chapter nouns and pronouns - · pdf file4.1. plural forms of nouns 44 singular plural one bird...

Chapter4 NounsandPronouns

EXERCISE 1 -PRETEST: Identify each italicized word in the sentences as a :· NOUN· ADJECTIVE· PREPOSITION or· PRONOUN.

1. Eric is wearing a new shirt today.2. Algaria is in North Africa3. Steve is in Asia. He is traveling.4. I'm thirsty.5. We have class in this room every day.6. I know my way to Janna's house.7. The happy children squealed with joy. .

8. I walked to class with Maria.

9. Hawaii has eight principal island.10. The hungry man stffed his mouth with rice.11. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.12. Athens is a beautiful city.13. .My history book is under my desk.14. Do you like classical music.15. I don't eat sour oranges. I don't like them.

shirt nonn. .....................in preposition. ...................he prononn. .....................thirsty .......................room.. ...............................way .happy... .....................................with .. .......................island.. ..... ......... ........hungry ......................................

Japan .beautiful ... ....under .music .theln ...............................

EXERCISE 2 - PRETEST (BOOKS CLOSED) : Number a piece of paper from 1 to 22.This is a spelling test. Write the plural forms of the given nouns.

Example: one chair, two .....Written: chairs

1. glass 12. roof2. problem 13. hero3. match 14. radio4. bush 15. zero

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5. animal6. sex

7. library8. monkey9. wife

10. wifw11. shelf

16. foot17. mouse

18. sheep19. woman20. child

21. phenomenon22. offspring

4.1. PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

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SINGULAR PLURALone bird twobifds To mtlkemqs t [email protected], add-s.one street two streetsonerose two roses

(9) one dish two dishes Add.estbnouns eridirigji'l-sh, -ch, -ss, and -x.one match tWomatchesone class two classesonebbJ( two boxes

(c) one baby two babies If a nounends in acqnsonanf-y, change the "y"one city two cities to "I" and add -es.(NOTE: If -y is preceded by

a \lowel,addQnly.s : boys, days, keys.)

(d) one knife two kllives Ql1espelftwQ§hevesIfa nounerids in -fe or of,one shelf two sheves change theeriding tQ.ves. (Exceptions :beliefs,

chiefs, roofs, cuffs;)

(e) one tomato two tomatoes The pluralJorm of nouns that end in -0 is some-(t) one zoo two zoos times -des and so m e ti mes

one zero tWozeroes lzeros -os;-oes : tomatoes,potatoes, heroes, echoes,mosquitoes

.os : z,o(}:),radiOs,studiOs,pianos, solos,:)(}pranos,photos, autos.

-oes or..os:zerOes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos,tornadoes / tornados

(t) one child two children Some nounshaveirregular pluraIJorms. (NOTE:one foot t'NOfeet ThesinguJarform ofpeople canbeperson,woman,one- goose two geese l1ian,child. For example, one man and one childone man two men =two people.)one mouse two iniceone tooth two teethone woman two women- two peqple

(taken from Betty S.Azar, 1992)

EXERCISE 3 : Write the plural forms Ofthe nouns.

1. one potato, two ...potatoes. 16.2. a dormitory, many 17.3. one child, two 18.4. a leaf, a lot of 19.5. A wish, many 20.6. one fish, two 21.7. an opinion, many 22.8. a mouse, several 23.9. .a sandwich, some 24.

10. a man. many 25.11. one woman, two 26.12. a flash, three 27.13. one tomato, a few 28.14. one tooth, two 29.15. one half, two 30.

4.2. SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS

a tax, a lot of

a possiblility, severala thief, manya volcano, manya goose, a lot ofan attorney, a fewa butterfly, severalone category, twoa mosquito, a lot ofone sheep, twoa wolf, someone stitch, twoone foot, three

one piano, twoa belief, many

An English sentence has a SUBJECT (s) and aVERB (Y).

The SUBJECT is noun. In (a) : sun is a noun; itis the subject of the verb shines.

owater I Sometimes a VERB is followed by anOBJECT

(0).

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(g) one deer two deer The plural form of sQme nouns is the sarneas theolle. fish two fish singular form.one sheep two sheep

one offspring two offspringone species tWQpecies

(h) one bacterium two bacteria SQnW.nQuh$tha(Engli$h has. .borrqw{:d fromone cactUs two cacti other languages have foreignplural$.one CflSIS two crises

one phenomenon tWQPhenomena

s V

(a) The sun shines(noun) (verb)

S V

(b) Plants grow(noun) (verb)

S V

(c) Plants need

(noun) (verb)

s(d) Bob

(noun)is a noun. In (c) : waterneed.

(taken from Betty S. Azar, 1992)

EXERCISE 4 : Find the SUBJECT (S) and VERB (V) of each sentence. Also find theOBJECT (0) of the verb if the sentence has an object.

S V 01. .The cm:penterbuilt a table.

S V

2. Birds fu..3. Cows eat grass.4. My dog barked.5. The dog chased the cat.6. Accidents happen.7. My roommate opened the window.8. Most birds build nests.9. Our guests arrived.

10. Teachers assign homework.11. Steam rises.12. Jack raised his hand.

13. Irene is watching her sister's children.

4.3. OBJECTS ON PREPOSITIONS

S V 0 PREP OPREP(a) Annputherbooks on thedesk.

(noun)S V PREP 0 of PREP

(b) A leaf fell to the ground.(NOUN)

REFERENCE LIST OF PREPOSITIONS

about before despiteabove behind down

dcross below duringafter beneath foragainst beside fromalong besides inamong between intoaround beyond likeat by near


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Many English sentences have prepositional

phrases. In (a): "on the desk" is a prepositionalphrase. A prpositional phrase consists of a

PREPOSITION (PREP) and OBJECT OF A

PREPOSITION (0 OF PREP). The object of apreposition is noun.

ofoffonoutoversince

throughthroughouttill

to

t6ward(s)Ullder

until

upuponwith

withinwithout

EXERCISE 5 : Find the SUBJECTS, VERBS, and OBJECTS in the following. Identify thePREPOSITION (PREP) and the noun that is used as the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION(0 of PREP).

S V 0 PREP o of PREP1. Sara saw some pictures on the wall.2. Sara looked ar the pictures.3. Emily waited for her friend at a restaurant.4. The sun rises in the east.

5. Sue lost her ring in the sand at the beach.6. The moon usually disappears from view during the day.7. Eric talked to his friend on the phone for thirty minutes.8. Children throughout the world play with dolls.9. Astronauts walked on the moon in 1969.*

10. A woman in a blue suit sat beside me until the end of the meeting.

*Note: In a typical English sentence, "place" (e.g., on the moon) is mentioned before"time" (e.g., in 1969). INCORRECT: Astronauts walked in 1969 on the moon.

EXERCISE 6-0RAL: Review prepositions of place by using the following phrases insentence. Demonstrate the meaning of the preposition by some action.

Example :above my headOral response: I'm holding my hand above my head. (The student demonstrates thisaction.)

]. across the room 11. below the window

2. against the wall 12. beside my book3. among my books and papers 13. near-the door4. between two pages of my book ]4. far from the door5. around my wrist 15. off my desk6. at my desk 16. out the window7. on my desk 17.under my desk8. in the room 18. through the door9. into the room 19. throughout the room

10. behind me 20. toward(s) the door

4.4. USINGADJECTIVESTO DESCRIBENOUNS

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(a) Bob is reading a good book. Words that describe. nouns are cslled adjectives.(adjective + noun) In (a): good is an adjective; itdescribe the book.

(b) The tall woman wore anew dress.We say that adjective "Il1odify"nouns. "Modify"

(c) The short woman wore an old dress.means "cha.nge a little". An adjective changes the

(d) The young woman wore a short dress. meaning of a noun by giving more informationabout it.

Roses are beautiful flowers.INCORRECT: Roses are beautifuls flow-

ers..

plural. They

(f) He wore a white shirt.INCORRECT: He wore a shirt white.

(g) Roses are beautiful.(h) His shirt was white.

Adjectives can come immediately before nouns,as in (f). Adjectives can also followmain verb be,as in (g) and (h).


EXERCISE 7: Find the Adjective (ADJ) in the sentences. Also discuss subjects, verbs, andobjects.

Adj.1. The student wrote ~compositions.2. Desert are dry.3. The audience laughed at the funny joke.4. Sensible people wear comfortable shoes.5. Knives are sharp.6. Crocodiles have big teeth.7. Dark places frighten small children.8. Steve cleaned the shelves of the refrigerator with soapy water.9. The local police searched the stolen car for illegal dmgs.

10. Before the development of agriculture, primitive people gathered wild plants forfood.

4.5. USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES

(a) Ihave aJlower garden.(b) The shoe store also sells socks.(c) INCORRECT: a flower ,garden.

INCORRECT: the shoesslbre.

Sometimes words that are usually used as nounsare used as adjectives. For example, flower isusually a noun, but in (a) it is used as an adjectiveto modify garden. When a noun is used an adjec-tive, it is singular in form, NOT plural.


EXERCISE 8 : Identify thenouns. Use a noun in the first sentence as an adjective in thesecond sentence.

NOUN NOUN

1. My garden has vegetables. It is a vegetable garden.*2. The program is on television. It's a program.3. He climbs mountains. He is a climber.4. The lesson concerned history. It was a lesson.5. Tom works for the government. He is a worker.

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6. The soup has beans. It is soup.7. The factory makes automobiles. It's an factory.8. Janet forecasts the weather. She's a forecaster.9. This book is about gammar. It's a book.

to. An album that contains photographs is called a album.

* When one noun modifies anothernoun,the spoken stress isusually on the first noun:a vegetable garden.

EXERCISE 9 : Thefollowing sentences have many mistakes in the use of nouns.· Find each noun.

· Decide if the noun should be plural.· Write the correct plural form as necessary.

Do not change any of the words in the sentences.

1. The mountain in Chile are beautiful.

-> The mountains in Chile are beautiful.2. Cat hunt mouse.

3. Mosquito are small insect.4. Everyone has eyelash.5. Goose are larger that duck.6. What are your favorite radio program?7. Forest sometimes have fire. Forest fire endanger wild animal.8. Sharp kichen knife can be dangerous weapon.9. There are many different kind of people in the world.

to. I applied to several foreign university because I want to study abroad next year.11. Ted lives with there other university student.12. The offspring of animal like horse, zebra, and dear can run soon after they are born.13. I Iike read book and magazine article about true personal experience.14. Many modern device require battery to work. Flashlight,pocket calculator, portable

radio, tape recorder, and many kind of toy often need battery.

EXERCISE 10: Find the nouns. Make them plural if necessary.Whales

(1) Wl.ak look like fish, but they aren't. They are mammal. Mouse, tiger,(2) and human being are other examples of mammal. Whale are intelligent(3) animal like dog and chimpanzee. Even though they live in sea, ocean, and(4) river, Whale are not fish. Fish lay egg and do not feed their offspring.(5) Mammal give birth to live offspring and feed them.(6) There are many kind of whale. Most whale are huge creature. The

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(7) largest whale are caIIed blue whale. They can grow to 100 foot (30 meter) in(8) length and can weigh 150 ton (135,000 kilogram). Blue whale are much(9) larger than elephant and large than any of the now extinct dinosaur. The

(10) heart of an adult blue whale is about the size of a compact car. Its main(11) blood vessel, the aorta, is large enough for a person to crawl through.(12) Human being have hunted and killed whale since ancient times. Aside(13) from people, whale have no natural enemy. Today meny people are trying to(14) stop the hunting of whale.

4.6. PERSONAL PRONOUNS : SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS

PERSONAL PRONOUNSwe Yolt she, he, itus you her, him, it

SUBJECT PRONOUNSOBJECTERONOUNS

S(a) Kate is married. She has two children.

o(b) Kate is my friend.I knowher well.

(d) Mike has a new blue bicyCle,Hebougl1t it yesterday.

S

(d) [ Eric and I] are good friends.

o(e) Annmet[Ericandme] atthemuseul11.

o ofPREP(t) Ann walked I:>et\veen[Eric and me].

SINGULAR PRONOUNSPLURAL PRONOUNS

: I me Yolt: we ItS you

(g) Mike is incIass. He istal<ingatest.(h) The students are in cJas!i. They are

taking a test:(I) Kate andTom are married. They have

two children.


theythem

A.pronounTefers toa noun. IUs used in placeof a .noun.In (a):"she" is a pronoun. It refersto "Kate."Itis usedin place of the noun "Kate."In (b):"her"isa pronoun. It refers to "Kate. " Sheisasubjecfpronoun;her is an object pronoun. Apronoun is used in the same ways as a noun: asaSllbjectocasanobjectof a verb or preposition.Apronoun can refer to a single noun, as in (a)and (b). A pronoun tan also refer to anounphrase. In (c):"it" referS to the whole nounphrase "a new blue bicyCle."

Sometimes nouns and pronouns are connectedby and. The choice of a pronoun after and canbe troublesome. * If the pronoun is used as part

of the subject, use aSobject pronoun (e.g.,!),as in (d). If it is part ofthe subject, use anobject pronoun, (e.g., me) as in (e) and (1).

she, he it

they

her, himthem

Singolar=cme. plural = mor~ than one. SingularpronounsTefer to singular nouns, plural pronounsto plural nouns. In (g): "Mike" i~singular (oneperson), so a singular pronoun (he)is used. In(h): "students" is plural, sOplural pronoun (they)is used.

* Pronoun usage after and can be troublesome for native speaker, too!

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: I.: me

EXERCISE 11 : Choose the correct words in italics.

1. Ms. Lee wrote a note on my test paper. She, Her wanted to talk to I, me after class.2. Nick ate dinner with I, me.3. Nick ate dinner with Betsy and I, me.4. I, me had dinner with Nick last night.5. Betsy and I, me had dinner with Nick last night.6. Nick ate dinner with we, us.7. Nick ate dinner with the Robertsons and we, us.8. My brother drove Emily and I, me to the store. He didn't come in.

He waited for we, us in the car. We, us hurried.9. A: I want to get tickets for the soccer game.

B: You'd better get it, them right way. It, They is, are selling fast.10. Alex bought a ticket to the soccer game. He put it, them in his pocket and forgot

about it, them. The next day, he put his shirt in the wash. The ticket came out ofthe washing machine and dryer crumpled and nearly illegible. But when alex tookit, them to the game, the ticket taker accepted it, them and let Alex in.

11. Please take these food scraps and give it, them to the dog.12. I talked to Jennifer and Mike. I told they, them about the surprise birthday party for

Lizzy. They, them won't tell she, her about it, them. She, Her is really going to besurprised!

13. Ted invited. I, me to go to the game with he, him.14. Ted invited Adam and I, me to go to the game with Tina and he, him.15. Between you and I, me, I think Brian made a bad decision when he quit his job I, me

see things differently.

4.7. POSSESSIVE NOUNS

SINGULAR: (a) I know the student's name.PLURAL: (b) I know the students' names.PLURAL: (c) I know the children's names.

SINGULARthe student -> the student's nflmemy baby -> my baby's namea man > a man's name

PLURALthe student -> the students's namesmy babies -> the babies' names

men >inen's namesthe children -> the children'shames


An apostrophe (') and an -s are used withnouns to show possession. Notice thepatterns;

SINGULAR POSSESSIVE NOUN:nOun+ apostrophe (') + -s

PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN:noun + -s + apostrophe (')

IRREGULAR PLURAL* POSSESSIVE NOUN:noun + apostrophe (')

* An irregular plural noun is a plural noun that does not end in -s: children, men, people, women.

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EXERCISE 12: Use the correct possessive form of the noun in italics to complete thesentence.

1. student One studentaskedseveral questions.I answeredthe student' s questions.2. students Many students had questions after the lecture. I answered the ....................

students' questions.3. daughter We have one child, a girl. Our bedroom is right next to ours.4. .daughters We have two children, both girls. They share a bedroom. Our ..............

bedroom is next to ours.5. man Keith is a name.6. woman Heidi is a name.

7. men Keith and Jeremy are names.8. women Emily and Colette are names.9. people It's important to be sensitive to other feelings.

10. person I always look straight into a eyes during a conversation.11. earth The surface is about seventy per cent water.12. elephant An skin is gray and wrinkled.13. teachers We have class in this building, but all of the offices are in another

building.14. teacher My grammar husband is an engineer.15. enemy Two soldiers, each faceless and nameless to the other, fought to the death

on the muddy river bank. At the end, the winner could not help but admirehis courage and wonder why he'd had to die.

16. enemiesThroughthe yearsinpublicoffice,he mademany politicalenemies.He madea list of his namesso thathecouldget revengewhenheachievedpoliticalpower.

4.8. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVE

* its =possessive adjectiveit's = it is (or it has when used in the present perfect)(taken from Betty S.Azar, 1992)

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This penbelQQgsl0 me. (a) al1d(lJ)haVethe same meal1il1g;(a) It's'mine. tfieylJQthshow possession. "Mine" is(b) It is my pen. apossessiveprbI1oun; "myPis a

possessive adjectiVe.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE(c) I have mine. Ihavemy pen. A possessive pronoun islised alone,(d) You haVeyour§. YoUhave your pen. without a.noun followihgit.(e) She has hers. She ha)herpen.(t) He hashis. He has his pen. Apossessive adjective is used only(g) We have ours. We haVeoUrpeli§. w.ithallounfollowing it.(h) You have yoUrs. Youhaveyourpl1s.(I) They have theirs. They havetlwirpens. In(j); thepossessiveitsused only(j) I'have a book. Its cover with a noun followingit.Notethat

is black. possessive its has noapQstrophe.*

EXERCISE 13: Choose the correct words in italics.

1. Children should obey his,their parents.2. A: Excuse me. It this my, mine dictionary or your, yours?

B: This one is my, mine. Your, yours is on your, yours desk.3. The bird cleaned its, it's feathers with its, it's beak.4. A: What kind of bird is that?

B: Its, it's a crow.5. Paula had to drive my car to work. Hers, Her had a flat tire.6. Julie fell off her bicycle and broke hers, her arm.7. Fruit should be a part of your, yours daily diet. It, They is, are good for you, them.8. a. Adam and Amanda are married. They, Them live in an apartment building.

b. Their, There, They're* apartment is on the fifth floor.c. We live in the same building. Our, Ours apartment has one bedroom, but their,

theirs has two.

d. Their, There, They're sitting in the kichen of their, there, they're apartmentright now.

e. Their, There, They're sitting their, there, they're now because their, there,thy're waiting for a phone call from their, there, they're son.

4.9. A FRIEND OF + POSSESSIVE

* He is my friend may give the idea that the speaker has only one friend. A speaker wouldnormally say He is one of my friends or He is a friend of mine.

* Their, .there, and they're have the same pronounciation (but not meaning).

Their =possessive adjective. There =expression of place. They're = They are.(taken from Betty S.Azar, 1992)

EXERCISE 14 : ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Make sentences with a friend of / friends of.

Example: You have a friend (in Chicago). You wrote a letter to this person.Response: I wrote a letter to a friend of mine in Chicago.Example: ( ) has a friend (in Miami). He wrote a letter to this person.

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(a) Db you know GregSmith?Hejs a.Jriend.* A friend of+apbssessivenbunl pronounof mine. Is a speCialor idomatic expression. It is

(b) We ate dinner with a friend ofBiIl's used tQiclc'ltifyanqther person as oneINCORRECT:afriend bfBill friend among ma'lYfriends.

(c) The Smiths arefriend of mine. In (a): a friend ofmil1c= one of my friends,butnotmyonly friend.In (b):a friendofBill's = ()nedfBiII's fricnds;BiIl has otherfrie'l9$.I'l(q):The expressibncan al$o peused ...iriifnep1uraJ,

Response: Pedro wrote a letter to a letter to a friend of his in Miami.1. (...) has a friend in (a city). He/She wrote a letter to this person.2. Youhavea goodfriendin (a city).Youwrotea letterto thisperson.3. (oo.)and (...) have friends in (a city). They visited them.4. You have a good friend. You want to introduce me to this person.5. You and I have a mutual friend. We ran into this person at (name of a place).6. (oo.)has a good friend. You met this person.7. You have a friend. You invited this person to spend the weekend with your family.8. (oo.)and (...) have some friends. They usually have dinner with these people.

4.10. REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

myselfyourself

(a) I saw myself in the mirror.(b) You (one person) saw

yourself.(c) She saw herself.(d) He saw himself.(e) It (e.g.,the kichen) saw

itself. .We saw ourselves.

You (plural) saw yourselves.They saw themselves.

pronouns end in -self/~selves. Theywhen the subject.{e.g.,I) and the

object (e.g.,myself) are the same person. Theaction of the verb is pointed back to the subjectOfthe sentence.INCORRECT: I saw me in the mirror.

herselfhimsselfitself

ourselves (f)yourselves (g)themselves (h)

(I) Greg lives by himself.(j) I sat by myself on the park bench.

By + a reflexive pronoun =alone. In (I): Greglivesalone,withoutfamilyor roommates.

(k) 1 erijOyedmyself at the fair. Enjoy and a few o~herverbs are commonlyfollowed by a reflexive pronoun. See the listbelow.

VERBS AND PHRASES COMMONLYFOLLOWEDBY AREFLEXIVEPRONOUNbelieve in yourself hurt yourself take care of yourselfblame yourself give yourself (something) talk to yourselfcut yourself in~roduce.your$eJf teach Yourselfenjoy yourself kill yourself tell yourselffeelsorry for yourself piiichyourself work for yourselfhelp yourself be proud of yourself wish yourself (lucK)


EXERCISE 15 : ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Using a mirror in the classroom, describe whois looking at whom.

ExampleTEACHERSTUDENT A

(Spyros) holds the mirror and looks into it.What is (Spyros) doing?He is looking at himself in the mirror.

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TEACHERSPYROSTEACHERSTUDENT B

What are you doing, Spyros?I am looking at myself in the mirror.Tell Spyros what he is doing.Spyros, you are looking at yourself in the mirror.

ExampleTEACHER

(...) and (...) hold the mirror and look into it.What are (Min Sok).and (Ivonne) doing?

EXERCISE 16 : Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns.

1. Are you okey, Heidi? Did you hurt ...yourself...?2. David was reallyembarrassed when he had to go to thejob interview with abandage

on his face. He had cut while he was shaving.3. Do you ever talk to ? Most people talk to sometimes.4. It is important for all us to have confidence in our own abilities. We need to believe

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5. Sara is self-employed. She doesn't have a boss. She works for ...................6. Steve, who is on the wrestling team, wishes good luck before each match.7. There's plenty of food on the table. Would all of you please simply help ...............

to the food?

8. Brian, don't blame for the accident. It wasn't your fault. You did everythingyou could to avoid it.

9. I couldn't believe my good luck! I had to pinch to make sure I wasn'tdreaming.

10. A newborn puppy can't take care of ................11. I know Nicole and Paul have had somebad luck,but it's time for them to stop feeling

sorry for and get on with their lives.12. Jane and I ran into someone sheknew. 1'd never met this person before. I waited for

Jane to introduce me, but she forgot her manners. I finally introduced .....................to Jane's friend.

EXERCISE 17 : ORALIWRITTEN: Make up sentences with reflexive pronouns. Useimaginary situasions.

Example : pinch herselfResponse : When Graciela won the lottery, she pinched herself to make sure she

wasn't dreaming.

ExampleResponse

wish yourselfLast week I took my first lesson in the skydiving. Before Ijumped out ofthe airplane, I wished myself good luck

Talk to himself 7. be proud of yourselveshurt myself 8. blame ourselves

1.2.

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---

4.11. SINGULAR FORM OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER

ofa group ofto the one(s)

n of an + ()ther,

THE OTHER

(b) There are two apples on the table. Pgoing to eat one of them, Saraeat the other apple.

means "the last one in a specificthe only one that remains from a

number of similiar items."

(c) Paul ate one apple. Then he ate anotherapple.

(d) .Paul ate one apple. The he ate another one.(e) Paul ate one apple. Then he ate another.(f) Paul ate one apple. Sara ate the other apple(g) Paul ate one aplIe. Sara ate the other one.(h) Paul ate one apple. Sara'ate the other.

Another and the other can be used as anadjective in front of a noun (e.g.,apple) orin front of the word one.

Another and the other can also be used

alone as a pronoun, as in (c) and (h).

(takenfromBettyS.Azar,1992)

EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with another or the other.

1. There are many kind of animals in the world. The elephant is one kind. The tiger is... another......

2. Ther are two colors on this page. One is white, The other is black.3. Alex's bicycle was run over by a truck and destroyed. He needs to get one.4. The Smiths have two bicycles. One belongs to Mrs. Smith. bike belongs to

Mrs. Smith.

5. Ther are three books on my desk. Two of them are dictionaries. one is atelephone directory.

6. The puppy chewed up my telephone directory, so I want to the telephone companyto get phone book.

7. Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia. Thailand is .........8. It rained yesterday, and from the looks of those dark clouds, we're going to have

rainstorm today.9. Nicole and Michelle are identical twins. The only way you can tell them apart is by

looking at their ears. One of them has pierced and doesn't.

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3. enjoy themselves 9. feel sorry for myself4. take care of herself 10. introduce herself5. cut himself 11. believe in myself6. .wish yourself 12. pinch yourself

10. Of the fifth states in the United States, forty-nine are located on the North americacontinent. Where is located?

11. I have two brothers. One is named Nick. is named Matt.

12. There are five names in the list. One is Adam. is Greg. is Nick. .........one of the names is Eric. name on the list (the last of the five) is Jessica.

4.12. PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER (S)I"" "' . I

OTHER(S)There are many apples in Paul'skitchen. Paul is holding one apple.

(a) There are other apples in a bowl.(adjective+ noun)

(b) There are other ones on a plate.(adjective + ones)

(c) There are others on a chair.(pronoun)

THE OTHER(S)There are four apple on the table.Paul is going to take one of them.

(d) Sara is going to take the other apples.(adjective+noun)

(e) She is going to take the other ones.(adjective+ones)

(f) She is going to take the others.(pronoun)

Other(s) (without the) means "several moreout of a group similiar items, several inaddition to the one (s) I've already talkedabout."The adjective other (without an -s) can beused with a plural noun (e.g.,apples) orwith the word ones.Others (with an -s) is plural pronoun; it isnot used with a noun.

.In (c): others =other apples.

The other(s) means "the last one in agroup, the remains from a given numberof similiar items."The other (without -s) can be used as anadjective in front of a noun or the wordones, as in (d) and (e).The others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun;it is not used with a noun.In (f): the others =the other apples.


EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences with other(s) or the other(s).

1. There are many kinds of animal in the world. The elephant is one kind.Some others are tigers, horses, and whales.

2. There are many kinds of animals in the world. The elephant is one kind.Some other kinds are tigers, horses, and whales.

3 There are three colors in the U.S. flag. One of the colors is red. The others arewhite and blue.

4. There rae three colors in the U.S. flag. One of the colors is red. The other colorsare white and blue.

5. There are four seasons. Spring and summer are two. are fall and winter.6. Spring and summer are two of the four season. seasons are fall and winter.7. There are many kinds of geometric figures. Some are circles. figures are

squares. Still are rectangular.

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8. There are four geometric figures in the above drawing. One is a square. ..............figures are a ~ectimgle,a circle, and a triangle.

9. Of the four geomatric figures in the drawing, only the circle has curved lines.have straight lines.

10. Some ships are fueled by petroleum. are propelled by atomic power.11. Some boats are used for pleasure. boats are used for commercial fishing.12. Many people like to get up very early in the morning. like to sleep until

noon.

13. Out of the twenty students in the class, eighteen passed the exam. failed.14. Out of the twenty students in the class, only two failed the exam. student

passed.

4.13. SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER

(takenfromBettyS.Azar,1992)

EXERCISE 20: Complete the sentenceswith correct form of other: another, other, others,the other, the others.

1. Jake has only two suits, a blue one and a gray one. His wife wants him to buyanother one.

2. Jake has two suits. One is blue, and is gray.3. Some suits are blue. are gray.4. Some suits have two buttons. suits have three buttons.

5. Our physical education class was divided into two groups. Half of the studentsstayed inside and played basketball. students went outside and played soccer.

6. If you really hate your job, why don't you look for one? You don't have to bea dishwasher all your life. There are lots of jobs in the world.

7. An automobile consists of many parts. The motor is one, and the steering wheel isparts are the brakes, the trunk, and the fuel tank.

8. Some people keep dogs as pets. have cats. Still people have fish orbirdsas pets. Can you name kinds of animals that people keep for pets?

9. When I was a kid, I had two pets. One was a black dog. was an orange cat.10. When I walked into the classroom on the first day, the room was empty. I sat down

at adesk and wonderedIfI was in the right room. Soon student came and tooka seat. The a few followed, and the room slowly began to fill.

11. The students in our class had two choices: basketball or soccer. Half of the students

played'basketball. played soccer.

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ADJECTIVE PRONOUNSINGULAR anqtherapple another N()ticethat thew()fd others(other+finals) is.PLURAL other apple others u§edonly as a piuraipronoull.

SINGULAR the other apple the otherPLURAL the other apple the others

12. Here, children. I have two coins. One is for you, Tommy. is for you, Jimmy.13. My boyfriend gave me a ring. I tried to put it on my ring finger, but it didn't fit. So

I had to put it on finger.14. Peoplehave twothumbs.Oneis on therighthand. is on the left hand.15. The telephone and the automobile are twentieth-century inventions. are the

computer, television, and the airplane. Can you name twentieth-centuryinventions?

EXERCISE 21: ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Complete the sentences or answer thequestions using a form of other.

Example: Please give me your pen.TO STUDENT A : Would you please give me your pen? Thank you.TO STUDENT B : I now have two pens, (STUDENT A's) pen and my pen. I'm

holding a total of two pens. Mine is one. Is (STUDENT A's) penanother or the the other?

Response : The other.TO STUDENT C : Please give me your pen. Now I'm holding three pens. Mine isone.

Is (STUDENT A's) the other or another?Another.

And your pen? Another or the other?The other.

ResponseTO STUDENT C

Response

1. TO STUDENT A and B : Please write your names on the board.TO STUDENT C : There are two names on the board. (...) is one of the names. (...)IS .....

TO STUDENT D : Please write your name on the board.TO STUDENTE: There are three names on the board. (...) is one of the names. (...)is (...) [the last of the three names] is .....[Students should continue to write their names on the board and discuss them in theterms of another, other, the others, etc.]

2. What is one name in the class? And another? And other? And others? And stillanother? And still others?

3. You have two hands. One is your right hand. Is your left hand another or the other?4. Look atyour right hand.Youhave fivefingers. Your thumb isone finger. Your index

finger is Your middle finger is Your ring finger is And your little finger,the last of five, is ......

5. TO STUDENT A and B : Would you please come and stand in front of the class?TO STUDENT C : There are only two people standing in front of the class. One ofthem is (...). How would you describe (...), using a form of other?[Continue by having more students join the groupin front of the class and discuss

who ia another, others, the other, the others, etc.]

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4.14. CAPITALIZATION

CAPITALIZE:

1. The first word of asentence

The names of peopleTitles used with the

names of'people

They crosssed the Atlantic COMPARE:Chicago is on Lake Michigan. They crossed a river.The nil River flows north. They crossed the YelIoThe Sahara Desert is in Africa. River.We visited the Rocky Mountains.I go to the University of Florida. COMPARE:I work for the General Electric I go to a University.Company. I go to the University of

Texas.COMPARE:We went to a park.We went to Central Park.COMPARE:

I'm reading a book aboutpsychology.I'm taking Psychology 101this term.Words that refer to the namesof nations, nationalities andlanguages are alwayscapitalized.Words that refer to the namesof religions are alwayscapitalized.

--

4. Months, days,holidays

We saw a movie last night. Itwas very good.

(b) I met George Adams yesterday.(c) I saw Doctor (Dr.) Smith.

Do you know Professor (Prof.)Alston? I saw Doctor Wilson.

(d) 1was born in April.Bob arrived last Monday.It snowed on Thanksgiving

(e) He lives in Chicago.She was born in California.They are from Mexico.

He lives on Grand Avenue.We have c1assin Ritter Hall.

I went jogging in Forest Park.(f) I'm taking Chemistry 101

this term.

(g) She speaks Spanish.We discussed Japanesecustoms.

(h) Buddism, Christianity, Hiduism,Islam, and Judaism are majorreligions in the world.Talal is a Moslem.

(I) Yesterday I felI off my bicyc1e.


The names of places:citystate/provincecountryoceanlakefiverdesertmountainschoolbusiness

6.

streer, etcbuildingpark, zooThe names of courses

7. The names oflanguages andnationslities

8. The names ofreligions

9. The pronoun

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Capitalize =use a big letter,not a smalIletter.

-COMPARE:1saw a doctor.

NOTE: Season are notcapitalized: spring, summer,Day. fan/autumn, winterCQMPARE:She lives in a city.She lives in,New York City.

The pronoun "1" is alwayscapitalized.

EXERCISE 22: Add capital letters where necessary.W T

1. we're going to.have atest next tuesday.2. do you know richard smith? he is a professor at this university.3. I know that professor smith teaches at the university of arizona.4. the nile river flows into the mediterranean sea.5. john is a catholic. ali is a moslem.6. anna speaks french. she studied in french for two years.7. i'm taking a history course this semester.8. i'm taking modem european history 101 this semester.9. we went to vancouver, british columbia, for our vacation last summer.

10. venezuela is a spanish-speaking country.11. canada is in north america.*12. canada is north of the united states.13. .the sun rises in the east.14. the mississippi river flows south.

EXERCISE 23: Add capital letters where necessary.

1. We don't have class on Saturday.2. I'm taking biology 101 this semester.3. I'm taking history, biology, english, and calculus this semester.4. We went to a zoo. We went to brookfield zoo in chicago.5. I live on a busy street. I live at 2358 olive street.6. We went to canada last summer. We went to montreal in juli.7. I like vietnamese food.

8. The religion of saudi arabia is islam.9. She works for the xerox corporation. It is a very large corperation.

10. Pedro is from latin america.

11. My uncle lives in st. louis. I'm going to visit uncle bill next spring.12. On valentine's day (february 14), sweethearts give each other presents.13. We went to a park. We went to woodland park.14. Are you going to go to the university of oregon or oregon state university?15. Alice goes to a university in oregon.

EXERCISE 24-PREPOSITIONS: Complete the sentences with prepositions. (See Appen-dix 1 for a list of preposition combinations.)

1. Tom paid ..for... his airplane ticket in cash.2. Joan graduated high school two years ago.3. I waited the bus.4. Jim is a writer. He waits customers at a restaurant.

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5. I have a different opinion. I don't agree you.6. I arrived this city last month.7. I arrived the airport around eight.8. I listened the news on TV last night.9. This exercise consists verbs that are followed by certain prepositions.

10. Jack invited me his party.11. I complained the landlord the leaky faucet in the kichen.12. Did you talk Professor Adams your grades?

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chapter nouns and pronouns - · pdf file4.1. plural forms of nouns 44 singular plural one bird...

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