Chapter Objectives

• Identify the first main threat to the British colonies-French quest for empire-and the four wars that resulted

• Recall major leaders and battles of the French and Indian War• Outline the causes, course, and consequences of the French and Indian War• Discuss the British victory over the French at the Battle of Quebec and the

battle’s role as a turning point in North American history• Explain why military victory can bring disastrous consequences as when

Britain won the French and Indian War but soon lost the American colonies• Compare arguments on the traditional rights of English people and the

legitimacy of asking the colonies to pay a fair share of the costs of empire• Trace the events that led to America’s break from Britain, starting in 1760• Explain the social, economic, and political tensions that led to conflict between

colonists and their governments.• Discuss the factors that created a national consciousness among American

colonials.

“Skirmishes between France and England”

Colonial Name European Name Treaty Dates

1. King William’s War War of the League Ryswick 1689-97

of Augsburg

2. Queen Anne’s War War of the Spanish Succession Utrecht1701-14

3. King George’s War War of the Austrian Succession Aachen1739-48

4. French and Indian War Seven Years War Paris 1754-63

English policy towards colonies

• Benign Neglect: English policy towards the colonies that left the American colonies to effectively run themselves. It was not in the best interest of the British to interfere in the day to day operations of colonial administration.

• Some efforts at political control prior to 1700 failed.

Mercantilism

• Economic policy to regulate colonial economy

• Reintegrate colonial economy into the British economic empire

France was the first country to practice mercantilism

France

1. Simplify complicated French tax structure so to know how much money is coming in

Tax land, not merchants

2. Impose tariffs on imports of enemies (England and Holland) and subsidize French goods (make them cheaper so England and Holland will buy them)

3. Coordinate colonies to serve interests of French economy: Colonies were for the benefit of the mother country

ENGLAND WILL COPY FRENCH MODEL

Mercantilist beliefs

• Finite amount of wealth in the world

• For a nation to become wealthy, it must take from other countries

• Trade=war.

• Regulate trade so to make your country invulnerable to the economic aggression of others

• Erect trade barriers against others

England/Britain Navigation Acts

• System of trade regulations

1651: Parliament only allowed shipping of colonial goods to England in English ships and majority of crews be English

1662: Goods imported to England in English made ships only, ¾ of crew English and certain goods shipped only to England or English colonies (tobacco, cotton, indigo, ginger, sugar)

1663: Staples Act: All things shipped from Europe to colonies had to stop in England, be landed, and duty paid on it before reshipment. Made England the staple or trade center for all goods sent to colonies.

Mercantilism continued

1698: Wool Act: no export of cloth: raw wool only

1732: Hat Act: no export of Hats from colonies

1733: Molasses Act: import duty on rum

1750: Iron Act: ban iron finishing in colonies

New France: France in North America

Early French Exploration

• Giovanni de Verrazzano (hired by French) mapped much of North America in 1524

• Jacques Cartier: explored St. Lawrence River towards headwaters of the Mississippi River in 1535.

Giovanni da Verrazzano

Jacques Cartier

Verrazzano’s voyage of 1524

Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette explore the Mississippi River in 1673: Looking for the Northwest Passage to China

Robert de La Salle (Claims Mississippi River Basin For France (Louisiana) 1682

Company of the Indies: 1718

• Set up administrative capital for Louisiana at New Orleans on the Mississippi River

Clash at Louisbourg in 1745

New France in 1750Portion of Canada given to Britain as a result of Treaty of Utrecht in 1715. Louis XIV’s son was

allowed to become Spanish king, but could not unite Spain with France.

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

Inevitability of a conflict with France

• Several “skirmishes” or brush wars had taken place between France and England before 1750.

• Something BIG was going to happen (Europe or North America). A spark was needed

• 1748: British fur trappers and land developers moved west of the Appalachian Mountains into the Ohio River Valley

• French saw this as an intrusion: Their territory was Canada and the Mississippi River Valley: The Ohio River flows into the Mississippi.

New France: Strengths

• 1. Strong Indian Alliances, except with Iroquois

• 2. American colonists were vulnerable to attack because of their isolated towns and villages on the frontier. (French could blend into frontier)

• 3. No United Front for American Colonies (Divided)

Weaknesses with New France

• 1. not a strong settler colony

1660: 3,000

1700: 15,000

1750: 52,000• 2. Extraction rather than settlement (Fur: beaver, fox, otter)• 3. Focused on religious conversion of Indians, rather than

settling• 4. Minimal Financial Return to the crown on promotion of

New France• 5. Difficulty with Iroquois Confederacy in New York: forced

to move empire west instead of south

Britain and the American Colonies

• Strengths1. Larger population than New

France: 20 times by 1750

2.Could recruit colonial militias

3. American colonists were fighting for their homes

4. British navy: blockade waterways

3.French governmental authority was split: rivalry and division (military governor, civil governor, and Catholic bishop)

• Weaknesses

1. British army: 18th century military style of fighting vs. French/Indian guerilla style

2. Not as good relations with Indians as French

3. Lack of unity

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

4. 6,000 French Catholics living in Nova Scotia

Forcefully relocated and moved to Louisiana: today’s Cajuns

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Albany Plan of Union (colonies north of VA)• Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin at

Albany, New York to unify the colonies• Each colonial legislature would elect

delegates to an American continental assembly according to amount of money they gave to the central treasury

• Continental assembly would be presided over by a royal governor

• Plan was rejected as too authoritarian

French Fort Construction

• France began to build string of forts that was to stretch from Lake Erie to the Alabama River

• Protected the French, but cut across what the colony of Virginia considered its territory (Colonial charters extended beyond current state borders today)

• Colonial land speculators were harmed: wouldn’t be able to sell land

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

George Washington

• Sent by Governor Robert Dinwiddie to the site of Fort Duquesne in western Pennsylvania to stop the construction of the fort and kick out the French. (seen below in Virginia Militia uniform)

• 1. Washington captures a small French scouting force: First shots of the French and Indian War.

• 2. Builds Fort Necessity and waits for French attack

• 3. Completely overwhelmed by French and forced to surrender:

Fort Necessity: a recreation

Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 miles from Ft. Killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces. Washington was only forces. Washington was only colonial officer on Braddock’s staff colonial officer on Braddock’s staff to surviveto survive

AThe following year, Fort The following year, Fort Duquesne was abandoned and the Duquesne was abandoned and the British forces built Fort Pitt on the British forces built Fort Pitt on the site (modern day Pittsburgh)site (modern day Pittsburgh)

1755 1755 Britain Britain Decide to Eliminate Decide to Eliminate

Fr. Presence in North Fr. Presence in North AmericaAmerica

1755 1755 Britain Britain Decide to Eliminate Decide to Eliminate

Fr. Presence in North Fr. Presence in North AmericaAmerica

War on multiple continents War on multiple continents (Europe, North America and (Europe, North America and

Asia)Asia)

Considered first world war Considered first world war

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

A He offered them a compromiseHe offered them a compromise

A Colonial loyalty & military Colonial loyalty & military cooperation in exchange for cooperation in exchange for British reimbursement of colonial British reimbursement of colonial assemblies for their costs assemblies for their costs

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by 1758. increased by 1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt Becomes William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister: only man who Foreign Minister: only man who could salvage war: got rid of old could salvage war: got rid of old

generals and admiralsgenerals and admirals

1757 1757 William Pitt Becomes William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister: only man who Foreign Minister: only man who could salvage war: got rid of old could salvage war: got rid of old

generals and admiralsgenerals and admirals

Marquis de Montcalm: French commander in America

Montcalm’s success (1756-1758)

• Destroyed Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry• Drove back British attempt to take Fort Ticonderoga (see below)

** By 1761, Spain was an ally of FranceBy 1761, Spain was an ally of France

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

General James Wolfe

• British turn to the invasion of Canada

• Louisbourg captured in 1758

• Turn attention to attack Quebec, the French Canadian capital.

Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Quebec 1759)

• Fought outside the walls of the city after 3 month siege by British forces

• Battle lasts one hour

• Wolfe’s troops resist column charge by the French

• Moltcalm and Wolfe are mortally wounded on the battlefield

• Outcome: Turning point in the war.

Quebec: a Formidable fortress

Death of Wolfe

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, all territory east of the Canada, all territory east of the Mississippi River, exclusive rights Mississippi River, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.commercial dominance in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s

debt: 140 million pounds. debt: 140 million pounds. Expected colonies to pay for the Expected colonies to pay for the cost of the war and housing cost of the war and housing British soldiers for protection vs. British soldiers for protection vs. Indians.Indians.3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the

colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing (Became Americans)(Became Americans) experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter It created bitter feelings feelings towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-1766): Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763-1766): formed confederacy of Indian tribes formed confederacy of Indian tribes and fought British troops and settlers. and fought British troops and settlers. Eventually made peace with the British Eventually made peace with the British because his Confederacy fell apart.because his Confederacy fell apart.

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt infected blankets from Fort Pitt

to help defeat the Indiansto help defeat the Indians

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

Proclamation Line of 1763

• Settlers were forbidden to cross a line along the crest of the Appalachian mountains

• Colonial governors were forbidden to authorize surveys or issue land grants

• Why the line? Separate colonists from Indians on the west: It was too late. Colonists had already entered the Ohio River Valley:

Growth of attitudes that were distinctly American

• 1. Geography and distance from Europe: used to non-intervention and solving own problems

• 2. Private ownership of land: land=liberty.

liberty=keeping tabs on expansion of government

3. Diversity of colonies: loyalty to Britain not the same throughout colonies

King George III: ill prepared to handle the colonies

King George III

• Took more active role in political process than George I or George II

• Went through several ministers during period of colonial administration after French and Indian War that led to inconsistency, waffling, and then stubborn inflexibility

Representation

• Colonies governed themselves through colonial legislatures

• Levied colonial taxes: power of the purse.

• power to initiate own legislation

• None of colonial legislatures were legally recognized by parliament or the king

• Parliament was the legislature of the British Empire

Virtual representation: British answer to no taxation without Representation

• Each member of parliament represented the interests of the whole country and the empire

• Large cities might not have members in Parliament

• Small towns with little or no population returned members to Parliament

• All represented the Empire

Whig Ideology

• 1. liberty is natural: men are born with a set of natural rights and are born with those rights in a state of perfect liberty

• 2. governments are established to protect liberty and property: people agree to give up a little property and liberty for this protection

• 3. liberty can be destroyed: usually by corrupt political elite (governments can be remade/changed by the people)

• 4. liberty must be aligned with virtue to resist the allure of power (religious, work, modesty, etc)

Pitt replaced by career politician, George Grenville: worked hard, honest, detailed, and stubborn: saw American

customs as inefficient

Grenville’s Plans:

1. Sugar Act: lowered duty on mollasses from six to 3 pence: reduced temptation to smuggle or bribe the customs officials. Additional duty on textiles, wine, coffee, indigo and sugar.

First time duty not just to regulate trade, but to raise money

2. Currency Act of 1764: colonies could not print their own money: Caused deflation in colonial economy and sent a shock through the colonies

3. Stamp Act: 1765. printed materials must carry a revenue stamp. (newspapers, pamphlets, bonds, leases, insurance policies, college diplomas, playing cards)

First internal tax: tax on goods produced and consumed entirely within the colonies

4. Quartering Act: 1765. Forced the colonists to supply British troops with provisions and to provide them with barracks or submit to their use of vacant inns and vacant buildings.

Greeted with silence, then rage. Stamp Act became the chief target of colonial protest

Response to stamp act

• Mass meetings• Parades• Bon fires• Gentlemen and planters became “sons of Liberty”• Liberty Trees• Liberty Poles• Hung effigies of Boston Stamp Collectors• Destroyed stamp offices• Sacked the home of Governor Hutchinson’s house in Boston,

Mass.• When Stamp Act, went into effect, business continued without

the stamp

Sam Adams

• Sons of Liberty leader of Boston

Firebrand and a hothead

Politics was his passion

Grew obsessed that Parliament had no right to legislate at all in the colonies

Organized protests in the Boston town meeting and provincial assembly

Additional measures

• Colonists Boycotted British goods

• Non-importation agreements

• Homespun garments

Patrick Henry’s Response

• Virginia Resolves: Virginians were entitled to the rights of Englishmen and Englishmen could only be taxed by their own representatives

• Virginians had always been governed by laws passed with their own consent

Stamp Act Congress

• Meeting in New York in October 1765

• 27 delegates

Petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act

Not act of defiance: said Parliament had right to regulate trade, but not to tax

Parliament repealed the Stamp Act

Grenville replaced by Rockingham

• Declaratory Act (1766)

Asserted full power of Parliament to make laws binding the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

Tried to save face from the repeal of the Stamp Act

Townshend Acts (1767)

• Direct taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper and tea

• Strengthened writs of assistance: search and seizure used by customs officials to find smuggled goods and contraband.

• Taxes should go to paying royal officials and governor (circumvented power of the colonial legislatures) and their “power of the purse.”

Opposition to Townshend Acts

• Boycotts: refusal to buy British goods

• John Dickinson: “Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer” argued that the Parliament ha no right to levy taxes for revenue, but could regulate commerce and collect duties.

• Dickinson used language of moderation

Boston “Massacre”

• March 5, 1770

Violence in Boston

Group taunted and threw snowballs at the sentry before the customs house

Large crowd came to the scene

British troops fired on the crowd

5 people died, 8 wounded

Captain Preston charged, John Adams defended him

Outcome of Boston Massacre

• Shockwaves throughout colonies

• Britain repealed all Townshend duties except the one on Tea

• British troops had left Boston, but remained stationed nearby, if needed.

• British navy patrolled the coast

• Sam Adams, “Where there is a spark of patriotic fire, we will enkindle it.”