Notes

CHAPTER ONE

1. David Pimentel and John H. Perkins, eds., Pest Control: CuItural and Erwironmental Aspects, AAAS Selected Symposium (Boulder: Westview Press, 1980).

2. "Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in Our Children's Food," Areport of the Natural Resources Defense Council, February 27, 1989.

3. John J. SchIebecker, Whereby We Thrive: A History o[ American Farming, 1607-1972 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975).

4. 0. E. Rölvaag, Giants in the Earth (New York: Harper Brothers, 1927).

5. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1962).

6. John J. SchIebecker, Whereby We Thrive: A History o[ American Farming, 1607-1972 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975).

7. John Steinbeck, The Grapes o[ Wrath (New York: Viking Press, 1939).

8. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1962).

CHAPTER TWO

1. Carol B. Gartner, Rachel Carson (New York: Frederick Unger Pub-lishing Co., 1983).

251

252 NOTES

2. Ibid. 3. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Co.,

1962) 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Carol B. Gartner, Raclrel Carson (New York: Frederick Unger Pub-

lishing Co., 1983). 9. Paul Brooks, The House of Life: Rachei Carson at Work (Boston:

Houghton Mifflin, 1972). 10. Ibid. 11. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Co.,

1962). 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Norton,

1963). 15. Paul Brooks, The House of Life: Rachei Carson at Work (Boston:

Houghton Mifflin, 1972). 16. John Sheail, Pesticides and Nature Conservation: The British Experi-

ence, 1950-1975 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985). 17. Manfred Kroger, "The Why and How of Communicating Sci-

ence," Food Technology, 41 Gan. 1987), p. 93-99. 18. Joan Goldstein, Environmental Decision Making in Rural Locales: The

Fine Barrens (New York: Praeger, 1981). 19. Bert L. Bohmont, The New Pesticide Users' Guide (Reston: Reston

Publishing Co., 1987). 20. John J. Schlebecker, Whereby We Thrive: A History of American

Farming, 1607-1972 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975). 21. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Co.,

1962). 22. John J. Schlebecker, Whereby We Thrive: A History of American

Farming, 1607-1972 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1975). 23. S. Gail Battista, "The Conviction of DDT," Environmental Reporter,

3/39, Jan. 26, 1973. 24. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Co.,

1962). 25. S. Gail Battista, "The Conviction of DDT," Environmental Reporter,

3/39, Jan. 26, 1973.

NOTES 253

26. New York Times, "DDT: In the End The Risks Were Not Accept-able," June 18, 1972.

CHAPTER THREE

1. Environmental Reporter, Monograph #14, Vol. 3/39, January 26, 1973

2. Ibid. 3. News Report (Washington: National Academy of Sciences, XXI,

No. 6, June-July, 1971). 4. Molly Joel Coye, "The Effects of Agricultural Production: 1. The

Health Effects of Agricultural Workers," Journal of Publie Health Policy, Sept. 1985, pp. 349-370.

5. Molly Joel Coye, "The Health Effects of Agricultural Production: H. The Health of the Community," Journal of Publie Health Poliey, Autumn, 1986, pp. 340-354.

6. Environmental Reporter, Monograph #14, Vol. 3/39 January 26, 1973.

7. Thomas H. Moss and David L. Sills, eds., The Three Mile Island Nuclear Aecident: Lessons and Implieations (New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Science, Vol. 365, 1981).

8. "Intolerable Risk," Areport of the Natural Resources Defense Council, 1989.

9. Congressional Research Services (CRS), "Pesticide Regulation: Legislative Debate about FIFRA in 1986," Washington, o.c., Li-brary of Congress, May 11, 1987.

10. Ibid. 11. U.S. Congress House Committee on Government Operations.

Problems Plague the EPAS Pesticide Regulatory Activities, Washing-ton, 1984.

12. National Research Council, Regulating Pesticides in Food: The De-laney Paradox. (National Academy Press: Washington, 1987).

13. "Intolerable Risk," areport of the Natural Resources Defense Council, 1989.

14. New York Times, 5/16/89. 15. "Government Regulation of Pesticides in Food: The Need for

Administrative and Regulatory Reform." Report by the Subcom-mittee on Toxic Substances, Environmental Oversight, Research

254 NOTES

and Development to the Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate, 1989.

16. lbid. 17. lbid. 18. Congressional Research Service (CRS), '~pple Alarm: Public

Concern About Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables," Library of Congress, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, March 10, 1989.

19. lbid. 20. Molly Joel Coye, "The Health Effects of Agricultural Production:

II. The Health of the Community," Journal 01 Publie HeaIth Policy, Autumn, 1986, pp. 340-354.

21. "Intolerable Risks," Areport of the Natural Resources Defense Council, 1989.

22. Congressional Research Service (CRS), '~pple Alarm: Public Concern About Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables," Library of Congress, March 10, 1989.

CHAPTER FOUR

1. Joan Goldstein, Environmental Deeision Making in Rural Loeales: The Pine Barrens (New York: Praeger, 1981).

2. Ted Conover, Coyotes (New York: Vintage Books, 1987). 3. Molly Joel Coye, John A. Lowe, and Keith J. Maddy, "Biological

Monitoring of AgriCultural Workers Exposed to Pesticides: 11. Monitoring of Intact Pesticides and Their Metabolites," Journal 01 Oecupational Medieine, Vol. 28, No. 8, Aug., 1986, pp. 629-636

4. John Steinbeck, The Grapes 01 Wrath (New York: Viking Press, 1939).

5. Michael O'Malley, "Recognizing Fieldworker Poisoning," Migrant HeaIth CIinical Supplement, June/July, 1988.

6. Ibid. 7. Keith T. Maddy and Susan Edminston, "Summary of Illnesses

and Injuries Reported in California by Physicians in 1986 as Potentially Related to Pesticides," Report of the California Depart-ment of Food and Agriculture, Division of Pest Management,

NOTES 255

Environmental Protection and Worker Safety, Sacramento, Ca., October 5, 1987.

8. Michael O'MaHey, "Priority Investigations Involving Phosalone in Fresno and Madera Counties," 1987, California Department of Food and Agriculture.

9. Molly ]oel Coye et al., "Clinical Confirmation of Organophos-phate Poisoning of Agricultural Workers," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 10:399-409, 1986.

10. Michael O'Malley, "Recognizing Fieldworker Poisoning" Migrant HeaIth: Clinical Supplement, ]une/]uly, 1988.

11. L. Duncan Saunders, Richard G. Ames et al., "Outbreak of Omite-CR Induced Dermatitis Among Orange Pickers in Tulare County, Ca.," Journal ofOccupational Medicine, Vol. 29, No. 5, May 1987, pp. 409-413.

12. Michael O'Malley, "Recognizing Fieldworker Poisoning," Migrant HeaIth Clinical Supplement, ]une/]uly, 1988.

13. Ibid. 14. Stephanie K. Brown, Richard G. Ames et al. , "Occupational Ill-

ness from Cholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides Among Agri-cultural Workers in California," Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 44, No. 1, ]anIFeb. 1989, pp. 34-39.

15. Margaret E. Scarborough, Richard G. Ames et al. , 'Acute Health Effects of Community Exposure to Cotton Defoliants," Hazard Evaluation Section Office of Environmental Health Hazard As-sessment, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, March,1989.

16. MoHy ]oel Coye, Paul G. Barnett et al., "Clinical Confirmation of Organophosphate Poisoning by Serial Cholinesterase Analysis," Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 147, March 1987, pp. 438-442.

17. Keith T. Maddy and Susan Edmiston, "Summary of Illnesses and Injuries Reported in California by Physicians in 1986 as Poten-tiaHy Related to Pesticides, " Report of the California Department of Food and Agriculture, October 5, 1987.

18. Ibid. 19. Bert L. Bohmont, The New Pesticide Users Guide (Reston: Reston

Publishing Co., 1987). 20. MoHy ]oel Coye, "The Health Effects of Agricultural Production:

The Effects on Agricultural Workers," Journal of Public HeaIth Pol-icy, Vol 6, No. 3, Sept. 1985.

256 NOTES

21. Bert L. Bohmont, The New Pesticide Users Guide (Reston: Reston Publishing Co., 1987).

22. Cheryl Best, "Natural Pest Controls," Garbage, Sept./Oct. 1989. 23. L. Duncan Saunders, Richard G. Ames et al., "Outbreak of

Omite-CR Induced Dermatitis Among Orange Pickers in Tulare County California," Journal o[ Occupatianal Medicine, Vo129, No. 5, May, 1987, pp. 409-413.

CHAPTER FlVE

1. Joan Goldstein, Environmental Decision Making in Rural Locales: The Pine Barrens (New York: Praeger, 1981).

2. John McPhee, The Pine Barrens (New York: Ballantine Books, 1967). 3. Alternative Agriculture (National Research Council, National

Academy Press, Washington, o.c., 1989). 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Congressional Research Service (CRS), "Groundwater Quality

Protection: Issues in the 101 Congress, Library of Congress, June, 1989.

7. Congressional Research Service (CRS), "Groundwater Quality: Current Federal Programs and Recent Congressional Activities, Library of Congress, March 1, 1989.

8. Congressional Research Service (CRS), "Groundwater Quality Protection: Issues in the 101 Congress, Library of Congress, June, 1989.

9. Joan Goldstein, "Planning for Women in the New Towns: New Concepts and Dated Roles" The Journal o[ Comparative Family Studies, Vol. IX, No. 3 (Autumn, 1978), pp. 385-392.

10. "Sampling for Pesticide Residues in California Weil Water, 1988 Update." Annual Report to the Legislature, State Oepartment of Health Services, Oec. 1, 1988.

11. Congressional Research Service (CRS), "Groundwater Quality Protection: Issues in the 101 Congress", Library of Congress, June, 1989.

12. Alternative Agriculture (National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington o.c., 1989).

NOTES 257

13. Congressional Research Service (CRS), "Groundwater Quality: Current Federal Programs and Recent Congressional Activities," Library of Congress, March 1, 1989.

14. Congressional Research Service (CRS), "Groundwater Contam-ination and Protection, Update, December 27, 1988," Library of Congress.

15. Clean Water Action News, Fall, 1988.

CHAPTER SIX

1. David Pimentel and John H. Perkins, eds., Pest Cantrol: Cultural and Erwiranmental Aspects, AAAS Select Symposium (Boulder: Westview Press, 1980).

2. lbid. 3. lbid. 4. lbid. 5. Agricultural Research (USDA), 'Nternative Versus Conventional

Farming," ARS, Oct., 1989. 6. John and Allan A. Lomax, American Ballads and Folk Songs (New

York: The MacMillan Co., 1934). 7. Agricultural Research, ARS, March, 1989. 8. lbid. 9. New York Times, "Medflies and Malathion," February 28,1990, p.

A26. 10. Ibid. 11. Robert P. Kahn, ed., Plant Protectian and Quarantine, Vol. 111,

Special Topics (Boca Raton: CRC Press lnc., 1987). 12. Jack R. Coulson and Richard S. Soper, "Protocols for the Introduc-

tion of Biological Control Agents in the U.S.," in Plant Protectian and Quarantine, Vol. III, Special Topics (Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc., 1987).

13. lbid. 14. Agricultural Research (USDA), '~lternative Versus Conventional

Farming," ARS, Oct. 1989. 15. Ibid. 16. International Symposium on Biological Control Implementation,

McAllen, Texas, April 4-6, 1989.

258 NOTES

CHAPTER SEVEN

1. Speech by Gaylord Nelson, Earth Day Committee. Earthline, Earth Day 1990, Issue #l.

2. Speech by Denis Hayes, Earth Day Committee. Earthline, Earth Day 1990, Issue #l.

3. Jon Kerner and Kurt Fensterbush, "Profiles of Toxic Waste Vic-tims' Movements for Major Sites on the National Priorities List." Paper presented at Southern Sociology meetings, 1988.

4. Ibid. 5. Mothers and Others, TLC Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1, Fall, 1989. 6. New York Times, '~pple Chemical Being Removed in U.S. Market,"

June 3, 1989. 7. Supermarket News, Vol. 39, No. 28, July 10, 1989. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

CHAPTER EIGHT

1. The American Council on Science and Health is a largely indus-try-backed organization with support from the chemical industry.

2. The Center for Communication, New York City, is an educational organization devoted to studying the role of media.

3. Hodding Carter III, "Alar Scare: Case Study in Media Skewed Reality," Wall Street Journal, April 20, 1989.

4. '~lar Fears Unfounded," New York Times, October 15, 1989. 5. Ibid. 6. "Tight Limits Proposed for Popular Farm Chemieal, " New York

Times, December 4, 1989. 7. Reporting on the Environment: Are We Scaring Ourselves to

Death? A forum presented at The Center for Communication, New York City, October 26, 1989.

8. Profile: "Meet ACSH Vice President, Edward G. Remmers, Sc.o.," ACSH News anti Views, May-June, 1987.

9. Manfred Kroger, "The Why and How of Communicating Sci-ence," Food Technology, 41(1), 93-99, 1987.

NOTES 259

10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Elizabeth M. Whelan, "A Morbid Fear of Illness Makes America

Trash Good Food and Common Sense," Los Angeles Times, March 20, 1989.

16. Mary Pa inter, Nutrition Watch, 1988. 17. Michael Greenberg et al., "Network Evening News Coverage of

Environmental Risk," Risk Analysis, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1989. 18. Henry Fairlie, "Fear of Living: America's Morbid Aversion to

Risk," New Republic, January 23, 1989. 19. Ibid. 20. Peter Passeil, "Life's Risks: Balancing Fear Against Reality of

Statistics," New York Times, May 8, 1989. 21. Ibid.

CHAPTER NINE

1. Henry Fairlie, "Fear of Living: America's Morbid Aversion to Risk," New Republic, January 23, 1989.

2. Ibid. 3. Mikhail Gorbachev, speech presented at the Global Forum on the

Environment, Moscow, January 20, 1990, as reported in Pravda, p.6.

4. Ibid. 5. United Nations report, "A Better Environment for Development,"

Uni ted Nations Development Program. 6. "Exporting Banned Pesticides: Fueling the Circle of Poison," A

Greenpeace Report, August, 1989. 7. Ibid.

Index

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 215

Aerial application, health hazards of, 92

Agent Orange, 19 Agribusiness, development of,

12; see also Agriculture Agricultural reform, 141-183

biological control alternative, 153-163

cost-benefit ratios in, 168-171

costs of, 145-148 examples of, 177-181 governmental impediments

to, 175-177 importance of, 141-145, 183 integrated pest

management, 173-174 international aspects of, 182-

183 Mediterranean fruit fly and,

164-168 technology for, 149-152

Agricultural reform (cant.) U.S. Department of

Agriculture and, 171-173; see also U. S. Department of Agriculture

Agriculture, see also Farm workers

261

business practices transform, 10-15

DDT use and, 17-18, 38-39, 45-46

environmentalism and, 239-242

future prospects fm. 246-249 groundwater contamination

and, 111, 127 historical perspective on, 4 international factors and,

243-244 mechanization of, 11 population pressures on,

242-243 water pollution and, 114-115,

121-123

262

Aidala, James v., 72 AIDS, 215 Alar (daminozide), 2, 67-77

cancer risk and, 55 consumer movement and,

194-195 DDT case compared, 1%-198 historical perspective on,

71-77 media and, 204, 205-210 risk assessment and, 64-65,

67 Alaska oll spill, 192 Aldicarb, 36 Aldrin,36 American Council on Science

and Health (ACSH), 215-216

Aminotriazole (Amitrole) boycott of, 33-35 media and, 204

Anticoagulants, health hazards of, 101

Apples, see also Alar Alar and, 67-77 consumer movement and,

194-195 Aquifers, groundwater and,

110; see also Groundwater; Water

Argentina, 189 Arsenic pesticides, health

hazards of, 100 Atlantic Monthly magazine, 21 Atomic energy, 27, 54

Biological control(s) alternative of, 153-163

INDEX

Biological control(s) (cont.) cost-benefit ratios in, 168-171

examples of, 177-181 future prospects for, 246-

249 governmental impediments

to,175-177 importance of, 183 integrated pest

management, 173-174 international aspects of, 182-

183 Mediterranean fruit fly and,

164-168 technology of, 149-152

Bipyridyliums, health hazards of,l00-101

Birds, DDT and, 40-41 Bohmont, Bert L., 95 Boll weevll, 150-152, 156-157 Botanical pesticides, health

hazards of, 101 Brazll,240 Brooks, Paul, 25 Bruckart, William, 247

California cottony-cushion scale in,

153-154 farm workers in, 82-83 Mediterranean fruit fly in,

164-168 migrations to, 11 orange pickers in, 87-92

Canada, biological controls and, 182-183

Cancer, see also Health hazards Alarand, 67, 71-77

INDEX

Cancer (cant.) aminotriazole and, 34 children's foods and, 55 farm workers and, 95 risk assessment and, 53

Capitalism, agriculture and, 11-12

Captan, 2, 55, 75 Carbamates, 36, 97-98 Carbaryl, 36 Carson, Rachel, 10, 17, 22-31,

34,158,231 alternate control methods of,

28-31 criticism of, 25-26, 29-30 DDT and, 35, 37-38, 49-50 death of, 46-47 ecosystem and, 24, 27

Carter, Hodding, II1, 205-206, 214

Carver, George Washington, 13, 150

Center for Communication (New York), 214-215

CERCLA: see Superfund Chemical fertilizers, water

pollution by, 115, 116 Chemical industry

Carson, Rachel and, 25 DDT and, 107

Scientific Advisory Panel and,68-69

Chemicals, 230-231; see also Fungicides; Herbicides; Insecticides; Pesticides; Rodenticides; entries under names of chemicals

Chemical warfare, pesticide development and, 15-16

Children exposure levels and, 66-67 pesticides and, 54-56

China, 189, 243 Chlordane, 36 Chlorinated hydrocarbons

cumulative impact of, 36 DDT and, 36 health hazards of, 98-99 toxicity of, 231, 232

Chlorothalonil, health effects of,75

Cholinesterase, 84, 85 Cigarette smoking, 215 Civil Rights movement, 187 Clean Water Act, 110, 130, 131-

133, 186 Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA): see Superfund

Concentration camps, 37 Congress (U.S.): see Politics Conover, Ted, 81 Conservation: see

Environmentalism Consumer movement

Alar and, 194-195 influence of, 201 Consumers

Union, 26 Corn earworm, 177-181 Cotton boll weevil, 150-152,

156-157 Cotton defoliant spraying,

health hazards of, 104-107

263

264

Cottony-cushion scale, 153 Coulson, Jack R., 169-170 Coye, Molly Joel, 91 Cranberry

aminotriazole and, 33-34 media and, 204

Crop rotation biological controls and, 150 single-crop cultivation

contrasted, 13-14

Daminozide: see Alar Darwin, Charles, 153-154 DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-

trichloroethane), 35-47 agriculture and, 17-18, 45-

46 Alar case compared, 196-198 amounts used, 38-39 banning of, 45 Carson, Rachel and, 25, 37-

38 chemical action of, 36-37 chemical classification of,

35-36 cumulative effects of, 50-52 development of, 16-17 environmentalists and, 41-

47 genetic resistance to, 39-40 historical perspective on,

230-232 human health and, 49-52 locust and, 8 weIl water contamination by,

125 wildlife and, 40-41

Deforestation, 240

Delaney Clause, described, 60-62

INDEX

Demography, agriculture and, 242-243

Department of Agriculture (U.S.): see U.S. Department of Agriculture

Desertification, American Southwest, 12

Deukmejian, George, 165 Diazinon, 36 Dichloro-diphenyl-

trichloroethane: see DDT ( dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane )

Dieldrin, 36 Diet, risk assessment and, 63 Dimethoate, 36 Dinoseb,69 Disease control, insecticides

and, 16-17, 37 DiVaIl, Linda, 191 Dust bowl, 11, 12 Dutch elm disease, 42 Dvorak, Anton, 2

Earth Day 1970, 185 Earth Day 1990, vii, 187-189 Econornic factors agricultural

reform and, 145-148 biological controls and, 168-

171,172 food industry and, 198-201 hazardous waste sites, 192

Ecosystem, defined, 24 EDBC fungicide, media and,

210-214 Endrin, 36

INDEX

Envirorunental Defense Fund (EDF), DDT and, 42, 44, 45

Envirorunentalism agriculture and, 239-242

chemieals and, 230-231 DDT and, 41-47 EDBC fungicide and, 210-

214 effective education about,

214-219 food industry and, 198-201 future prospects for, 246-

249 international aspect of, 188,

189-192 media coverage of, 203-205,

219-220 media coverage

recommendations, 220-226

media critics and, 205-210 public support for, 185-189 Superfund and, 192-194

EPA: see United States Envirorunental Protection Agency (EPA)

European Economic Community, pesticides and,245

Exposure levels children and, 66-67 pesticides, 2 water contamination, 116-119

Fairlie, Henry, 222, 237-238 Farming: see Agriculture; Farm

subsidy program; Farm workers

Farm subsidy program biological controls and, 175-

177

265

water pollution and, 121-123 Farm workers, 79-94; see also

Agriculture health hazards to, 81-87, 95 historical perspective on,

79-81 orange pickers, 87-92 pesticide-caused illnesses

among, 92-94 FDA: see United States Food

and Drug Administration (FDA)

Federal Envirorunental Pesticide Control Act, 57

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1954, 60

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 44, 57-60, 110, 135

Delaney Clause and, 60-62 pesticide exports and, 244-

245 politics and, 70

Federal Pesticide Control Act of 1972,44

Federal regulation, water supplies, 130-135; see also entries under names of federal agencies

Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 29

Feminism, 29 Fensterbush, Kurt, 192 Fertilizers, water pollution by,

115,116

266

Fetus, pesticides and, 52 FIFRA: see Federal Insecticide,

Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

Folpet, 2, 75 Food chain, Carson and, 27 Fowler, Jerry L., 172 Friedan, Betty, 29 Fumigation materials, health

hazards of, 101-102 Fungicides, see also Herbicides;

Insecticides; Pesticides; Rodenticides

development of, 2 EDBC banning and, 210-214 quantities used, 10

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 26 Gans, Herbert, 120 Garden hazards, described,

103-104 Gartner, Carol B., 25 Gay, Catherine, 215 Geigy, J. R., 16 Genetics

insect control through use of,28

insect immunity and, 9, 39-40

Germany, 241, 242 Giants in the Earth (Rölvaag), 6 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 241, 242 Grapes of Wrath, The

(Steinbeck), 13, 82 Grape workers, health hazards

tO,84-87 Grasshopper: see Locust

outbreaks

INDEX

Great Britain, pesticide use in, 30-31

Great Depression, 6, 11, 13, 15, 119,143

Greenberg, Michael, 215, 219, 220

Greenpeace, 244 Ground application, health

hazards of, 92-93 Groundwater, see also Water

contamination of, 113, 116 described,110-113 federal regulation and, 130-

135 politics and, 135-139 quality control for, 126-128 state regulation and, 129-130

Groundwater Protection Act, 135-136

Guthion,36

Hand application, health hazards of, 93

Hayes, Denis, 187 Hazardous waste sites

numbers of, 192 superfund deanup and, 193

Health hazards, 49-77; see also Cancer

Alar and, 67-77 children's exposure levels

and,66-67 children's food and, 54-56 cumulative effects and, 51 DDT and, 49-52 Delaney Clause and, 60-62 farm workers and, 81-87 pesticide residues and, 62-

66

INDEX

Health hazards (cant.) pesticide summary chart, 75 poisoning routes, 102-103 risk assessment and, 52-54 seriousness of, 104-107

Heliothis virescens, 177-181 Heliothis zea, 177-181 Henry, J. E., 160 Heptachlor, 36 Herbicides, see also Fungicides;

Insecticides; Pesticides; Rodenticides

development of, 2, 18-19 Great Britain and, 30-31 quantities used, 10

Hightower, Jim, 188 Hong Kong, 189 House of Life, The (Brooks), 25

illegal aliens, 81-82 Immigrants, farm workers

and,80-81 Industrialization, social

problems of, 228 Insecticides, see also

Fungicides; Herbicides; Pesticides; Rodenticides

agribusiness and, 14-15 alternatives to, 28-31 disease control and, 16-17 quantities used, 10 risk assessment and, 55-56

Integrated pest management, described, 173-174

International factors agricultural reform, 182-183

agriculture and, 243-244 conservation, 188, 189-192

International factors (cant.) environmentalism and, 240-

241 pesticides export and, 244-

246 Intolerable risk

described, 54-56 NRDC and, 62

Irrigation, groundwater contamination and, 111, 112,127

Izaak Walton League, 42

Jackson, Jesse, 188 James, 5harpe, 190 Jiminez, Eleazer, 182

Kelleher, J. 5., 182 Kerner, Jon, 192 Knipling, Edward, 28 Kroger, Manfred, 32, 216-217

Labeling regulations, state law and,2oo

Leahy, Patrick, 190-191 Lieberman, Joseph 1., 69, 70 Lindane,36 Locust outbreaks, historical

persepctive on, 5-9

Macrocentrus ancylivorus wasp, 156

Malaria control, 16-17, 37 Malathion, 36, 166 Mancozeb,2

health effects of, 75 Masters, Dexter, 26 Media

critics of, 205-210

267

268

EDBC fungicide and, 210-214 effective education through,

214-219 environmental coverage by,

203-205, 219-220 politics and, 234 public illiteracy and, 235-

236 recommendations for, 220-

226 Mediterranean fruit fly and,

164-168 Mercury pesticides, health

hazards of, 100 Methyl parathion, 39-40 Mexico, biological controls

and,182-183 Miller, C. D. J., 182 Miticides, development of, 2 Moore, Jack, 219 Mustard gas, 15-16

National Academy of Sciences, 44,50

National Audubon Society, 42 National Cancer Institute, 95 National Resources Defense

Council, media and, 209 Natural Resources Defense

Council (NRDC), 3 EPA and, 68, 233-234 exposure levels and, 66-67 intolerable risk and, 54-56 risk assessment and, 61-66 Nelson, Gaylord, 187

New Republic, 222, 237 New Yorker magazine, 22 New York Times, 207-208, 222-

223

INDEX

Nicholson, A. J., 21 Nitrophenol pesticides, health

hazards of, 99 Nonpoint pollution, water

supplies, 113-116 North American Plant

Protection Organization (NAPPO),182-183

Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 188 Nosema locustae, 160 NRDC: see Natural Resources

Defense Council (NRDC) Nutrition Watch, 219

Oberstar plan, 135-137 Occupational Safety and

Health Administration (OSHA), farm worker health and, 83-84

O'Malley, Michael, 84 Omite-CR, health hazards of,

87-89 Orange pickers, health

hazards to, 87-92 Organic labeling regulations,

state law and, 200 Organochlorines, 36 Organophosphates, 16

described, 36 health hazards of, 85, 96-97 toxicity of, 232

Painter, Mary, 219 Parathion, 36, 39-40, 75 PasseIl, Peter, 222-223 Pena, Federico, 188 Pesticides, see also Fungicides;

Herbicides; Insecticides; Rodenticides

INDEX

Pesticides (cant.) agribusiness and, 14-15 agricu1tural production and,

17-18 ~on, Racheland, 22-31 chemical classification of,

35-36 consumer movement and,

194-195 cumulative effects of, SO-51 development of, 1-2,4,5-10 early warnings about, 21-22 ecological concerns and, 10 farm worker illnesses caused

by, 92-94 fetal development and, 52 garden hazards, 103-104 genetic adaptations to, 9 groundwater contamination

by, 128 international factors and,

244-246 poisoning modes of action

of,94-102 quantities used, 9-10 registration of, 51, 61 regulation of; 57-60 residues and, 62-66 risk factors and, 3, 31-32 sodal costs of, 146-148 water contamiriation by, 116-

119 water residue sampling

procedures, 124-126 World War I development

of,15 Pheromone~ 170-171 Phosdrin, 36

Phosgene, 15 Phosphoric acid, 36 Piel, Jonathan, 215 PimenteI, David, 146 Pine Barrens (New Jersey),

The, 34, BO, 110 Poisoning routes, 102-103 Politics

Alar and, 200 media and, 204, 234 water and, 135-139

Pollution, water supplies, 113-116

Population pressure, agricu1ture and, 242-243

Princeton University's Earth Day 1990, vü

Rain forest, 240 Reagan, Ronald, 193 Regulation, of pesticides, 57-

60; see also Federal regulation; State law; entries under federal agencies and laws

Reid, Harry, 69 Remmers, Edward G., 215 Risk assessment

described, 52-54 intolerable risk and, 54-56 NRDC and, 61-62

Risk factors

269

criticism of concept, 237-239 DDr and, 45 media reporting of, 219-226 pesticides and, 3, 31-32

Rölvaag, 0. E., 6

270

Rockefeller, Wendy Gordon, 198

Rodenticides, 2; see also Fungicides; Herbicides; Insecticides; Pesticides

Romania, 143-144 Ruckelshaus, William 0., 45

Sachsman, David B., 219 Safe Drinking Water Act, 110,

130, 133-135 5t. Johnswort (weed), 158 Salomone, Kandice L., 219 Sandman, Peter M., 219 Schlebecker, John J., 5-6, 8, 9 Scientific Advisory Panel

Alar and, 71-77 criticism of, 68-69

Scientific American, 215 Sierra Oub, 43 Silent Spring (Carson), 10, 22,

24, 26, 34, 46, 158 Single-crop cultivation, crop

rotation contrasted, 13-14 Snow, J. Wendell, 171 Soper, Richard S., 170 Soucie, Gary, 215 Soviet Union, 241, 242, 243 State law, see also Federal

regulation labeling regulations and, 200 water supplies, 129-130

5teinbeck, John, 13, 82 Streep, Meryl, 198 Suburban growth, water

contamination and, 119-121

Superfund (Comprehensive Environmental Response,

INDEX

Superfund (cant.) Compensation and Liability Act, CERCLA), 130, 138, 192-194

Supermarket chains, environmentalism and, 198-199

Tenant farming system, 12, 13 Termite control, pesticides

used in, 36 Three Mile Island, risk

assessment and, 54 Time Magazine, 29-30 Tobacco budworm, 177-181 Tolerance levels

EPA and, 59-60 risk assessment and, 62-66

Toxaphene, 36 Toxie Substances Control Aet,

135 Toxie wastes: see Hazardous

waste sites liiphosphorie acid, 36 Turner, Ted, 188 Typhus control, 16-17, 37 Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics: see Soviet Union

United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, 199-200

United States Department of Agriculture, 6, 28

biological controls and, 149, 154, 158, 171-173, 177

boll weevil and, 151 DDT and, 42, 43-44, 45 farm subsidies and, 123

INDEX

United States Department of Agriculture (cant.)

FIFRA and, 57 groundwater contamination

and, 113, 130 locusts and, 8

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 186

Alar and, 71-77, 195 biological controls and, 172 Oean Water Act and, 131-132 criticism of, 56 DDr and, 45, 46, 196 EDBC fungicide and, 210-214 exposure levels and, 55 groundwater contamination

and, 116-119, 128, 130 media and, 204, 207 NRDC and, 68, 233-234 organization of, 70 pesticide exports and, 245 registration and, 58-60 risk assessment and, 3, 53,

62-66 United States Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) aminotriazole and, 33 DDr and, 50 Delaney Oause and, 60-62

United States Geological Survey, groundwater and, 130

Vedalia beetle, 154 Verne, Jules, 228 Vietnam War, herbicide

development and, 19

Wall Street Journal, 205, 206 Water, 109-139; see also

Groundwater farm subsidy program and,

121-123 federal regulation and, 130-

135 groundwater, 110-113 importance of, 109-110 nonpoint pollution of, 113-

116 pesticide levels in, 116-119 politics and, 135-139 quality control for, 126-128 sampling for pesticide

residues in, 124-126

271

state regulation and, 129-130 suburban growth and, 119-

121 Weather, locust outbreaks and,

8-9 Weed killers: see Herbicides Wells, H. G., 228 WeIl water, pesticide residue

sampling procedures, 124-126

Whelan, Elizabeth M., 218, 219 Wigglesworth, V. B., 21 WJldlife, DDr and, 35, 40-41 World War I, pesticides

developed in, 15-16 World WarII, 4, 119, 143

agriculture and, 17 DDr and, 16 herbicide development and,

18-19 insecticide development, 232