicals that activate nociceptors
– Pain Pathways to the Brain• Ascending pain fibers (A and C) • Substance P• Substantia gelatinosa, spinothalamic pathway, ventral posterior
(VP) nucleus of the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex
– Managing Pain
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Figure 7.23 Ascending Pain Pathways
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Figure 7.24 Descending Messages Influence Pain
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Figure 7.26 Olfactory Information Travels from the Epithelium to the Brain
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The Chemical Senses
• Taste– Taste Receptors
• Found on tongue and other areas of the mouth• Papilla contain taste buds• Taste buds have 50-150 receptor cells
– Taste Pathways• Taste fibers in tongue form parts of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X• Gustatory nucleus of the medulla• Ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus• Gustatory cortex in the parietal lobe• Orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe
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Figure 7.27 The Taste Receptors
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Figure 7.28 Taste Pathways to the Brain