CHAPTER-l

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Brief I-Iisotry of the District 1.2 Major Characteristics of the District 1.3 Important Places 1.4 Administrative Set up 1.5 Cropping Pattern 1.6 Climate 1.7 Soil and Cropping Pattern 1.8 Natural Wealth 1.9 Urban Agglomeration 1.10 Standrad Urban Area 1.11 Distribution of Population in Rural and

Urban Area 1.12 Size Class and Status of Towns 1.13 Population Growth, Density and Sex Ratio 1.14 Literacy 1.15 Rural and Urban Literacy 1.16 Economic Activities 1.17 Workers by Industrial Categoris 1.18 Objective of the Study 1.19 Collection of Data 1.20 Research Methodology 1.21 Hypothesis 1.22 Study Area

CHAPTER-i

INTH.ODVCTION

1.1 BRIEF HISTORV OF THE DISTRICT:

Chandrapur district is the eastern part of the greater tract known

as the "Vidarbha" which is famous for various types of minerals like

iron, coal etc. For administrative Convenience and industrial and agri­

cultural development Chandrapur district was divided into Chandrapur and

Gudchimli district after 1981 cenSllS. Chandrapur district now, Comprises

the tahsils of Chandrapur, Bhadravati, Warora, Chimur, Nagbhir, Brahmapuri

Sindewahi, Mul, Gondpipri and Rajura.

The district earlier known as Chanda and now Chandrapur is

surouded in mystery. Tradition and legends that the name of this place

was Lokapura, which was first changed to Indupur and subsequently to

Chandrapur. During the period of British Raj. Chandrapur came to be

called as Chanda, which was again changed to its original name

Chandrapur around 1964.

CHANDRAPUR :

Chandrapur, the headquarters of the district to which its gives its

name, is the largest city in the district. The town is gradually falling outside

the fort walls. The fort wall has a number of gates and windows and

the walls on the western side project the town from the Erai floods. It

is a major railway station on the Delhi-Madras railway line. The city

possesses several architectural features of interest.

Chandrapur also has temples dedicated to Ekvira now know as

Ekori, conunemorates the visit of goddess Renuka of Mahur. It was built

by Hirai. Though the temple is quite big there is none to look after

it and hence it has become as resort of the cattle and sheep. Along the

malll mad there is a fairly large church "maintained by the Scottish Epis­

copalian Mission. It also maintains one or two orphanages"

1.2 MA.JOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISTRICT.

Chandrapur district is located at the eastern edge of Maharashtra.

"Chandrapur" is a cormpted version of original "Lokapura" and later

"Indapur". The eastern and western boundaries of the district are well

defined both the rivers Wainganga and Wardha respectively. All rivers

flow in the direction of north to south paranel to the slop of the district.

Toursm is one of the fastest growing industries in Maharashtra. In

Chandrapur district also there are some places of tourist importance

TadobaNational Park is one of them. It is the only park in Maharashtra

where one can see tiger and other wild animals wondering freely.

Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes together constitute about

26.60 per cent of the total population of the district. Among these

scheduled tribes account for! 9.70 per cent compared ,to the state average

of 9.27 per cent Major tribes in the district included Gond, Kohun and

Pardhan. Scheduled tribes of Rajura and Gondpipri are the most back­

ward tribes.

Marathi is the local language of the ,district. Goindi is also widely

spoken. It is a mixture of Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam languages. Rice

is the staple food of the district. Its use decreases as one goes towards

the west. Several festivals are celebrated in the district. Diwali Dussehra,

Pola, Holi, Ganeshotsav, lanmashtam and Ramnavlni are the major

festivals of the district. Cultivators celebrate '''Bullock Pola" in grand

scale id, Christmas, Mahavir layanti and also celebrated. These festivals

are celebrated all irrespective of caste and creed and during these fes­

tivals all people come together to she theirconcenl for other commu­

nities. in general the social and cultural life of the people has been quite

placed during the decade. One of the major administrative changes is

the reorganization Chandrapur district which resulted in creation newly

fonned Godchiroli district.

Anandwan-a garden of happiness thousands of leprosy patients In

the country Warora town in Chandrapuf district. The property of

"Anandwan" Baba Amte - represents hope in area of darkness to the

thousands of leprosy patients. No one has done so much to allow the

suffering of these forgotten people as legendary social activist from

Maharashtra. Tremendous work for the sick and handdication has earned

him many laurels including "Padmas" and "'Ramon Magsaysay" awards.

Table 1.1

Population, Number of Villages and Towns, 1991

Name of Populaiton Tahsil Total Rural Ulban No. of No.

P M F P' M F P M F ViII. T.

l.Chandrapur 469771 247202 222569 119101 62549 56552 350670 184653 166017 126 113 5

2.Bhadravati 132321 68396 63925 99805 51317 48578 32426 17079 15347 160 125 2

3.Warora 155594 80392 75202 111873 57416 54457 43721 22976 20745 188 154 1

4.Chimur 142062 71937 70125 142062 71937 70125 - - - 253 178 1

5.Nagbhir 112728 56604 56125 12728 56,604 56124 - - - 138 114 1

6. Brabmapuri 130536 69274 67362 110005 55052 54953 26631 14222 12409 . 136 111 1

7. Sindewahi 130536 65141 65395 130536 65141 65395 - - - 160 131 1

8.Mul 154024 77450 77474 136918 68341 68575 18008 9109 8899 170 133 1

9. Gondpipl'i 108741 54996 53745 108741 54996 53745 - - - 168 144 1

10.Rajura 228681 118395 110286 103314 104881 98433 25367 13514 11853 291 270 2

District Total 177199 4909787 862207 127517 164823 4 62693 49682 261553 234270 1790 147 12

1.3 IMPORTANT PLACES

The concentration of fairs is heavior the district like other districts

in Maharashtra. Most of the fairs held in the district are associated with

important deities and religious festivals. So for as trade is concerned,

fairs are complementary to the weekly markets. lnthe fairs the traders

and shopkeepers set up temporary stalls. Large quantities of agricultural

produce and other articles of daily use are brought for sale. People buy 3

'. necessary articles in these fairs. In this di,s'trict three fairs are vcry fa-

mous. Every year is big f~lir is held at Mahakali temple in Chandrapur

on Chaitra Purnima (March - April). More '<than 25,000 devotees from

Vidarbha and Marathwada gather during the fair. At Balaji Mandir in

Chimur, a tahsil place, a big fair held during January-February, which is

caned as Ghoda fair and attracts a large .number of people. During

OctoberlNovember at Vada, on the occasion of Kartik. Ekadashi a big-fair

is held. Besides these three fairs, many man fairs are held all over

Chanrlrapur district, among them the fair held at Sasti village on

Ramnavami is important.

1.4 PLACE OF HISTORICAL AND TOURISTS IMPORTANC:

In Shaping the socio economic pattern of the district, certain forts,

a few old temples and picnic points play an important role. In the district

there are some historical forts, picnic' spots: like lake old temples etc.

Chandrapur district with its wild life, richly preserved game sanctuaries,

spots of scenic beauty and spots of archaeological interest, also affords

excelent opportunities to develop tourists interest.

BALLARPUR:

Ballarpur is a rapidly developing municipal town situated on the

Chandrapur-Madras railway route. It was a< royal city in ancient times

and signs of its splendor and glory are' still seen scattered in its envi­

rons, Majority of coal and large quantities of fine teak and other va­

rieties of timber that brought form'the surrounding forests are sold at

Ballarupur.

BHADRAVATI OR BHANDAK:

Bhadravati to Bhandak is a flourishing ancient village in Warora tahsil

and today it is place of the region in ancient times include Wairagad,

Kosala, Bhadravati and Markanda. Hindu and Budhist kings are said to

have nlled the area for a long time. Later on Mana Chiefs who ruled

4

the Chandrapur were overtaken: by Gonds around 9th century, Goncl

kings ruled the area till 1751 when Maratha period started, Raghuji

Bhonsale, the king of the dynasty, diecl heiress in 1853 and Nagpur

province together with Chandrapur was declared annexed to the British

Empire.

In 1854 Chandrapur fanned an independent district and in 1874 ,

it comprised of three tahsils viz. Mul, Waronl, and Brahmapuri. In 1874,

. however upper Godavari district of Madras ~as abolished and four tahsils

were added to Chandrapur district to fonn one tahsil with Sironcha as ..

its headquarters. In 1895, the headqlfarters of one tahsil was transfered

from village Mul to Chandrapur. 1905 witnessed the creation of a new

tahsil with headquarters at Gadchiroli by effect,ing the transfer of Zamindari

estates from Brahmapuri and Chandrapur tahasil. A small Zamindari tract

from Chandrapur distinct was transferred to newly fanned Durg district

in 1907. In the same year an area of about 1560 km2 comprising of three

divisions of the lower Sironcha tahsil namely Cherla, Albak and Nugur

were transferred to Madras State.

No major changes occurred in the boundaries of the district' or

its tahsils between 1955. Consequent upon .the recoganization, states in ,

1956, the district was transferred Madhya Pradesh to Bombay State. In

. the: year Rajura tahsil, a part of Adilabad district Hyderabad State, was

transferred to neW district. Subsequently it .was transferred Chandrapur

district in 1959. The district becomes part of state of Maharashtra since

its creation May 1960.

1.4 ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP:

There are major changes in the adIninistrative set up of Maharastra

immediately the 1981 Census resulting into increased divisions and 4

districts. The Konkan District included 5 districts, the newly created

Di\'ision 4 districts, Pune Division 5 district Aurangabad Division 7

5

districts, newly created Amravati Division 4 ';districts and Nagpur District

5 districs. Thus in 1991 the State has 30· district spread over 6 divi­

sions. Now Chandrapur has towns and 1790 villages spread over

Chandrapm (126), Bhadravati (160), Warora (188), Chandrapur (253),

Nagbhir (138), Brahmapuri (136), Sindes (160), Mur (170), Gondpipri

(168) and Rajurs ,tahsils. The following statement indicated changes which

occurred after 1981 in the villages, towns in 'each tahsil and also reasons

for variation in brief.

For administrative purposes the distric~ is divided into two districts,

Chandrapur and Godchiroli and ne~ Chandrapur district consists 10

tahsils. The District Collector along with tli~. District Judge, Superinten­

dent of Police. Chief Executive Officer of Zilla Parishad and other semor

Officers of the' State Government look after the development and regu­

latory function in the district. At the tahasil level the Tahasildar, mock

Development Officer, Judicial Magistrate, D.eputy Engineers and other

Officers look after their respective departments for development and

r~gulatory functions.

ZILLA PARISHAD AND PANCHAYATI SAMITIS:

With a view to promote development of democratic institutions and

to secure greater measure of participation by the people in Development

Plans and in local and governmental affairs by decentralization :of powers

and functions, Zilla Parishad and Panchayat Samitis (CD.mocks) have

been established in the districts of Maharastra in the year 1962 under

the Maharashra Zilla Parishad and the Panchayat Samitis Act of 1962.

The jurisdiction of the Zilla Parishad and the Panchayat Samitis (CD.

mocks) correspond to the district and tahsil boundaries except that the

municipal towns are not covered by them.

6

The Zilla Parishad elects its President and Vice-President and Chair­

men of its committees from amongst the elected councilors. The tenn

of office of the councilors is five years. An Officer in the senior scale

of I.A.S. is deputed by the State Gov.ernment as the Chief executive

Officer in the Zila Parishad. The Parishad is also assisted by various

departments and the heads of those department at the district level 'are

officers of Class I or II service under the State Government. At the Block

level, the Panchayat Samitis (C.D. Blocks) has an elected Chairman and

Deputy Chairman. The Block Development. Officer works as Secretary

to the Panchayt Samiti' (CD. mock). the executive authority for the

purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Maharastra Zilla Parishad

and Panchayat Samitis (C.D.mocks) Act vests in the Chief Executive

Officer and the mock Development Officers. The Deputy Chief Execu­

tive Officer works as a Secretary of the. General body of the Zilla

Parishad. ."

URBAN LOCAL BODIES:

The statutory Urban local bodies are- cantonments, munidpaHties ..

or municipal corporations. The urban local bodies elect councilors from

each of, the ward and his term is 5 years. The President of the Municipal

Council or the Mayor of the. corporation as' also Deputies are elected

from amongst elected councilors and t~eir term is for one year chairman

of various committees are also elected from amongst the elected coun­

cilors with of one year. Although for day to day administration the chief

Officer is responsible in a municipal council, he works under the ad­

ministrative cmllcil of the President of Municipal Council Corporations

a senior lAS Officer is deputed the State Government as Municipal

Commission who is responsible for day to . day administration and the

executive authority lies in him.

7

LOCATION, SIZE, RELIEF, DRAINS, CROPPING PATTERN

The Chandrapur district lies between 20°43' to 19"21' North lati­

tude and 79°59' to 78" East longitllde. The ~istrict is bounded by Nagpur

Bhandara and Wardha on the northern Yavatmal on western side,

Gadchiroli on eastern side and Adilabad district of Andra Pradesh on

the southern side. This distriGt located in the basin of Wainganga and

Wardha river, the tributaries of Godavari.

Chandrapur is the headquarters' Chandrapur district.

Chandrapur with an area of 11 ,443 sq .kms. constituted only 3.72

per cent of the area of the State and has a population 1,771,994. Thus

it has a rank of lOin area 23 in the popu~ation among the 30 district

of the State.

Wardha River is a biggest and mam· flver in this disJrict. Erai,

Andhari, Wainganga on Painganga rivers are also flowing twelve month.

The whole of the western border is bound.ed by Wardha, and Godavari

rivers. Wainganga and Erai during its easterly direction. After its

confluence with Wainganga the combined stream is known.

Pranhita :

Wain ganga enters the district near north-eastern comer and forms

a natural boundary at the eatern side of the district. This receives

numerous tributaries on either bank and drains the entire central portion

of the distinct. Chief tributaries of the Wainganga are Garhavi, Khobragadi,

Kathani and Potphodi on the left bank and' Andhari on the right bank.

Chimur and Mul hills constitute the main hill, ranges of the distinct

and sever as a watershed between the valleys of the Wardha and

Wainganga rivers. The Chimur hills commence at the east of Chimur in

the north of the Warora tahasil and stretch southwards. The Mul hills

lie further to the south Chimur hills. East of and parallel to the Chimur

hills, runs a range known as Parasgarh hills. It fonns the boundary be-

g

tween the Warora and 8rahmapuri tahsil.

The hill in the western half of the district is generally of little height

and serves as watersheds between the numerous valley fanned by the

tributaries of Wardha and Wainganga. The hill in the southern region are

however, of considerable height

1.6 CLIMATE:

Chandrapur is the hottest district of Maharashtra and the district

headquarters records the temperature higher by a degree or so than

Nagpur, in hot weather. Nights are howev~r, tolerable but for May and

June the hottest months of the year which '!Ie somewhat uncomfortable.

The mean daily maximum temperature in May is about 43°C and the

mean daily minimum temperature is about ·29°c.

Since the major parts of the district are surrounded' by dense

forest, the atmosphere is chilly, damp and sultry throughout the rainy

season.

The rainy season set in usually in the second or third week of June

and lasts till the middle of October. The cold season commence from

the beginning of November and lasts till the middle of February. Feb­

mary is characterized by the blowing of wiid and violent winds heralding

the approach of hot season which lasts till the middle of June. The rainfall

in the district is, more or less assured and the south-western monsoon

is the main source of rains. Intensity of the rainfall increases from west

towards east Intensity of rainfall is. highest. in the month of July.

1. 7 SOIL AND CROPPING PATTERN:

The soil of the district is wen defined and conductive for growing

crops of various kinds. The most fertile soils are found in the Wardha

and Wainganga valleys, The numerous varieties of soil are known by many

local, names yet they are grouped under the following representative

classes. 9

Kali - This type of soil is mainly confined. to the riverine tracts and

is found in the valley of Wardha and Wainganga. It is suitable only for

rabi crop.

Kanhar- It contains small amount of grit in the form of lime. Inferior

type of Kanhar is known as bersi Kanhar and is coarser texture. It is

mainly noticed in the Wainganga valley.

Moranda - It contains small amount of grit in the fonn of line. Inferior

type of Kanhar is known as bersi Kaiihar pnd is coarser in texture. it.

is mainly noticed in the Wainganga valley.

Morand - It responds wen to irrigation due· to its loamy texture. Both,

the kharif and rabi crops can be gro~n on this soil.

Khardi - This is light in colour and fun of stones, but when embanked

sometimes impraves itself into morand. In the open it grows only til and

Jowar.

Wardi - It is the principal rice soil of the heavy rice tracts. It is a light

colored soil, as good as sand with just sufficient day to keep it form

crumbling in the dry season.

Pandhri - It is the gray soH that is 'found on the around village site

obtaining its colored its fertility fonn. the ashes and refuse that accumu­

late upon it from the neighboring houses. It grows maize, tobacco and

similar crops even, without irrigation.

Retari and Bardi -The first type of soil is mostly sand and the second

IS nothing but pebbles.

Further eastwards on either bank of the Wainganga the black loam

reappears and is accompanied by a few rice growing villages. East ward

of Wainganga valley the soil becomes poor and hills are in abundance.

Rice is the staple crop of this tract.

10

1.8 NATURAL WEALTH:

Minerals

The district abounds in mineral wealth and its is the richest of the

mine rally imp011ant districts in the state with large reserves of high-b'Tade

iron ore and coaL Other minerals include c1y-omate, building stone, lime­

stone and clay. Prospecting has also been done of copper.

Housing Data ,

Chandrapur district has recorded ,70.40 per cent of the houses used

as residences, 3.67 per cent as residences in combination with any other

uses, 5.40 per cent of the houses have reported to be vacant, 4.95 per

cent as shops, hotels business houses, factories, places of worship,

schools etc. and the remaining 15.58 'per cent used as other non resi­

dential houses. In rural areas of the district 68.08 per cent of houses

used as residences, 4.24 per cent as re'siderice in combipation with any

other uses, 4.25 per cent of the houses are reported to be vacant, 3.96

per cent as shops, hotels, business houses, factories, places of worship,

schools etc. and the remaining 19.47 per cent as other nonresidential

houses. In urban areas, the correspondi~g figures are 77.25 per cent, 1.96

per cent, 8.79 per cent, 7.88 percent, and 4.12 per cent The percentage

of census houses accommodating hotels, shops, business, houses, fac­

tories, restaurants and places of entertainment is double in urban areas

(7.280/0) than in nlral areas (3.12%).

Electricity and Other Facilites:

Electricity is available for 50.22 per cent of the total households

m the district and the population covered is 51.70 per cent 75.63 per

cent of the populations who enjoy this facility live in owned houses and

19.15 per cent live in rental house. Similarly toilet facility is available to

only 15.49 per cent households. 1Kn other words 16.00 per cent of the

population is served by toilet facility. Among these 50.63 per cent live

I I

in owned houses and 38.13 per. cent live In rental houses. Urban area

enjoys much better position 74.60 per cent of the population is several

by electricity of these 60.86 per cent live in owned houses and 31.64

per cent live in rental houses. Toilet facility is available to 38.95 per cent

of the households and the population served by this facility is 40.60 per

cent.

In the rural areas, electricity is available to 41.93 per cent of the

households and 43.20 per cent of the population is served by electricity

among these 85.19 per cent live in owned houses and 11 .11 per cent

in rental houses. In rural areas owned category forms a substantially high

percentage than in urban areas. Toilet facility:is available to 6.86 per cent -

of the households and the population served is 6.90 per cent urban area

is compamtively better places as far as to~let facility is concerned . . Rural and Urban Areas:

One of the basic characteristics of the: population obtained through

the census is the rural-urban distribution of the people. For purpose of

maintenance of compambility and for administrative convenience, the

definition of urban unit which was adopted for 1981 census has been

continued in 1991 census also. An urban area is defined as fonowing.

1. Al places with a municipality, corpomtion contonment board or

notified town area committee, etc.

2. All other places which satisfy the followign criteris.

3. A minimum population of 5,000.

4. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq.km. (1000

per sq . miters).

5. At least 75 per cent of male, working population engaged in non­

agricultural activities.

12

In addition, the Directors of Census Operations, in consolation with

Registrar General's office, were also pennitted to classify marginal cases

as urban units, taking into consideration the local circumstances. Such

marginal cases, which couldl have qualified as urban units, would include

major project colonies, new areas of intensive industrial development,

railway colonies and important tourist centers etc.

1.9 URBAN AGGLOMERATION:

As in 1981 the concept of urban agglomeration has been adopted

for 1991 and 2001 census too. An urban agglomeration may constitute.

6. A city with contiguous outgrowth the part of the out growth having

outside the statutory limits but falling within the adjoining village or

villages.

7. One town with similar out growth or two or more adjoining towns

with their outgrowths as in (a), or

8. A city and one or more adjoining towns with their out growths all

of which form a contiguous spread.

In this district there is only agglomeration. Us constituents are as

.. follows:

Ballarpur Urban Agglomeration

9. Ballarpur (M)

10. Visapur (C.T.)

Standard Urban Area (S.U.A.) concept introduced in 1981. has ,been

followed in 1991 and 2001. The essential requirements for the consti­

tution of S.U,A. are:

11. It should have a core town of a mInImUm population of 50,000;

12. The contiguous area made up of other urban as well as rural ad­

ministrative units should have mutual socio-economic links with the

core town; and

13

13. In all probability this entire area should get fully urbanized within

a span of two or three decudes. ",

The constituent units of Ghandrapllr siandard urban area In

Chancirapur district are as follows:

Chandrapur S. U.A.

14. Areas lying within the SUA boundary:

Urban Components

a. Chandrapur (M)

Rural Components

b. Lakhamapur Raiyyatwari

(b) Spin-over urban areas

c. Following 8 villages annexed In Chandrapur (M) but lying out

side the SUA boundary.

15. Forest Trainning Compo

16. Chandrapur Raiyyatwari

17, Dhannushala Tukum (Part)

18. Mana

19. Govindpur

20. Datala (Part)

21. Bor Rith (Part)

22. Balpeth and RelIef Compo.

The basic unit for rural area is a revenue village A village may be

defined as a statutory recognized unit having definite boundary and separte

land records.

1.11 DISTRIBTUION OF POPULATION IN RURAL AND .'

URBAN AREAS:

Accroding to the 1991 Census the total population of Chandrapllr

district is 1,771,994 having 909,787 males and 862,207 females. Thus

Chandrapur has 2.24 per cent of State's pQpulation over 3.72 per cent

of its area. Among the 10 tahsil of the district Chandrapur tahsil (469,771)

14

js the most populace and Gondpipri tahsil (108,741) the least Other tahsils

in order of their size of population are 1) Rajura (228,681), 2) Warors

(155,594),3) Mul (154,924),4) Chimur (142,321),5) Brahmapuri

(136,636),6) Bhadravati (132,321),7) Shindewadi (130,536) and 8) Nagbhir

(112,72).

Out of the total 1,771,994 population of the district 1,275,171

persons (71,96%) are residing in urban areas. The urban percentage of

Maharashtra State is 38.69 per cent of the total population. Whereas only

28.04 per cent of Chandrapur district is .r~siding in urban area which '. .

is less than the Maharashtra State. The average' number of towns per,

bounded inhabited villages is often considered as an index of urbaniza­

tion. In Chandrapm district there are 0.81 towns for every hundred

inhabited viHages. Chandrapur district. is one of the developing districts

in the state.

Table 1.2

Population, Number of Villages' and Towns, 1991

N arne and Civic adminis : Population of Towns Stains of Town ;p M F

1. JBalarpm M 83511 43735 39776 2. JBhadravati CT 19184 9880 9304 3. JBrabmapuri M 26631 14222 12409 4. Chandrapur M 226105 119407 106698 5. Ghugus CT 25002 : 13241 11761 6. Mul M 18008 9109 8899 7. Nakoda CT 7127 3710 3417 8. Rajura M 18969 10146 8813 9. Sasti CT 6398 3368 3030 10. Shivajinagar CT 13242 7199 6043 11. V sapm CT 8925 4560 4365

12. Wamra M 43721 22976 20745

District Total U: 496813 . 261563 235270

15

Chandrapur distric thas 1,790 villages including 317 uninhabited villages.

The nlral population is thus distributed among 1,473 inhabited villages

in 10 tahsils. The average number of inhabited villages per tahsil comes

to about 147. Rajma is the largest tahsil in tenns of rural population,

number of villages and geographical area accounting for 1 5.94 per cent

of mral Population 18.33 per cent of total' inhabited villages and 14.86

per cent of the geographical area of the district In tenns of number of . .

villages and mral population Chimur tahsil ··holds the second place and

population wise it accounts for just 11 .14 per cent of the mral popu­

lation of the district.

There are 12 towns in this district, of which 6 are categorized as

municipal and 6 census towns, Chandrapur is the most populour town.

There is no town in the district which has less than 5,000 population.

The average size 0 an urbap center of the district works but in 41,402

persons .. (Table 1.3).

Table 1.3 .

Population and Number o~; Towns, 1991

Name and Civil Population administration status of Town

p M F L BaHarpur M 83511 43735 39776 2. Bhardravati C.T. 19184 9880 9304 3. Brahmapuri M. 26631 14222 12409 4. Chandrapur M 226105 119407 106698 5. Chugus C.T. 25002 13241 11761 6. Mill M 18008 9109 8899 7. Nakoda C.T. 7121

. 3710 3417

8. Rajura M 18969 10146 8823 9. Sasti C.T. 6398 . 3368 3030 10. Shivajinagar C.T. 13242 7199 6043 11. Visapur C.T. 8925 4560 4365 12. Warora M 43721 22976 20745

District Total (U) 496823 261553 235270

16

1.12 SIZE, CLASS AND STATUS OF TO\VNS:

During every census decade the numb.er of .census towns, munici-

pal councils, corporations changes due· .to addition of new censlls

towns, declassification of old censlls towns, conversion of villages into

municipal councils, conversion of municipal council into corporations,

merging of municipal councils with corporations etc., The statement given

below gives the position of number of urban units in each size class

for 1991 Census. For the purpose of comPt:ehensive analysis of varied

demographic characteristics, towns have been divided into the following

classes by population size.

Class Population Size No. of Towns

Class I 100,000 and above 1

(GeneraHy referi:ed as 'City)

Class II 50,000 to 99,999 1

Class III 20,000 to 49,999 3

Class IV 10,000 to 19,999 4

Class V 5,000 to 9,999 3

Class VI Less thatn 5, 000 -

Of the 12 towns in the district, one (Chandrapur) is' a big size town

I.e. class I, One (Ballarpur) is Class II, three (Brahmapuri, Ghugus and

Warora) are Class III, four (Bhadravati, Mul, Rajura and Shivaji nagar)

are Class IV and three (Nakoda, SasH and Visaju) are administration

status of these 12 equally distributed as municipal and towns. In 199,

17

Nakoda (C.T.) Visapur Rhadravnti (C.T.) and Shivaji Nagar (C.T.) de-

c1ared as new census towns. Brahmpur and Mul (M) are declared as

new municipal which were rural in 1981 census and the Census town

of 1981 has been declassified considerd as rural Cfable 1.4).

Table 1.4

New Town Towns declassified 'merged III 1991

Name of the Town

(a) ·Added

i) Nakoda (C.T.)

ii) Visapur (C.T.)

iii) Bhadravati (C.T.)

iv) Shivajinagar (C.T.)

v) Brohmapuri (M)

vi) Mul (M)

(b) Declassified

i) Majari (C.T.)

(c) WhoHy merged with other

Nil

Villages by Poulation Size :

.

Population

Populaiton (1991)

7127

·.8925 ,

: 19184

13242

. 26631

·18008

Population (1991)

1894

Population (1981)

Table below provides villages by population size and their percent-

age to total inhavited villages in the d.istrict and tahsils (Table 1.5).

18

Table 1.5

Percentage Distribution of Villages by Population Ranges, 1991

No and Precentage of villages in each range

Name of No. and Less 200 500 2000 5000 C.D. Block Percentage than In In m to

Of inhabited 200 499 .1999 4999 9999 villages

1. Chandrapur 113 13 31 . 59 7 2

(l00.00) (11.50) (27.43) (52.21) (6.20) (1.77)

2. Bhadravati 125 19 36 59 11 0

(100.00) (15.20) (28.80) (47.20) (8.80) (0.00)

3. War ora 154 13 56 82 2 1

(100:00) (8 . .44) (36.36) (5?25) (1.30) (0.65)

4. Chimur 178 37 55 77 5 3

(l00.00) (20.79) (39.9"0) (43.26) (2.81) (1.68)

5. Nagpur 114 16 30 59 7 1 ,

(100.00) (14.08) (26.32) (51.75) (6.14) (0.88)

6. Brahmpur 111 15 21 . 64 11 0

(l00.00) (13.51) (18.92) (57.66) (9.91) (0.00)

7. Sindewahi 131 21 32 . 64 11 2

(100.00) (16.03) (24.43) (48.85) (8.40) (1.53)

8.Mul. 133 23 30 63 16 1

(l00.00) (17.29) (22.56) (47.37) (12.03) (0.75)

9. Gondpipiri 144 17 42 77 7 1

(100.00) (11.81) (29.17) (53.47) (4.86) (0.69)

10. Rajura 270 39 84 .136 10 0

(100.00) (14.45) (31. II) (50.37) (3.70) (0.00)

Distict Total 1471 213 417 . 740 87 1 1

(100.00) (14.46 ) (28.31) (50.24) (5.90) (0.75)

A village on an average has 6.30 sq. km. of area and an inhabited

\~llage has a population of 866 persons. ot the 1473 inhabited villages,

213 (04.48%) are small sized with a population below 200,41 (28.31 ~/o)

in the size class 200-499,740 (50.240/0) in the size class 500-1999, 87

19

· '.

(S.90%) in the size class 2,000-4,999, 11 (0.7S%) in the size class S,OOO-

9,999 and the remaining S (0.34%) in the size class 10,000+. For a

broader generalization, villages have bee!l further grouped, as small sized

(below SOO), medium sized (SOO-I,999), large sized (2,000-4,999) and ex­

ceptionally large sized (S,OOO+). Within the' district, small sized villages

of less than SOO inhabitants together accOlint for 42.77 per cent out of

the total inhabited villages with 13.08 per cent of the rural population

in the district, medium sized (500-1,999) 50.24 per cent of the rural

population, large sized (2,000-4999) 5.90 per,' cent of the rural popu­

lation and exceptionally large sized (5000+) 1.09 per cent of the 'total

inhabited villages and 10.98 per cent of the rural population.

A size group wise distribution of the inhabited' villages highlights

the predominance of small and medium sized units. Small villages of less

than 500 inhabitants together account for 42.77 per cent compared to

1981 when this proportion . was 48.40 per ,cent, there is a definite de­

crease in the number of smaller units. Thls' may be due to the shifting

of the small sized villages to the higher range. The ,proportion of medium

sized villages having 500 to 1,999 inhabitants, which is as high as 50.24

per cent and as compared to 1981, this proportion has slightly come

up from 46.21 per cent. In the class of large and exceptionally large

\illages the percentage has slightly come up. These are now 103 (5.99%)

such villages as against 79 (5.39%) in 1981.

Within the ten tahsils of the district, percentage of small sized (less

than 500) villages is the highest in Chimur tahsil (51.69%) and the lowest

20

in Brahmapuri tahsi (32.43%). The percen'tage of medium sized (500-

1,999) villages is the highest in Brahmapuri tahsil (57.66%) and the lowest

in Chimur tahsil (43.25%). The percentage of large sized (2,000-4,999)

villages is the highest in Mul tahsil (12.03%). There are sixteen excep­

tionally large sized villages (5,000 and above). They are in Ghimur (4),

Chandrapur (3), Sindewahi (3), Nagbhir (2) and one: each in Warora,

Mul, Gondpipari and Rajura Tahsils.

1.13 POPULATION GROWTH, DENSITY AND S1:X RATIOS

According to the 1981 Census the total population of the district

was 1,416,953. During the 1981-91 decade there been an adqition of

355,041 souls. The decadal growth rate of the distric, which works out

to 25.06 per cent, is slightly low as compared with corresponding growth

rate of Maharashtra State (25.73%). Among the 30 districts of the State,

Chandrapur district stand 11 th in average growth rate. During the eadier

decade of 1971-81 the growth rate of the dis1;rict was little high i.e., 25.33

per cent. Within the district there are significant differences in the rate's

of growth of population in various tahsil. All the 10 tahsils of the district

registered a positive growth rate in 1991 and also in 1981. Out of 10

tahsils Chandrapur recorded the highest growth rate of 47.28 per cent

while Chimur has the lowest growth rate 'of 11.30 per cent. The rates

of growth in Chandapur and Rajura are above the district average

(25.06%). The remaining 8 tahsils have the growth rates below the

district average. The growth rates for the district and tahsil in total, rural

and urban areas and percentage of urban population to total population

are given in the following table (Table 1.6).

21

Table 1.6

Decadel Change in Distribution of Population

Populaiton Percentage

Name or Tllhsil 1981 1991 19111-91

Tlltul Rural Urhan Tlltal Rurlll Urban Tn!:11 Hunll UrillIn 1981 1991

1. Chandrapur 318957 126568 1923389 469771 119101 350~70 +47.28 +5.90 +82.27 +60.3 .. 74.65

2. Bhlldravllti 108368 108368 - 132321 99895 32426 +22.10 +7.82 - - 24.S1 . .' 3. Warol'll 13255 98444 26081 155591 111873 43721 +15.66 +18.64 +21.17 26.82 80.10

4. Chimul' 127637 127637 - 142062 142062 - +11.80 +11.80 - - . 5. Nngbhir 98227 - 98227 112728 112728 - +14.76 +14.76 - - -6. Brllhmpuri 118892 118892 - 136636 11 ()()O5 26611: +14.92 7.47 - - 19.49

7. Sindewllhi 112708 112708 - 13,0586 1905.8 - +15.82 + 15.82 - - -8. Mul 133862 133862 - 154924 186916 18008 +15.78 +2.28 - - 11.62

9. GOllpipiri 97346 97346 - 108741 108141 - +11.71 +11.71 - - -10. Rnjurn 166431 148669 17762 228681 208814 15867 +87.40 +86.76 +42.82 10.76 11.09

The village's growth rates for the rurq.l and. urban areas of the district

are 8.92 and 101.77 per cent respectively. The tahsils of Chimur, Nagbhir,

Sindewahi and gondpipri do not have urban aeas. District as a whole

Chandrapur tahsil has returned the highest growth rate. It may be ob­

served that Chadrapur, Warora and Rcijura' tahsils have 74.65 per cent,

28.10 per cent and 11. 09 per cent urban population respectively in 1991

Census and it is slightly high that of 1981 urban population. With 28.04

per cent of its population ill urban area against state average of 38.69

per cent, Chandrapur stands among the Ress urbanized district in the

state. Among the twelve towns of the district Chandrapur recorded the

highest (95.29%) growth rate (Statement I) but is is below the distinct

average (101.77%). The growth nit of War ora town (27.89%) is very

less. As far as Sasti town is concerned, th.e 1981-91 decade 'witnessed

a negative growth rate 11.05%) compared t9 the positive growth rate of

the previous decade (+39.56%). it may be concluded by these figures

that ther is a decreasing trend in Sasti in the decade 1981-1991. The

mam reason for this decrease could be out migration to other places.

In the rural areas of the district, tahsil of Warora, Chimur, Nagbhir,

22

Sindewahi, Gondpipri and Rajura have recorded the percentages of 13.64,

11.30,14.76,15._2,11.71 and 36.76 respectiyely, all have re!:,rlstered highet

growth rate than the district rural average (8.92%). But Chandrapur,

Bhadravati and Brahmapuri tahsils had recorded a negative growth rate

i.e. -5.90 per cent, - 7.82 per cent, -7.47 per cent respectively.

Density:

The overall density of population in Chandrapm is 155 persons per

square kilometer and this figure is much bef6w the state average of 257.

Among the 30 districts of the state, an average density of 124, the district

held the: 29th rank.

Keeping wilh the general tendency. Chandrapur district 100 displays

a considerable high urban density, while there are 3,062 person per square

kilometer of urban area there are hardly 11.3 persons per square kilo-

meter of mrural area. These averages for the district are below the state

average of 4,904 and 161 respectively. Within the district among ten .

tahsil the are considerable differences. Charidrapur tahsil has the highest

density of 350 persons per sq. km., while Gondpipri tahsil has the least

density of 107 persons. In the case of urban areas Shivaji Nagar with.

6,621 persons emerges as the most density population area would hold

the topmost place and Mul town hold the last place as it has a low

density of only 778 (Appendix I to Summary Table 2). Table below shows

distribution of villages according to d~nsity ranges. for convenient un-

derstanding of patterns villages have been brouped under eight different

density ranges (Table 1.7).

23

Table 1:7

Distribution of Villages by Density

Ranges of density Total No. of villages Percentage of villages (per sq.km.) in each density range IS each density range

0-1000 32 2.17

101-2000 24 1.63

2001-5000 99 6.72

5001-100000 399 20.30

10001-200000 533 36.10

20001-30000 236 16.02

30001-50000 160 10.86

50001 and above 89 6.04

No known 1 0.07

All density ranges 1473 100.00

The distribution of villages by density ranges indicates that those with

medium density in rages of 50 to 200 account for about 56.49 per cent

of the total inhabited villages. Very densities of less than 20 persons per

sq. km. are noticeable in a more 56 villages i.e. 3.80 per cent. At the

same time there only a . few villages that can be classified as having very

high densities. Villages with more than 500 persons per square kilometer

hardly constitute 6.04 per cent while' those in the range of 300 to 500

fonn only about 10.86 per cent. For only i villages density figures are

not known in absence of the village area data.

Sex Ratio:

In Chandrapur district as a whole there are 948 females for every

thousand males. This is higher them that of the state average sex ratio

of 934. When the districts are arranged in the descending order of sex

ratio Chandrapur occupies the 51 th place. Within the district, the sex ratio

24

vanes from 1,004 in Sindewahi tahsil ,to 900 is Chandrapur tahsil.

Generally mral areas have higher proportion of females them the the urban

area Chandrapur district also conforms to the pattern. The sex ratio

figures for mral and urban areas of Chandrapur are 967 and 900 as

compare to the state average of 972 and 875 respectively increasing trend

of sex ratio 'in the district support the argument that male dominated.

From the above table we can say. that the proportion of scheduled

Caste population in the nrra} areas 05.23%) is slightly lower than the urban

areas (21.20%). Whereas the propotion of Scheduled Tribe population

in rural areas (23.77%) is significandy higher than the urban areas (9.28%).

1.14 LITERARY

Definition of a Literate

A person who can both read and write with understanding in any

language is to be taken as literate by the Indian census. A person who

can merely read but cannot with, is not literate. It is no necessary that

a person who is literate should have received any formal education or

should have passed any minimum edu.cational standard. In addition to

this for 1991 census, all children of age 6 years or less are treated as

illiterates even though they may be going to school and can read and

write a few odd words. In earlier census, this limitation was upto the

age of 4. It has been also decided to use only effective literacy rates

for the 1991 census i.e. the ratio of literate and population excusing the

age group of 0.5. Though the population of Maharashtra during 1961-

91, almost doubled, the jump in literate is almost 4 times which itself

is a significant achievement Chandrapur district resorted 878,836 person

as literate, they constitute 59.41 per cent of the total population (exclusing

0.6 age group) of the district. The literacy rate of Chandrapur district

in 1981 census was 47.16 per cent (excusing 0.6 age group).The literacy

25

· rate for Chnndrapur district is less than the state average of 64.87 per

cent and when the districts are arranged in the descending order of literacy

rates. Chandrapur occupies the 19th place.

1.5 RURAL AND URBAN LITERACY:

For the district as a whole, the literacy rate for males is much higher

than that of females. As much as 71.30 per cent of the males are literate

while females account for only 46.81 per cent. The tahsilwise breaker

show that Chandrapur tahsil with 70.82 per cent literates tops the list

and Gondpipri with on 45.05 per cent stands at the Bottom. The re­

maining eight tahsils are in between these be it may be observed that

the tahsils having urban components have literacy rate higher than the

distrct average confirming the fact that urban centers and surrounding

area better infrasture as or as the eduG'ational facilities concerned. The

tahsils without any urban cente have the literacy rate below the district

average Brahmapuri, Mul and Rajura are the tahsil wille male literacy rate

is below the district average. Chaodrapur tahsil has the highest literacy

rates for both males and females is 79.82 per cent and 60.71 per cent

respetively and Gpndpipri tahsil has the low~st rate i.e. 58 per cent and

31.27 per cent for males and females respectively.

It may be observed that 47.30 per cent of the sheduled tribes are

literate fot male it is 60.44 per cent and for female it works out ot 33.82

per cent. Among the tahsils, the scheduled tribe literacy rate is higher

in Warora tahsil i.e. 60.65 per cent and lower in Rajura tahsil i.e. 31.52

per cent.

Factors such as location, proximity to urban centes, caste

compositon, settlement pattern, levels of social and economic develop­

ment, attitude of villagers towards literacy and females education, avail­

ability of school and teachers etc. are quite important factors and each

one of these factors exert considerable· influence on the literacy rate 111

26

any gIven area. These are to be considered 111 any deeper analysis of

he data on literacy levels.

1.6 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY:

Definition of Work and Classification of Workers:

We must understand the tenn "Work" correctly because this word . IS used in a special sense in the census. "Work may be defined" as

participation, 'in any economically productive activity. Such participation

may be physical or mental in nature. "Work" involves not only actual

work but also effective supervision and direction of work. It also in­

cludes unpaid work on farm or in family.' enterprise.

Types of VVorkers

All those who had worked for the major part of the preceding year

were recorded as main workers (at lest 6 months or 183 days) while

those who worked for some time during the preceding year but not for

the major part, have been' treated as marginal workers. All those who·

had not worked at all during the last year, where recorded as non

workers. Persons engaged in household duties, students, dependents,

retried persons, rentiers, beggars are so:tp.e of the categories grouped as

non-workers:

There has been no conceptual change in defming the workers be­

tween 1981 and 1991 census. At the 1991 census thee ahs been mainly

a three-fold classification of population namely main workers, marginal

workers and non-workers which has adopted for 1981 also. In addition

to this the main worker of distributed in many categories of economic

activities but in earlier census of 1981 this presentation was up to four

industrial categories only. The main workers and marginal workers of I 991

are comparable with the main workers and the marginal workers of 1981.

There has been some conceptual change for defining the workers in the

preVIOUS censuses of 1961 and 1971. The main workers and marginal

27

workers of 1981 are comparable with the workers plus non workers with

secondary work of 1971 and workers of 1961. Further, for 1981 census,

only four industrial categories of main workers i.e., cultivators, agricul­

tural laborers, workers engaged in househoid industries and other work­

ers have been adopted against th nine industrial categories of workers

111 1971 and 1961.

The main workers of 1991 are distributed in nine industrial catego­

nes of economic activities. Nature of one's activity and extent of P,lf­

ticipation in economically productive work are the decisive factors for

such classification. Level of economic development of different regions

within the district, availability of opportunities besides willingness to work

especially among women, initiative and entrepreneurship evened by the

men fold in general etc. are the important, factors that influence the

distribution of population under these three categories i.e., main work-

. ers, marginal workers and non-workers. Tab1e 1.8 below shows the dis-,~

tribution of main workers,. marginal workers' and non-workers for total,

rural and urban areas.

Of the rural population of the district returned in 1991 census it

is seen that 47.37 per cent are main workers, 5.30 per cent are marginal

'Workers and the remaining 47.33 per cent is non-workers. The corre­

sponding proportion for the state is 44.18 per cent, 5.48 per cent and

50.31 per cent respectively. The comparison of main workers between

the state and the district shows that the work participation rate in the

rural areas of the district is significantly higher than the state rural fig­

ures. The' work participation rate has moved up considerably to 47.37 . per cent from 1981 level of 44.86 per cent. Among the main workers,

male participation ratein rural area of the district is 54.00 per cent, while

that of female is 40.51 per cent as per 1991 census. Marginal male and

female workers account for 1.22 per cent arid 9.51 per cent respectively

28

Tab

le

1.8

Per

cent

age

of M

ain

Wor

kers

, M

argi

nal

Wor

kers

an

d N

on-w

orke

rs f

or T

owns

, 19

91

Mai

n w

orke

rs t

o M

argi

nal

wor

kers

to

Tot

al w

orke

rs to

N

on-w

orke

rs t

o to

tal

popu

lati

on

tota

l po

pula

tion

to

tal

popu

lati

on

tota

l po

pula

tion

Adm

inis

trat

ion

P M

F

P

M

F

P M

F

P

M

F

Sta

tus

of T

own

1. B

alla

pur

(M)

. 25

.54

43.5

5 5.

73

0.97

0.

96

0.99

26

.51

44.5

1 6.

72

73.4

9 55

.49

93.2

8

2. B

hadr

avat

i (C

.T.)

27

.51

44.3

7 9.

60

1.24

.

0.89

1.

62

28.7

5 45

.26

11.2

2 71

.25

54.7

4 88

.78

3. B

rahm

apur

i (M

) 31

.40

40.1

2 21

.40

8.47

1.

44

5.80

34

.87

41.5

6 27

.20

65.1

3 58

.44

72.8

0

4. C

hand

rapu

r (M

) 28

.39

46.5

2 8.

09

0.53

0.

50

0.57

28

.92

47.0

2 8.

66

71.0

8 52

.98

91.3

4

5. G

hupt

a (C

.T)

.26.

58

44.8

7 5.

99

1.15

1.

21

1.08

27

.73

46.0

8 7.

07

72.2

7 53

.92

92.9

3

6. M

I\d

(M)

87.6

5 50

.51.

24

.48

2 ..

1.3

0.70

3.

60

39.7

8.

51.2

1 2.

08

60.2

2 48

.79

71.9

2

7. N

ako

ra

(C.T

) 25

.58

45.7

4 3.

69

0.20

0.

30

0.09

25

.78

46.0

4 3.

78

74.2

2 53

.96

96.2

2

8. R

ajur

a (M

) 28

.66

46.4

7 8.

18 .

0.

48

0.27

0.

73

29.1

4 46

.74

8.91

70

.86

53.2

6 91

.09

9. S

aati

(C

.T)

29.9

2 47

.03

10.8

9 2.

06

0.36

3.

96

31.9

8 47

.39

14.8

5 68

.02

52.6

1 85

.15

10.

Shi

vaji

(C

.T.)

25

.37

44.6

2 2.

43

0.95

0.

14

1.92

26

.32

44.7

6 13

.68

4.35

55

.24

95.6

5

II.

Vis

apur

(C

.T)

39.8

7 48

.86

30.4

9 2.

86

1.67

4.

10

42.7

3 50

.53

34.5

9 57

.27

49.4

7 65

.41

12.

War

ora

(M.)

28

.34

46.8

8 7.

79

1.32

0.

55

2.18

29

.66

47.4

3 9.

97

70.3

4 52

.57

90.0

3

Dis

tric

t T

otal

(D

) 28

.39

45.6

7 9.

19

1.02

0.

68

1.02

29

.41

46.3

5 10

.57

70.5

9 53

.65

89.4

3

I

I

29

of the total rural population of the district. The proportion of female

marginal workers is higher than that of male because the females besides

attending their household duties also perform one or more economIc

activities to supplement the family income.

There are considerable variation in work population rates among the

tahasil of the district between rural and urban sections and also between

males and females. Generally the work participation rate is more in mral

(47.370/0) than in the urban areas (28.39%). Between the two sexes the

differential is large among the females (40.51 %) mral and (9.19%) urban

than the males (54.00%) rural and (45.67%) urban. Within the district

if the rural area are considered, Mul tahsil occupies the fIrst rank (51.32%)

and Chandrapur occupies the last rank (42.39%) in respect of work

particuipation rate. In Chimur, Nagbhir, Sindewahi and Gondpipari tahsils,

which are entirely rural, the main workers from 48.51 per cenl and 44.24

per cenl respetively, the these are slightly above the over all district average

of 42.05 per cent and district rural average (except Gondpipri tahsil of

47.37 per cent.

The work participation rate for total worker is defined as the per­

centage of total workers to total popUlation.' In a similar way it is defined

for main and marginal workers. 1991 Census recorded 42.05 per cent

of the district population as main workers, 4.10 per cent as marginal

workers and the remaining 53.85 per cent as non-workers. The corre­

sponding figures for the state are 39.28 per cent, 3.68 per cent and 57.02

per cent Compared to 1981 census figures there has been negligible

increase in work participation range for the main workers of the district

as wen as state (41.12%) 1981 and 42.05 in 1991, State 38.71 % in 1981

and 39.28% in 1991). Thus the ratio of persons engaged in economi­

cally productive activity to total population for the district is in 1991

slightly higher than that for the state. Chandrapur holds the 8th place

30

when the 30 districts are arranged in descending order of the proportion

of main workers.

Among the main workers, male participation rate in the' district is

51.60 per cent while that of females is 31.97 per cent as per 1991 census,

the corresponding figures for males and females in 1981 are 53.30 per

cent and 29.64 per cent. It shows that,. in 1991 ther is a slightly de­

crease in males and in_rease in females work participation rate in the

district. The sexswise break-up show that among males and females 1.01

per cent and 7.29 per cent of the population are marginal workers as

against the 1981 male and female marginal workers of 2.06 per cent and

11.36 per cent r~spectively. As compared to 1981 there has been de­

crease in marginal male and female workers in the district. The propor­

tion marginal workers is the hgiehst (9.350/0) 'is Gondpipri tahsil and lowest

in Chandrapur tahsil (1.52%) . In the tahsils of Nagbhir (5.28%))

Brahmapuri (5.31%), Sindewahi (6.05%), Mul (4.76%), and Rajura

(4.59%), the rate is highest.

In the case of urban area, Shivaji Nagar town has the lost rate of

just 25.37 per cent, while Visapur town has the highest rate of 39.87

per cent for main workers. Generally higher degree of urbanization. of

any particular area or region leads to a decrease in the proportion of

workers in the population of the unit. Since Chandrapur is more urban­

ized, it is natural to find that the work participation rate is the loest. By

the same reasoning Sasti being the lest urbanized town naturally contains

a higher proportion of workers in its population.

The work participation rate for main workers in the urban area for

the district is 28.39 per cent as against, the state average of 3 1.52 per

cent. Compared to the state figure there has been a marginal decrease

within urban area of the district. B rahmap uri (31.40 010), Mul (37.65%),

Rajura (28.66%), Ssti (29.92%) and Visapur (39.87%) towns have more

31

averge than the district urban average whreas Ballarpur (25.54%) ,

Bhadravati (27.51 %), Ghugus (26.58%), Nakoda (25.58%), Shivaji Nagar

(25.37%) and Warora (28.340/0) have slightly lower (l\'crage than the district

urban average. However, Chandrapur town has registcred the rate (28.39%)

which is almost equal to the rate of urban areas of the district.

In mral as well as in urban area of the district the proportion of

the main workers in the male population tends to be considerably higher

than that of that of the female population. Chandrapur district too

confonns ot this general tendency. In the district, the proportion of male

main workers in mral and urban areas is 54.00 per cent and 45.57 per

cent respectively as against the over all state average rates of 52.05 per

cent and 50.02 per cent. Roughly, for every 7 female main workers there

are 10 male main worker rural areas of the district as wen as state and

every 2 female main workers there are 10 male main. workers as com­

pared' ot the ratio of 2.10 the urban; areas of the state. In the rural area

of the district 54.00 per cent of the males 40.51 pe cent of the females,

are main worker. But in the mban areas the corresponding rate 45.67

and 9.19 per cent. Obviously the women residing in rural areas' are

economically active than their counterparts in mban area is due to the

disparity in the natme of economic of the tow sectors for which the

statistical data complied separately. Generally the area offer more oppor­

tunities for men and women work in the sphere of primary activities

agriculture, animal husbandry, mining etc. and mechanization has not made

significant density the rural agricultmal economy the per cent income is

comparativie low of the labour intensive nature of agricultural economy

a largenumbe of women are required to participants work especially dming

the peak seasons agricultmal operations like sowing and harvest which

are to be cauied out in a short span of the covering large areas in each

village.

32

1.17 '''ORKERS BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGOIUES:

Thc tablc givcn below indicatcs the distribution of total, male and

fcmale workers ninc industrial categories of econimic activcity for the

distric tand the state (Table 1.10).

Tablc 1.1 ()

Distribution of Worl{crs in Nine Categories of Economic

Activities, 1991

Maharastra Chandrapur

Categoreis of P M F P M

Workers I

I. Cultivators 10172108 6230844 3941264 242426 152904

(32.81) (29.79) (39.07) (32.54) (32.57)

n.Agricultural 8313223 3905511 4407712 264959 111132

Labourers (26.81) (18.67) (43.70) (35.56) (23.67)

III.Livestock, Forstry, 471731 403833 67898 18076 16439

Fishing, Hunting and (1.52) (1.93) (D.67) (2.43) (3.50)

Plantations, Orchards & allied activities

IV Mining & Quarrying 115075 98335 16740 29032 26956

(0.37) (0.47) (0.17) (3.90) (5.74)

V (a)Manufacturing, 498431 336644 161787 13288 10261

Processing, Servicing (1.61) (1.61) (l.60) (1.78) (2.19)

and Repairs in Household Industry (b) Manufacturing, 3597883 3250608 347275 41066 36784

Processing Servicing (11.60) (15.54) (3.44) (5.51) (7.84)

and repairs in other than Household IndustIy

VI. Contractions 801735 709015 92720 19006 15592 (2.59( (3.39( (0.92) (2.55) (3.32)

VII. Trade & Commerce 2656519 2400024 256495 33722 29719 (8.57) (11.47) (2.54) (4.53) (6.33)

VIII. Transport,Storage 1160239 1115676 44563 16451 16069 & Communication (3.74) (5.33) (0.44) (2.21 ) (3.42)

IX Other services 329165 2468051 751114 67090 53636 (10.38) (11.80) (17.45) (8.99) (11.42)

Total 31006109 20918541 10087568 745116 469492 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)

33

The relative importance of the mam spheres of economic activity

may be gauged from the pattem of distribution of main workers accord­

ing to the broad four-fold classification namely, cultivation, agricultural

labour, household industry and other economic activities. The economic

activity of the district is primary dependent on agricuhme, which is

supported by the fact that the cultivators (~2.54%) and a!,rricultural laborers

(35.56%) together constitute 68.10 per cent of the total workers of the . district as against the state average of 59.62 per cent. The agricultural

sector has absorbed about one-third of the total main workers~ this is

so because there is no alternative employment available in the district.

The ratio between cultivators and agricultural laborers of 10: 11 in third

district differs from the state average of 10:8. The proportion of in other

working categories is lower in the district, than the proportion of workers

in the state except for Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting and Plan­

tations, 'Orchards and allied activities, Mining and Quarrying and Manu­

facturing, Processing, herwsting in in house had husbundry it may be

seen that only one third of the workers are engaged in the work other

than agriculture. Among them the major, categories are Livestock, for­

estry, fishing, Hunting and Plantations', Orchards and allied activities

(2.43%), Manufacturing Processing, Servicing and Repairs. in other than

household industry (1.78%), Trade and Commerce: (4.53%) and other

services (8.99%). Tahsilwise distribution of workers in nine industrial

categories of conomic activities is shown in Table 1.11.

The proportion of both cultivators. and agricultural laborer differ con­

siderably from tahasil to tahsil. The proportion of cultivator varies be­

tween 46.09 per cent for Gondpipri tahsil and 10.49 per cent for

Chandrapur tahsil. The proportion for agricuhural labourers varies between

11.24 per cent for Chandrapur tahsil and 49.09 per cent for Chimur

tahsil. Such variations within the district are due to the differences in

34

Tab

le

1.11

Tah

silw

ise

Dis

trib

utio

n of

Wor

kers

in

N

ine

Cat

egor

ies

of E

cono

mic

Ati

viti

es,

1991

S.N

. H

ahas

ils

Cul

tiva

-A

gric

ul

Lab

our

Hou

se-

Indu

stry

F

ores

ting

F

ishi

ng

Hun

ting

P

lant

a-A

llie

d T

otal

tors

tu

ral

hold

ti

on

l.

Cha

ndra

pur

1552

6 16

641

5215

18

515

2564

11

203

1120

3 16

661

1036

5 28

308

1480

35

10.4

9 11

.24

3.52

12

.51

1.78

15

.56

7.57

11

.25

7.00

19

.13

(100

.00)

2.

Bha

drav

ati

1454

0 19

160

882

5047

94

6 23

97

1314

16

95

863

6344

53

488

27.1

8 26

.38

1.65

9.

44

l.77

4.

48

2.46

3.

17

1.61

11

.86

(100

.00)

3.

War

ora

2042

6 24

730

1317

11

14

875

3488

18

40

3085

14

66

7497

65

898

31.0

2 37

.56

2.00

1.

69

1.33

5.

30

2.79

4.

69

2.23

]1

.39

(100

.00)

4.

Chi

mur

24

851

3383

9 13

72

304

1247

11

72

517

1735

26

8 36

24

6892

9

36.0

5 49

.09

1.99

0.

44

1.81

1.

70

0.75

2.

52

0.3

9

5.26

(1

00.0

0)

5.

Nag

bhir

·2

0678

25

042

1084

47

10

25

576

500

1440

56

5 26

40

5359

97

38.5

8 46

.72

2.02

0.

09

1.91

1.

07

0.93

2.

69

1.05

4.

94

(100

.00)

6.

Bra

hmap

uri

2S10

70

2549

9 99

5 21

1 .

874

lJl

611

1880

57

0 36

35

6177

6

44.8

8 39

.36

1.54

0.

33

1.35

2.

21

0.94

2.

90

0.88

5.

61

(l00

.00)

7.

Sin

dew

ahi

2304

5 30

656

1576

46

6 13

60

1003

46

3 16

31

184

2944

63

328

36.3

9 48

.41

2.49

0.

74

2.15

l.

58

0.73

2.

58

0.29

4.

64

( 100

.00)

8.

Mul

30

994

3379

5 20

28

61

]557

14

07

635

2f85

58

3 38

09

7705

4

40.4

2 43

.86

2.63

0:

08

2.02

1.

83

0.82

2.

84

0:76

4.

94

(100

.00)

9.

Gon

dpip

ri

2217

2 18

562

1871

10

3 11

84

461

402

806

180

2368

48

109

46.0

9 38

.58

3.89

0.

21

2.46

0.

96

0.84

1.

68

0.37

4.

92

(100

.00)

10.

Raj

ura

4112

4 36

735

1736

31

64

1656

60

94

1521

' 26

04

1407

59

21

1019

62

40.3

3 36

.03

l.70

3.

10

l.6

2

5.98

1.

49

2.55

1.

38

5.82

(lO

O.O

Ol

Dis

tric

t T

otal

24

2426

26

4959

180

76

2903

2 13

288

1406

6 19

006

3372

2 16

451

6709

0 74

5116

32.5

4 35

.56

2.43

3.

90

1.78

5.

51

2.55

4.

53

2.21

8.

99

(100

.00)

So

urc

e: C

ensu

s, 2

001,

Cha

ndra

pur

(M.S

.).

35

the fertility of soil and resultant cropping and land holding patterns. About

_8 per cent of the workers in the district are directly engage in agri­

culture ad cultivators or agricultural laborers, which is but natural in the

context of the agricultural ecopomy fo the district. There are 119 cul­

tivators and agricultural labourers per 100 hectares of cultivable are. The

following table gives, the tahsBwise distribution of persons engaged In

agriculture per 100 hectares of cultivable area.

Table 1.12

Name of Tahasil Cultivators Total cultivable Cultivators and And area (in hect.) agricultural lab. Agriculture per 100 per hec.

cultivable area

1. Chandrapur 32167 22075.24 146

2. Bhadravati 34000 4076.00 83

3. Warora 45156 63294.53 71

4. Chimur 58690 51~15.00 114

5. Nagbhir 45720 25800.00 177

6. Brabmapuri 54569 . 28764.77 190 .

7. Sindewahi 53701 263~3.94 203

All those persons who have not worked at all during the entire year

under reference period are classified as no?-workers. In the total popu­

lation of the district the proportion of such persons comes to 53.85 per

cent i.e., nearly half of the total population. In rural areas 47.33 per cent

of the population is reported non-workers. However, in urban population

of the district this proportion is 70.59 per cent and it is more than half

of the total urban population. The categories of main workers, marginal

workers and non-workers are complementary to each other. Therefore,

in areas where the proportion of main \vorkers and marginal workers are

high, the proportion of non-workers would be naturally low. Among

females and in urban areas therefore the non-workers are more numer-

36

ous.

Amenities in Villages and Towns:

Information on this aspect is furnished in details in the village and

town directory statements and in a consolidated form in the appendix

and also in the tables presented. The non-censlls information collected

at the village level or town level by the l:ahsildar/Chief Officers was

scrutinized and verified in each district by the District Planning Officers.

The collectors were also requested to once again revivify in case serious

discrepancy was observed. Besides this, the ,non-census infonnation was

cross cheked with the present department, for example infonnation on

electricity was cross checked with Maharashtra State Electricity Broad,

that on roads with public works department, on health with the Direc­

torate of Health and so on.

Educational facilities :

Educational facility at the minimum level of primary education is

available in 1,338 villages that is 90.84 per cent of the 1,473 inhabited

villages of the district and these 1,338 village have 2,105 primary schools

including 11 schools elusively for girls (Appendix VB). As compared to

1981, the proportion of educational facility has increased from 83.12 per

cent to 87.95 per cent in Chandrapur, 86.99 per cent to 92.78 per cent

in Warora, 87.86 per cent to 90.09 p~r cent in Brahmapuri and from

69.96 per cent to 91.46 per cent in Rajura ~ahsils. from the aboe figures

we can say that there is definitely an improvement in this facility in almost

all the tahsil since 1981.

There are many villages having more than ope primary school in

the district In Warona, Chimur, Nagbhir and Brahmaruri tahsils on 'an

average every village has two primary schools. Some large villages has

three or more primary schools. Middle Schools, that is schools with

facilities for teaching higher primary classes (V to vm standard) are fune-

37

tioning in 340 out of ] 473 inhabited villages of the district As few villages

have more than one middle school, the average number of middle schools

per village works out to 0.25 Nonnally when the level of education

increased, the number of villages having the facility and also the number

of institutions gets reduced. I-lence in the rural areas of the district there

are only 141 village's having one or more high schools. It means on

an average are having box surface drains, one has pit system and the

remaining one town has sewer/sewerage as well as open surface _rains

(S/OSD). All the towns except Bralunapuri have water borne town. The

road length in the towns varies from town to town. Generally more

popular have greater road length.

Drinking water supplied through taps to the inhabitants of all towns.

Among them in seven towns drinking water is stored in over head tan1e,

in four towns water is stored in infiltration gallery and in the remaining

one town there is service reservoir. The fIre fighting facilities are avail­

able in Ballarpur, Bhadravati and Chandrapur. The remaining 9 towns can

available this facility, as and v:rhen required from Ballarpur, Bhadravati

and Chandrapur towns which are at a distance' from 4 to 125 kilome­

ters. An the towns of the district are electrified. Comparative figures

regaiding the number of connections to different categories of consum­

ers may be had from Statement IV. Chandrapur stands fIrst in the number

of connections followed by Ballarpur:

In the state, slums in Class I (1 lakh and above) and class n towns

(50,000-99,999) are notified by the competent authorities. Notified~ slums

have been found in Ballarpur and Chandrapur towns of the district

Population in the slum areas of Ballarpur and Chandrapur constitute 69.71

per cent and 15.57 per cent of the total population respectively and the

density per km2 works out to 42,997 persons and 67,319 persons

respectively (Table l.13).

38

Table 1.13

Proportion of Slums Population m Town

Class, name and Proportion of the mums Density in Civic status of population to total in slums The town population of the town (per sq.km.)

.. II Balarpur (M) 69.71 42997 . I Chandrapur (M) 15.57 67319

Total 30.17 49774

Medical facilities are available in all twelve towns. Degree level col­

leges are available in Chandrapur, Ball aqJur, WarOl'a, Bramhapuri,Mul and

Rajura towns. Only Chandrapur town has an engineering college, Poly­

technic Institute are available in Brahmapuri as ~ell as Chandrapur towns.:

The facilities for studying in medical college are available at Nagpur which

IS about 107 to 199 kilometers from ·the.

The facility of stadium is . available in Chandrapur and Sasti towns

while Cinema theaters are available in all towns. Ballarpur and Chanclrapur

towns have 5 and 4 auditorium drama halls, respectively and other towns

have one or two drama halls. Public ·liberaries and reading rooms ~re

available in 7 out of 12 towns in the district Working women's hostels

are available is Brahmapuri, Charidrapur, Bllarpur, Rajura and Warora

towns, as these towns are larger in size.

Each town is functioning as a marketing center in respect of the

surrounding villages. Every town has a pennanent market and weekly

market is also held for the benefit of the villages as well as the town

dwellers. In all towns there are bankin facilities. Detailed information are

grading commodities imported, exported and manufactured is given in

the statement VI of Town Directory.

39

Industries :

The economic wen being of a particular area, depends upon the

pace of industrial development that has taken place theirin. Greater the

industrial development greater is the scope of employment Though in­

dustries alone can not provide employment to an the working force in

the area, the ovide the maximum. The district of Chandrapur can not

said to be a industrially advance. With the district abounding in mineral

wealth and forests there are only eight large-scale industries located, which

manufacture paper, glass, pottery and oil. These are Ballarpur Paper and

Straw Board Mills at Ballarpur, Swastik Glass Works at Chandarpur,

Dadabhoy Potteries at Ballarpur, Bashit Oil Mills at Warora, etc. The

general pattern of non-agricultural employment however leans heavily . towards small scale and house holds industries. The employment in nona­

gricultural sector depends mainly upon the village and cottage industries.

1.18 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

Objectives of the study are as fo11ows:-

1. To study the distribution and growth and growth of landless

~abourers in the study area.

2. To assess the general characteristics of the sampled landless

labourers like their number, age, sex and religion Wise distribu-I

/' tions, family size, marital and educational status, amenities and

facilities availed by them (like health care facility, drinking water

facility, school facility, electricity facility), awareness of various

programmes (like Anti-Poverty, Minimum Wage Act and Family

Planning Programmes etc.).

3. To assess the employment of the sampled landless labourers III

the agricultural sector i.e. number of workers employed, type of

./'k done, month-wise and season-\;Vise employment, wage rates

/' and employment through animal husbandry etc. 40

4. To assess the employment of the sample landless labourers in the . • non-agricultural sector, i.e. numb'~r of workers employed, type of

work done inside and outside the village, number of days of

~nployment, wage rates, type of work done by daily commuters,

/ their number of days of employment, various aspects of seasonal

migration (like push and pull factors, age, caste, marital status,

place of migration, type of work done, number of days of em­

ployment, wage rates etc.).

5. To assess the employment of children of the sampled landless

labourers in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors; their family

background, number, age, family size, religion, education, number

/

/ of days of employment, working .hours, type of work done, wage

rates, expenditure of their income, health and drop out from

schools etc.

6. To assess the social conditions of the sampled landless labourers

like their income; assets (like land, house, animals and agricultural

implements), their expenditure (on food, clothing, social coremontes)

and various aspects of indebtedness (like amount of debt taken,

source of debt, rate of interest and: purpose of debt etc.) .

. 7. To assess the role of landless labourers in the agricultural economy

of the study area - their role in crop-wise and season-wise op­

erations, in various agricultural operations, in different farm sizes, /m various livestock operations, impact of new agricultural technology

on their employment and income and problems of unemployment.

1.19 COLLECTION OF DATA :

The data to be collect both from primary and secondary sources. ____ ---------- .-Y

Data from primary sources have been collected through:

1. _ Field surveys /'

41

,'.

n.

111. Interview with landless labourers. //

IV. Discussions with government oflicials.".---

The field work was done by the researcher during the years 2002

and 2003 for getting accurate infonnation, the landless labour household

were visited frequently. A questionnaire was designed to collect the

relevant infonnation related to socio-economic conditions of landless

labourers. Sufficient care was taken make the questionnaire communicable

to the repondents. The respondents for household questionnaire were

the heads or important persons of the household.

Data from secondary sources have been collected primarily from

various bulletins.

1. District Census Handbook 9f Raipur and Chandrapur (1961,

971, 1981, 1991, 2001) published by Directorate of Census

Operation, Raipur and -Bombay.

11. Sankhyiki Patrika (Statistical Bulletin, Year-wise from 1961

to 2001) published by District Statistics Office, Raipuf and

Chandrapur.

1.20 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

The data for studying the socio-economic conditions of the landless

labourers were drawn from a comprehensive survey of 850 landless ...:- PiIIII/flfJliilliiilliif'? f 'IiI~

labour households in the study area with the help of a questionnaire,

during 2002 and 2003.

The sample design to be adopted a purposeful one having two

stages. The first sage consisted of selecting villages randomly from the

study area.

The second state consisted of selecting the landless labour house­

holds from the 50 villages (25 villages from each district). From every

42

village 17 landless labour households were selected randomly. In this

way 850 landless labour households were selected from the both district

(425 samples from each district).

Simple statistical tools to be calclilated for the easy understanding

of the data.

1.21 HYPOTHESIS:

The following hypothesis are as under:

1. The role which the landless labourers play in the agricultural

economy is every crucial and important because the availability

of labour is a major constraint in the agricultural land-use

and cropping pattern of a regio~. They influence the decision

making process of the fanners.

n. Agricultural congestion constitutes a major impediment to

raising agricultural production and productivity and despite

rapid urbanization a major proportion of the growth m

labour force will continue to occur in the rural areas.

m. Agriculture provides employment to most of the landless

labourers but seasonal unemployment remains on most of

the holdings while there i~ shortage of labour during the

peak periods of crop sowing and harvesting.

IV. Few job opportunities occur outside agriculture. Unemploy­

ment compells the landless labourers to move outside the . villages in search of better employment where the conditions

are worse.

1.22 STUDY AREA

Raipur District

Raipur is one of the important district of Chhattisgarh located in

the central part of the State at a distance of' about 430 kms from Bastar.

43

It lies in the central part of the Mahanadi-Kharun daub. It is bounded

by Bilaspur district in the north, Kanker district in the south and south­

west and Rajnandgaon district in the east and south cast. The extreme

north-eastem boundary is formed by the river Mahanadi.

The district has been divided into thirteen tahasils and fifteen

blocks. These blocks are namely-Raipur (Dharsiwa), Abhanpur, Arang,

Tilda, Balodabazar, Palari, Bhilaigarh, Kasdol, Simga, Bhatapara, Rajim,

Deobhog, Gariyaband, Chhurra and Manpur.

Chnadrapur District

Clmadrapur district is located at the east em edge of Maharashtra.

"Chandrapur" is a corrupted version of original "Lokapura" and later

"Indapur". The eastern and western boundaries of the district are well

defined by the rivers Wainganga and Wardha respectively. All rivers flow

in the direction of north to south parallel to the slop of the district. The

district has been divided into ten blocks. These are - Chandrapur,

Bhadrawati, Warora, Chimur, Nagbhir, Bramhapuri, Sindewahi, Mul,

Gondpipri and Rajura.

Chandrapur, the headquarters of the district to which its gives its

name, is the largest city in the district. The town in gradually falling

outside the fort walls. The forts wall have a number of gates and

windows and the walls on the western side project the town from the

Erai floods. It is a major railway station on the Delhi-Madras railway

line. The city possesses several architectural features of interest.

Chandrapur district is the eastern part of the greater tract known

as the "Vidarbha" which is famous for various types of minerals like

iron, coal etc. For administrative convenience and industrial and agricultural

development Chandrapur district was divided into Chandrapur and

Gadchirnli district after 1981 census. Chandrapur district now comprises

the tahsils of Chandrapur, Bhadravati, Warora, Chimur, Nagbhir,

Brahmapuri, Sindewahi, Mul, Gondpipri and Rajura.

44

The district earlier known as Chandrapur and now Chandrapur is

shrouded in mystery. Tradition and legends tell that the name of this ,

place was lokapura which was first changed to lndupur and subsequcntly

to Chandrapur. During the period of the British Raj. Chandrapur camc

to be called as Chanda which was again changed to its original name

Chandrapur around 1964.

Sampled from each district

S.N. Sectors Raipur Chandrapur Total

l. Agriculture 213 212 425

2. Non-agriculture 212 213 425

Total 425 425 850

Thus, the total number of sampled = 850.