CHAPTER 2

MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND HOST RANGE OF MULBERRY RUST

2.1 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMIC STATUS 2.1.1 Introduction

Mulberry (Moruc ulbu L) is a perennial plant cultivated for its fol~age. which forms the sole feed for silkworm (Bombw' mori L.) Mulherry like any other crop plant is susceptible to many diseases, the major crop I(~ases heing caused I>? fungal pathogens. The leaf rust disease is found during August through March. Feeding the diseased leaves to the silk worms leads to the deterioration of coccon characteristics by affecting the quality and quantity of silk produced. Cueomu mon' Barclay (IXVO). Aecidium mori Barclay (IXVI), Urcado mori Bilrclay sensu Saccardo (1891), At,cidium mori (Barclay) Sydow et Butler (lC)O7), and Cerorelium fici (Cast) Arthur (1940. IVS?) have heen reported to he the causal organisms of rust disease in Mom ulhu L. and M, indicu L.

The review of literature reveals that this rust is known to the Ind~an workers in the field either as Aecidium mori Barclay (IVXO) or as C ~ ~ r o l ~ ~ l i u m fir;

(Cast) Arthur (1949, 1952). It is noteworthy in [hi; connection that Barclay himself had described this rust under Cueomu mon' and as such the transfer effected as Aecidium mori (Barclay) Syd. and Butler is a valid transfer. As far as its placement under Cemrelium fici is concerned, it was made out of rhe confusion arising due to the fact that Barclay while descrihing the ruat under Aecidium mori a1.a included the rust on Ficus hecause the uredinial sori of llndo

fici Cast. are in fact peridiate and ostiolate (1972). Subsequently, however, the --t

two msts namely Aecidium mori and Cerorclium fici were separately treated hy Sydow and'Butler (1907). Cemrelium fici, therefore, is a misnomer for the rust on mulberry in India.

During the course of studies on rust fungus on mulberry in Karnataka, it was noticed that the rust fungus prevailing in the state is not In conformity with generic concepts of either Caeomy Aecidum or Uredo and therefore, i t was decided to undertake the detailed studies on the taxonomic status of the rust.

2.1.2 Materials and Methods

Mulberry leaves infected with the rust fungus were collected I'rt~m the

mulberry farm of the lmtitute (KSSR S: Dl) . The hamples collerted were cut {nu) 0.5 cm2 bits. placed in a vial containing FAA. h t e r they were dehydrated III

n-butanol series and embedded in paraffin w u and microton~e sectlonh were cut

to 7pm thickness using Erma rotary microtome. The sections were hydrated.

upgraded in n-butanol series, stained and mounted in Canada halsa~n. The

sections were observed under the binocular microscope.

2.13 Results

The rust was found to manifest itself on the lower (aduial) surface of

leaves in the form of yellowish to reddish brown hlisters grouped together

(Fig. la). The blister-like pustules measured 0.4 to 0.5 mni in diameter. Each

pustule wa? provided with a central ostiole, through which creamish milsses of

spores were seen coming out. On microscopic examination the sectional view of the pustule revealed that i t was a uredinial sorus hearing reshile or subsessile

urediniospores (Fig. Ib). The uredinium was provided with a peripheral thln

cellular peridium. each cell measuring lX(Z1) x 5(7)/1m and was ostiolate. The

urediniospores were subglobose. oval to pyriform in shape admeasuring

IS(24)-18(30) x 12-15(1H)rm and the surface was echJnu!_ate t o vcrrucose ... .. (Fig. Ic).

The urediniospores were provided with four equational germ pores. On

germination they produced germ tuhe of 6-8 /dm length (Fig. Id).

The germ tube prior to entering the leaves produced characteristic

appressorium from which infection hypha emerged (Fig. le). The telial stage for

the rust on mulerry has not been reported so far, and the rust is helieved to he

prevailing in its anarnorphic state only. The various characters revealed by the

uredinial svrus of the rust under the present consideration i s in conformity with

the form-genus Peridiopsoru Kamat and Sathe apud Sathe (19h9. 1Y77).

2.1.4 Discussion

I n Uredinales, by and large, genera are identified primarily on the features

of telial state. Many rusts where telial state has not been discovered, assigning

them to any particular genus is rather difficult. Since rust fungi exhibit host

specialization this attribute has been exploited by mycologists for making a

detailed study of aecia and uredinia on specific hosts and assigning them to

different form genera.

I . ig. I

:I l ~ i t f r w t ~ I I S ~ L I I V ~ on :1d:1xi;11 surface (x 180)

I ~ c l i r i i o r witt i pcridiurl i and suhsessile rrretl iniosporrs

( x 40(ll - ['AS st;~irictI

c . I l~c( l i r l ioc l )or r witt i echinulate to verrucose surface ( x 400)

tl ( irrt l i i t i ; i t ing urcdirliospores (x 1000)

l r l i t i o i o t e with s~ttistoniatal vesicle and infectious hyph:~

( U 400 )

I3'igq. (I :~nt l e arc I :~rto~ilietiol-cottoll- l7lue stained

The entire structure of the uredinial sorus of mulhern ruht I\ In cc) l i t~~r~ l l~ t \

uith the structure of Cuc30t?l~r tnori Barclay. tiowever, the \tructure found hcrr ,r

a uredinium not aecium a?, ha?, ~ r ~ l n g l y understood. It is. therefore, r\wnllal 11)

transfer the species from form genuh C~rcwntu to the form genus I 'rr i~l iol~.~r~nr .tntl

[his transfer is effected here creating the neu cornhinatlon A,ridiop\or,r ~~t r rn

(Barclay) Prasad el a/., comh. nov (ZCucomu miln' Barclay). The t'ung~~s I\

hereafter called hy the name Prridiopsori~ trlori in thih thehis.

2.2 HOST RANGE 2.2.1 In t roduct ion

The mulberry rust Peridiopsora rnori produces uredin~a nil ~ t rec l~ r i i ~~ r l )~ i r~s

which are disseminated by wind. The rust disease on mulhern rlire;~cl> :I\

rp~demic from Octoher to December and declines i~fter Janu;i?. So far onl? 1t1c

urediniospore stage has been observed in the life iycle of rusl 011 tiit~ll>crn

During April to August symptoms of rust are not n~ i~n~f ra tcd 1111 rnt~lhc-rn

Attempts were therefore made lo find out the existence of alternate or coll;~tcral

hosts which may serve as reservoirs 01 pathogen. The plants inrlud~rig ~ e e d s

growing in and around the mulberry fields were screened for \ L I \ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ I I ~ 111

Ppritfiopsoru mori.

2.2.2 Mater ia ls and Methods

One hundred seventy four planta including weeds distributed among JX

families were surveyed regularly once in a fortnight hetween April and August I'or

the presence of urediniosorus or any other stage. Ai);lrt from thc v~rual

observation of plants including weeds, leaves of each plant ;lnd weeil wcre

artificially inoculated in vitro and r t l ~ ' i i ,o with spore suspen\ion.

The spores were collected by gently tapplng the infected mulhcrry Ic;~ve\

into a Petriplate. The apores were suspended in aterile douhle distilled w te r 4

with a drop of wetting agent. The aport: auspenaion conta~nrd 3 x 10 rpcircs per

ml.

For in virro inoculation, healthy leaves from each screening plant and ~ e c d

were collected and washed in sterile douhle distilled Hater. The le;~ves werc cut

into 5 mrn2 bits and placed on glass slides. The spore ruapen\ion w;~+ \ l ~ r ;~yc~ l

onto leaf bits which were incubated at 22 *PC in Petriplates lined I)y \ tc r~ l~ \cd

blotters mbistened by sterile d~stilled water at both the inner $urface\ of

Petriplate.

The number of urediniospores germinated were counted and length 01'

germ tube produced were measured under binocular microcope (Lrltz

Laborlux-11) in 10 x 40 magnification after 48h of incubation. 'Two twigs with

12-15 intact leaves were sprayed by suspension of urediniospores in the in t ' i t80

inoculation studies. The suspension of P.mori urediniospores were bprayed on

either surfaces of leaves intact with plant and were covered with polythene hags

TABLE 1

PLANTS SPECIES SCREENED FOR HOST RANGE

Family Taxonomicrrl identification

Menispermaceae C W I I ~ I I I I I I ~ O ~ I I I D 1 P I O ~ I I ,

U ~ P C ~ P ~ Haloprrlro rnrrp,ri~lro (Roxtt ) Plrnt,ho

hlollupinaceae

Portulacaceae

Amaranthaceae

Ochnaceae

Teliacrae

Sterculiaceae

Malvaceae

Bor~rlruiru C ~ I I I I ~ ~ I I . \ I I (I..) Alrhcrs h brhwcinl .

( ' ( ~ rc /~ont \ 1111lrrnrr\ ~ " I I I . , ('cm.Ironri cu[r.iulon.i Linn..

7'nrrttrJi~!!u r/roi11/1~~111ru N.Jacq

Enum pl c;~r l t ) , ,

Table 1 (Contd)

Capparidactae

Myrsinanae

Sapolaceae

Caesalpiniaceac

Mimosaceae

Papilionaceae

Cadaha fannwa ForsLau . D ( Pordr

C c l p p m pdrjlm Wall . Cclppms z @ ~ ( c a Lnn

(na DC' nor H' A A )

Cl rmr burma L .

Ba~sru bfr~olra Roxh..

('assra auncubra L..

Cbssru fishl/a L..

C'u.!sru jlonhunda C'a\ .. C U J S I ~ hrnuru l.., CU,I.IIU nrmrosoidcs L..

(.b.!sru srurilru Lam., (b.!.sru ~ophr ra L..

Dulhc~pa sissorJr.\ (irahan~ cx

Wight K. Am.,

Drlonir r r p L. Ncrc~lohru~n hcxulclaluri~ (Roth)

Sant k Waph.,

T U I ~ I U ~ I I ( / I I S ctr( l r( u 1. ,

Arurru Icurrrc~r l~ulu (Riixh ) willd.. Acuciu s.rrrrturu (Llur.) Mcrrill ,

Lnrrucnu Ir~uctrrpl~ulu

Mrriro\u pudrcu L..

At,Jr~.\ru U ~ ~ I C U I I J (Wigh~ & Arn)

Bcnthanl in Miq., Afylrfilu Irrrr7uru Wight & Arn.,

C.'ri~rirluria rul,r'i~tu Schrank., PI.Kar.Il~~rt.M~~nacot.,

Crorulano tirrrrro/turo Drst..

~'rntulunu rity,\orrrr,!r\ Roth ,

('rorulun'u rvrrrtu L., L'ro~ulun'u ~uirrrJoliu

Hcync cx Wight (Li Arn.. E ~ y h r i ~ r u ~ r r t ~ r ~ ~ ~ r h r u r r (!ia\\k. t

Mcrril. Yl~il~p.,

(ilvncrdru.,

I~rd~prfcru l i ~ r f i ~ l i u (L.F.) Reu. . hdrgojcro yircafu Forak., I~tdigif iru wiglr~ii <iraham cx Wight (Li Arr

Table 1 (Canrd) Papilionaceae

Myrtaceae

Verbenaceae

Combrataceae 4

Santalaceae

Celastraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Meltlonts alha L m k . , Muruna p n r r (L.) W., P m p m r a @ohm Vent.. A r r r x u p . \ mumupunt R t l x t ~ ,

Srshania pandifimi Pcrb., Sfylosunrhr~ mrtrnmora Willd., Trphn~sru h ~ n o t iam..

Trrpltn~mto puq~urru ( L ) I 'crh..

(bhsrrntott ~nclrcu..

E u c u l ~ p r u ~ r r r n t d ~ ~ r u Afwu, c.c~rt~r~~~crtr\ I.., fsrdrrrnt atu~ut,u L..

.\~:\WIIPII ~ I I I I I I I I I ( I . Sk'clh, t1.S [ ) . A ,

Sv:j&7rinr lurt~~r~~~/urrrrrr (Lsm) H'lpht A Ar

C ' l r r ~ ~ ~ I c ~ ~ i l n c ~ ~ t I I I U ~ / ~ U . \ / I O I ~ ~ I I , \ I . \ . ,

L'lcr~rdc~r~clnrr~r .srsnurrrtit (L . ) M o c ~ n ,

~;t i tc~lrr~u urhc~wu Hc~xl~ . , Lurttar~u uctrlc~aru (L . ) Moldcnkr..

Pwr~lnu lonlrrtro.w Willd.,

.Slutllilu~phcfu iitdrcu (I. ) Vahl, Fnum.Pl.

7i~nrritrultu hc1lunr.u ( ( i a c r ~ n c r ) Roxt~..

~ ' ~ ~ ~ I I I I I U I I U 1,11c~h1t/u ((ialsflncr) Kc[/,,

T c n ~ ~ t ~ t u l r u rorirrrtrrl.\u ( I ) ( ' ) Wight B Ar

C'c~lurcnra pur~ t r~ t lu r~ t \ Willd..

~ ~ y t r t r t o ~ ~ ~ ~ n u ( 9 ~ i ~ u . y ~ ~ ~ r u Thw.,

Aco/y[~llu n~uluhuncu Mucllcr, linnaca.,

Br(:striu rcfn.\u (1)unnal.J Alsl(~n.,

Cn~fort ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ ~ U I I ~ I U ~ I I , ~ Baill.,

E~tpl torh~u p~rt~cttlufu Orlcp., E11p11orl)ru Itrrfu L., Ju/ropIru ~ I u ~ ~ I ~ t I i J r r u R c~xt~.,

E; t~utt imlro rcrtrrtluru (Poircl) Baillon.

Eludcs (icn,, h~u1lorri.1 ~ ~ I t ~ l i p ~ ~ r ~ t . ~ ~ . ~ ( L a n ~ , ) Mucllcr,,

Pltyllunlltu~ n~uderus/~utcnsrr L., Rr*r!rru~ c o ~ l l n l u ~ r r ~ L., Scbusrturtu clrutr~uc/eu Mucll.,

Src~rnr~rgu 1cuco~pynr.t (Willd.)

Mucllcr, (iard., T r u p irn,o/ucruru L.,

Table 1 (Contd)

Rhamnaccae Scuna m.mino (N.Burmrn) Kurl . .

Ziryphus mauririano Ham.,

Z i ! w nnnplru (L.) Mil lrr . (iard..

Vilanae

Sapindaceae

Meliaceae

Oxalidaceae

Evt hroxylaceae

Apoqnaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Solanaceae

Convolvulaceae

Boraginaceae

Lamiaceae

I l r u munrara Wall. cx Wight & Arn.

Cardrosprmunc hol~racohum L., Dodonaro brrrc~su NJacq..

Oxulrs conirc.uluru L.,

Alsronra srholanu (L.) K.Br.,

Curisso paucrrlcn,u A M ' , in D(' , Carhawnllru, msrus L., lrlr~~crurprr.\ (nrrc..\c,cr~\ ( I . ) K . R r . ,

R.~.c/r[~iu..c crrrruJu~~tcu L.. 7~lo1~111oru itrdcr.u (N.Burm;in) Mrrril l..

Durrrru rrrc.rc1 L.,

Sobnrmr itrdrcrrm Aucl.non l , .Wipht., .SoIu~rrrn~ t r i ~ m ~ i ~ L,?

Solu~~urir scufirn/rrurrrrtrr Andr..

A p r r i u C I ~ I I P U ~ U (Willd.) Kcr-(iitwIcr.,

l/ l '"l l ' '~ "u"'u (L . ) swccr . llro~iit,u c.noi,aq~u K.Ur.,

/ / I I I I I I~.U rlrtrncutu (L . ) Jacq.,

Ipotireu p c ~ - / r p r l r ~ Linn.,

Hcliorrup~urrr i~~dirunr L.,

Tnclrodcrtcr,rru inrlirutrt (L.) Lchrnilnn.,

Triclrodc~riru :q~lutrrc.rrr~r (N.Burman) R.Br..

Ags!usiu vroluccu Dalz., H~JIIIJ JIIUITOI'I~J ( L . ) Yui~., Lr~rrcul u ~ l ~ r r u Spreny.,

Table I (Contd)

Bignoniaceat

Acantheceac

Rubiaceae

Asleraceae

Commelinaceae

Qperaceae

Poaceae

M ~ l l t y m r o hmcnrrr Lina.. Trrmru s t a r (L.) Kunth in Humb..

Kunth 8. Bonpl..

Ju.rric~o krcnrro L..

Bcmriu q w t c n ~ l c ~ (N.Burmm) I)('.. Bomn'u smcro (L.I.) K.Schum..

Cafllhrunt pan.iflnnrm ha . .

TunSnnu usturtru (L,) Kunwc. ex

K.Schuman.Bot Tidr*..

A c u n l l i r ~ ~ / ~ m ~ ~ u ~ t i l~~sptdirni DI'..

.4p~rUlirltl cc~ltv:r~rcIrr L..

Bth.ti.\ /~~losu L.. Blur~ i \~~l l r~u ur.111c'llu (L . ) Fhilipron.,

('IIIIV:U stncru H'illd..

E~itiltu sorcc.l~i/,~Iru (L.) DC', c x W~pht.,

Ellp~f~Jn1117l (~doronrn~ Linn., Ciu1111~i>gu /~un,tJ7oro C'av,,

L ~ J ~ U . \ C ~ ~ U 17l f> I l i \ C'av.* !'U~/I~~IIIII/~I I i ~ . ~ r ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ J r ~ ~ n c , r L.,

f'u\~,~llu lll,ll, u L., .S~,~~c~liri.\ r~lc,rut CII\ L.,

Tndur prr~c~r/t~hrn.\ L.,

L'ol~rrun~llu dr~,unr.uru Rcnt h.,

Xu~~~l i r r rn i s f r r ~ ~ u n r r n ~ L.,

~ ~ ~ 1 1 7 ~ 1 1 1 ~ / l ~ i ~ bCli~/1~/~l l ,~l , \ L,,

C:VUIIOII.\ ensruru (L.) D.[)on.. (:r*~orrr ruhrn).\u (Roxh.) J. & J.Schultc\

in Hocnicr & Schul~cs.,

Brucltianu rruccfiniiir (Smith) (iriach..

~.'\~II~OJ)O#I)II coiS\i~c.\ (W,Hllokcr & Arn,)

Slapf.,

C > ~ t ~ h o p o ~ i ~ t pc~~rosus (Stcudcl) Watson

in Atkinson. ( ; I N.W.i'rov. India..

LJuc~ylor~c~~rrirc~r U~~VJI!ULIII (L.) Pal -Bcauv., fJr~i~,hru rcrropuu (Vahl.) Pan/.. Eru~w.~l:.\ ripuriu (Willd.) Ncca. Bra.$..

Pu11icrrt11 pul~tdosirrtc Roxb.,

Table 1 (Contd)

Poaceae

Musaceae

Liliaceae

Musa pam&.tir~ S P ~ I C I I N W I L..

TABLE 2

UREDINIOSPORE GERMINATION ON DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES

Families

Ulmaceae

Moraceae

Germination Plant species

i L

FICUS rucrit~o>u L . ,

F1r.u~ #l~m~oruru Roxh..

. - l n ~ ~ u q ~ u r 111rt~pJo1rus Srnhu (idnihle:,

Frcrcs hm~ul i rnr r r L..

Anncurpu! ~ n r ~ p ~ J o l i o Lam.,

FICUS n4rgto\u L.,

Sfn.hArs uspcr Lour.,FL.cochinch

Amaranthaceae . - l l r cmu~~rhr~rup~r r~~n . r Humh.. J ? UI

Teliaceae ('orrhiinr~ c u p \ ~ ~ / u n ~ 1.m . 4.1) 24

Malvaceae Srda turd~Jolra L.. 5.0 U

Kvdiu ruhrinu R(rxh., 4.W YI

Mu1~'usrrut~t com~t~ut~drlrun~r,n ( L . ) (;arckc., 1.2 32

htulvu .\v11~1~slris L.. 4.1 12

Srdu ucura N. Burman., 4.11 U1

Srdo ~rrnr~rcrjr~l~u Lam.. \.U Ul

Capparidaceae (bdubufu~r~~nro For\k.i W , DC' Pordr . 3 2 24

Caesalpinaceae Delonu rrlpu

C ~ r r ~ u f i f u l o L.,

CUJJIU sopl~eru L.,

Tahle 2 (Contd)

Papilionaceae

Verbenaceae

Celastraceae

Sapindaceae

Meliaceae

Acanlhaceae

Rubiaceae

Asteraceae

Poaceae

.4plr~.1tu ulhirans (Wight k Arn ) Bcnlhan in Miq.. 4 7 Ul

Cirxoluna rnperm Daltcll.. 4.2 :'2

hliicuna pninrns ( L ) m'.. 4 I U)

t'ror~dmu ~nrwwt~nsu Roth.. 1.8 :4

..t(vloslo hncata Wight A Arn., 1.1 11

hlrlilrnus ulba Lamk.. 3 3 2.v

Pwntnu r~~tnt~nrosu Willd..

C'l~~nnlrnllnim h l u h s p u r r t ~ ~ i s . ,

( i n ~ r l m u urhnrru Roxh..

(;,vnno.spr~nu emtopnuto Thw.. 1 3 3 1

Drxlonueu vtrcoru N Jacq.. 4.7 UI

( ipude~su huccifrru (Koth) Miq.. 5.3 20

Jtrsticiu ht.ronira L., 3 Zrc

Volurarellu dir~unt.utu Benth.,

Parvrra ~ttdica L.,

Euparonurn odorunon Linn., Bidens pilosu L.,

Vr~unupul l id t f i~~cu (schumachcr) Stapf & C'.Huhhiird., 4.2 10

Dtnrbru rerruflrru (Vrhl .) Pan)., 3.5 2') Rorrb(w1Itu urun6rtuc1~u Hwhht., 3.2 71

Punicum paludosum Roxh.. 1.2 22

Theme& muncira For\kal., I 27 Emffosris npuna (Willd.) Nees, Bras., 2.n z

G% = Germination Percentage : L = Length of germ tube in rm

to rna~ntain humidity and ro prevent contamination during the incuhation perlod

of 1Xh T h e leaves inoculated were examined by hand lens for the development of uredinia after 6, 10, IS and 20 days. All the plants screened were t;uonomically identified.

2.2J Results

Of the 174 screened plants including weeds distributed among 1 7 (hm~lles

(.Table I ) growing in the vicinity of the mulberry garden, none ot' the 1)l;lrlt.r \hosed any symptom nor stages of Peridiopsoru mori infection through natural or ;irtrficial ~noculation methods.

Only on Jb plants distrthuted among I8 families, the urediniosporeh of I'rtlon germrnated in tirm and produced germ tuhes. On the leaf of I.i'c.~i.\ r,rc,(,mosu I.. h.Zr+ of urediniohpores of mulberry rust germinated with a germ tuhe length of 30 urn, hut on other leaves the germination of urediniospores were comparatively lesser than F.rucc,rnosu (Tahle 2). Other than germ tuheh neither ap11rfisor1a nor Infection pegs were formed.

2.2.4 Discussion

I t was ohserved that none of the plants including weeds were infected by

c~thcr natural infection or hy artificial inoculation and they did not show any +rnptclms of the rust, However on the excised weed leaf hits, a few spores ilcrrninated giving the indication that the endogenous energy of spores might have influenced germination but there was no influence from the host for the debelopment of further infection structures.

From the results it was found that Peridiopsoru mori is a host hpecific hlotroph. As far as the present studies go, the rust has no alternate or collateral host and therefore there is no role of nonmulberry hosts in rust epidemics.

2. Bibliography

4NONYMOUS. 1080: Text B w k of Tropical Sericulture. pp. 595. J.O.C.V. Puhl.

BARCLAY, A., 1890: Descriptive list of the Uredineae occurring in the neighhourhood of Simla (Western Himalayas). 1II.JAsiatic Soc., Bengal, 59,75-1 12.

BARCLAY, A., 189 1: Additional Uredineae from the neighbourhood of Simla. I I I J . Asiatic Soc., Bengal, 60, 2 1 1-230.

PATEL M.K. KAMAT, M.N.. and BHIDE. V.P.. 1Mu: Fungi of Bombay. Supple~nent I . lndian Phytopathd, 2. 142-145.

RAMAKRISHNAN, T.S.. 1952: Additions to fungi of Madras - XI I . P m , lndian .\cad. Sci. Scelioa B. 35, 1 1 1-121.

SACCARDO, P.A., 1891: Syllogr Fungorum. 9,334.

' SATHE, A.V.. 1969: Pcn'diopsonr a new form-genus of Urrdinalcs. Trans. Br. Mycol.S~~., 53, 143- 145.

SATHE. A.V., 1972: Taxonomic status of the genus Cerotelium (Uredinalrs). lndian Phytopatbol,, 25.76-79,

SATHE. A.V., 1977: Morphology and classification of Uredinia. Kavaka. 5. SU-hJ.

SYDOW. H. and BUTLER. E.J.. 1907: Fungi Indiae Orientalis Par\. 11. Ann. %l!col., 5 . 485-5 15.