chapter iv research findings and discussion -...

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This research is conducted to classify the types of medical terms in tv

series Grey’s Anatomy. Researcher analyzes translation techniques applied by

the translator in translating medical terms to find out the effect of the use of

translation techniques to the translation quality in terms of accuracy,

acceptability, and readability. The researcher applied translation techniques

theory by Molina and Albir (2002) and Newmark (1988: 81-91) because this

research analyzes medical terms in the level of words and phrases, the theory

of translation technique by Molina and Albir and Newmark are considered as

the suitable theory.

There are 153 data found in the tv series Grey’s Anatomy. The

analysis of translation quality involves raters to assess accuracy and involve

respondents to assess acceptability and readability of the translation. This

research also presents the calculation of the translation quality assessment of

medical terms found in the tv series Grey’s Anatomy.

A. Research Findings

1. Types of Medical Terms and How They are Translated

This part contains the categories of medical terms data in both source text

and target text and technique used in translating the data. After classifying the

types of data, the researcher discusses the types of translation techniques which

are applied by the translator.

There are 11 categories of medical terms in this research. They are;

medical specialty, profession, procedure, condition, body part, medicine,

hospital room, instrument, body system, blood related and characteristics of

cell. In analyzing the translation techniques of medical terms data, the

researcher used the theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) and Newmark

(1988). In this research, the translator applied 8 single techniques: a)

established equivalent, b) pure borrowing, c) naturalized borrowing, e)

amplification, f) generalization, g) description, h) literal, and i) through

translation. Some medical terms are translated using couplets technique. Below

are the types of medical terms as well as the techniques used in translating

medical terms in tv series Grey’s Anatomy.

1.1. Medical Specialty

The first category of medical term is medical specialty. This category

contains a specialty of medicine inside surgical, internal medicine, diagnostic

or clinical specialties (Segen's Medical Dictionary: 2012). There are 8 data

found in this research which are included in medical specialty category. Most

of them are translated using established equivalent and there is a term that is

translated using amplification technique. In medical specialty category, there is

a shift category between category of SL and TL. There is one data found which

has a shift category. Below is the table of medical specialty category data and

translation technique used in translating the data.

Table 4.1 Medical Specialty Category and Its Translation Technique

Datum ST TT Category Technique

001/GA/S9-

013-02:56/MS

Derm Dermatologi Medical

Specialty

Established

equivalent

003/GA/S9-

013-02:57/MS

Cardio Kardiologi Medical

Specialty

Established

equivalent

004/GA/S9-

013-02:59/MS

Ortho Ortopedi Medical

Specialty

Established

equivalent

080/GA/S9-

013-27:45/MS

Dermatology Dermatologi Medical

Specialty

Established

equivalent

090/GA/S9-

014-01:15/MS

Oncology Onkologi Medical

Specialty

Established

equivalent

103/GA/S9-

014-11:03/Pf

Orthodontics Ortodontik Medical

Specialty

Established

equivalent

102/GA/S9-

014-11:03/MS

Dental Asuransi Gigi Medical

Specialty

Established

equivalent

020/GA/S9-

013-06:49/MS

Plastics Bedah Plastik Profession Amplification

Below are the examples of translation techique applied by the translator in

translating medical term of medical specialty category.

Example 1:

Context of situation:

Dr. Derek told dr. Kepner about the planning of financial cutting to keep the

hospital from closing the ER, he suggests to cut several fellows from

dermatology to make less spending for the hospital.

ST

Dr. Derek: See, 'cause if derm cuts a fellow, and then cardio skips the TED

conference, and then cardio skips the TED conference plastic/ortho shares lab

facilities, we'll get a little bit here, a little bit there, and we'll have enough saved

to keep the ER alive.

TT

Dr. Derek: Tentu saja. Andai Dermatologi memecat satu dokter pelatihan

lalu Kardiologi tak ikut konferensi TED Bedah Plastik dan Ortopedi berbagi

fasilitas laboratorium kita akan dapat sedikit di sini, sedikit di sana. Kita akan

mempunyai persediaan yang cukup untuk UGD.

(001/GA/S9-013-02:56/MS)

The example above shows the using of established equivalent technique

when the translator translates derm into dermatologi. According to Molina and

Albir (2002: 510), established equivalent is a translation tehnique applied by

the translator by take a word or expression straight from another language and

naturalized to fit the spelling rules in the TL. Derm is an abbreviation of

dermatology which is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and

treatment of skin diseases (Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of

Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition: 2003). The translator

can find the equivalent term of derm in target language as dermatologi. Both

terms refer to the same thing. Moreover, the term of dermatologi is commonly

used in Indonesia as the medical term. There are 6 data of medical terms in

medical specialty category found in this research that are translated by using

established equivalent technique.

Example 2:


In the OR Dr. Hunt is ready to operate the patient’s nose. He asks the nurse to

call plastic to help him operate the patient’s nose.

ST

Dr. Hunt : Okay, everything appears stable. Let's redress the nose. Page

plastics.

Nurse : Right away.

Dr. Hunt : Gown me.

TT

Dr. Hunt : Semuanya tampak stabil. Mari kita perbaiki hidungnya dan

hubungi Bedah Plastik.

Nurse : Segera.

Dr. Hunt : Pakaikan baju bedahku.

(020/GA/S9-013-06:49/MS)

The example above shows that the translator applies amplification

technique. Plastics is translated into bedah plastik. The translator is adding the

implicit information which is bedah in TT. The context situation shows that Dr.

Hunt asks a nurse to call a plastic surgeon to help him redressing the patient’s

nose since he is a trauma surgeon. In here, it shows that translator is trying to

make sure that audiences catch the exact meaning of the context by adding

term bedah. This category of the datum change from Medical Specialty

category becomes Profession category. It is because translator tries to specify

the term, so that audiences can catch a contextual meaning.

1.2. Profession Category

The second category of medical term is profession. Profession is

individuals who are qualified to practice medicine (Saunders, 2003). There are

5 data found in this research which are included in profession category. All of

them are translated using established equivalent technique. In profession

category, there is no shift category between category of SL and TL. Below is

the table of profession category data and translation technique used in

translating the data

Table 4.2. Profession Category and Its Translation Technique


002/GA/S9-

013-02:56/Pf

Fellow Dokter

Pelatihan

Profession Established

equivalent

010/GA/S9-

013-05:02/Pf

Attendings Dokter

Konsulen

Profession Established

equivalent

104/GA/S9-

014-11:50/Pf

Doctor Dokter Profession Established

equivalent

124/GA/S9-

014-21:30/Pf

Nurse Perawat Profession Established

equivalent

074/GA/S9-

013-22:12/MS

Radiologist Radiolog Profession Established

equivalent

Below are the examples of translation techique applied by the translator in

translating medical terms of profession category.

Example 1:

Context of situation

There is a patient who needs to be cared so that dr. Callie asked dr. Karev to

deal with the patient. Dr. Callie is an attending and dr. Karev is a fellow so she

has the right to order dr. Karev.

ST

Dr. Callie : Karev, get in there.

Dr. Karev : Why me?

Dr. Callie : We're attendings. You're a fellow. It's an order.

TT

Dr. Callie : Karev masuk kesana.

Dr. Karev : Kenapa aku?

Dr. Callie : Kami dokter konsulen. Kau dokter pelatihan. Ini perintah.

(010/GA/S9-013-05:02/Pf)


when the translator translates attendings into dokter konsulen. According to

Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary (2012), the definition of attending is a

physician supervising the care of patients by interns, residents, and/or medical

students. So it refers to doctor who may lead other people on rounds to visit

patients. The translator transfers it by using the closest equivalent word in

target language. The word dokter konsulen represents the meaning in source

text.

Example 2:


Dr.Yang and several doctors try to give a first aid for the hit and run victim.

Because they do it secretly, Dr. Yang give a job for other doctors such as guard

the door and be the nurse.

ST

Dr. Yang : Happy, Ponytail, you man the doors. Mousy, be the nurse. We

need gloves.

Dr. Brooks : Why do I have to be the nurse?

TT

Dr. Yang : Happy, Kucir, kalian jaga pintu. Mousey, kau menjadi perawat.

Kita butuh sarung tangan.

Dr. Brooks : Kenapa aku harus menjadi perawat?

(124/GA/S9-014-21:30/Pf)


when the translator translates nurse into perawat. Nurse is a person trained in

the scientific basis of nursing, meeting certain prescribed standards of

education and clinical competence to provide services that are essential to or

helpful in the restoration of health and well-being (Saunders, 2003). While

perawat means “orang yang mendapat pendidikan khusus untuk merawat,

terutama merawat orang sakit” from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. The

meaning of term nurse is equivalent with perawat. The application of nurse as

the translation for perawat is correct because the term is commonly applied as

an equivalent in TL. In addition, the message of SL is clearly transferred.

1.3. Procedure Category

The next category in medical term is procedure category. In medical,

procedure means a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest

disease in a living body (Farlex, 2013). There are 32 data found in this research

which are included in procedure category. Most of them are translated using

established equivalent and some of them are translated into target text using

description, through translation, naturalized borrowing, and literal technique. In

procedure category, there is no shift category between category of SL and TL.

Below is the table of procedure category data and translation technique used in

translating the data.

Table 4.3. Procedure Category and Its Translation Technique


011/GA/S9-

013-05:54/Pd

Emergency

medicine

Pengobatan

darurat

Procedure Established

equivalent

101/GA/S9-

014-09:07/Pd

A full gender

reassignment

Penggantian

kelamin

penuh


equivalent

105/GA/S9-

014-14:41/Pd

Basic wound

closures

Penjahitan

luka dasar


equivalent

106/GA/S9-

014-14:41/Pd

Interrupted

two-layer

technique

Teknik dua

lapis terputus


equivalent

107/GA/S9-

014-15:02/Pd

Butt lifts Operasi

bokong


equivalent

108/GA/S9-

014-15:02/Pd

Breast

implants

(operasi)

Payudara


equivalent

109/GA/S9-

014-15:05/Pd

Face

transplant

Transplantasi

wajah


equivalent

110/GA/S9-

014-15:11/Pd

Liposuction Sedot lemak Procedure Established

equivalent

111/GA/S9-

014-15:11/Pd

Body

sculpting

Pembentukan

tubuh


equivalent

112/GA/S9-

014-15:14/Pd

Skin grafts Cangkok kulit Procedure Established

equivalent

113/GA/S9-

014-15:50/Pd

Intubate Mengintubasi Procedure Established

equivalent

114/GA/S9-

014-15:50/Pd

Ventilate Pernapasan

buatan


equivalent

078/GA/S9-

013-25:41/Pd

Blood

Transfusion

Transfusi

darah


equivalent

083/GA/S9-

013-31:06/Pd

Close Menjahit Procedure Established

equivalent

150/GA/S9-

014-29:31/Pd

Cartilage

generation

work

Pembuatan

tulang rawan


equivalent

137/GA/S9-

014-24:46/Pd

Infusion rate Laju infus Procedure Established

equivalent

127/GA/S9-

014-22:29/Pd

Rapid

sequence

intubation

Rangkaian

intubasi

cepat


equivalence

148/GA/S9-

014-28:55/Pd

Cardiac cath Kateterisasi

jantung


equivalent

061/GA/S9-

013-17:05/Pd

Endovascular

repair

Operasi

endovaskuler


equivalent

064/GA/S9-

013-18:07/Pd

Sutures Jahitan Procedure Established

equivalent

151/GA/S9-

014-32:12/Pd

Keyhole

incision

Sayatan

laparoskopi


equivalent

035/GA/S9-

013-14:19/Pd

EKG EKG Procedure Through

translation

144/GA/S9-

014-27:53/Pd

CPR CPR Procedure Through

translation

069/GA/S9-

013-21:34/Pd

CPK CPK Procedure Through

translation

152/GA/S9-

014-32:39/Pd

Resection Reseksi Procedure Naturalized

borrowing

138/GA/S9-

014-25:34/Pd

Diagnostic Diagnostik Procedure Naturalized

borrowing

116/GA/S9-

014-16:04/Pd

Crike Krikotirotomi Procedure Naturalized

borrowing

081/GA/S9-

013-31:06/Pd

Debriding Membuang

jaringan

matinya

Procedure Description

059/GA/S9-

013-17:02/Pd

Percutaneous

ly

Masuk

melalui kulit

Procedure Description

087/GA/S9-

013-34:14/Pd

Relaxing

incision

Irisan Procedure Generalization

006/GA/S9-

013-04:33/Pd

Double hip

replacement

Dioperasi

pinggul

ganda

Procedure Literal

005/GA/S9-

013-04:11/Pd

Hernias Bedah

Hernia

Procedure Amplification

Below is the examples of translation techique applied by the translator in

translating medical term of procedure category.

Example 1:


In the operation room, dr. Karev and dr. Avery are operating their patient. They

keep updating each other when they finish doing a procedure.

ST

Dr. Karev : All right, well, this keyhole incision is done.

TT

Dr. Karev : Baiklah, sayatan laparoskopi ini sudah selesai.

(151/GA/S9-014-32:12/Pd)

The example above shows that the translator applies established

equivalent technique. Here, the term of keyhole incision is also known as

laparoscopy or minimally invasive surgery means type of surgical procedure

that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the abdomen and pelvis without

having to make large incisions in the skin (Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary,

2012). The term of keyhole incision is translated into sayatan laparoskopi.

Both of the term is well known in target language, but medical people is more

familiar with the term sayatan laparoskopi instead of keyhole incision because

keyhole incision is not translated into target language.

Example 2:


When dr. Nebbeum explains his method of hernia surgery, dr. Webber try to

explaining his own method to dr. Nebbeum because he didn’t agree with dr.

Nebbeum method.

ST

Dr. Webber : See, when I use the relaxing incision to oppose the tissue

without tension I achieve the same result without the use of

mesh.

Dr. Nebbeum : But this method will no longer be performed at Seattle

Grace. The method we learned today is the accepted

method for open primary repairs hospital-wide.

TT

Dr. Webber : Saat aku membuat irisan di dekat jaringan tanpa tekanan

aku mencapai hasil yang sama tanpa menggunakan jala.

Dr. Nebbaum :Tapi metode ini tak akan lagi dilakukan di Seattle Grace.

Metode yang kita pelajari hari ini adalah metode yang

diterima untuk operasi terbuka utama di seluruh rumah

sakit.

(087/GA/S9-013-34:14/Pd)

The example above is an example of generalization technique applied in

translating the data. Generalization is a translation technique that replaces a

word or term from the source language with a more general or neutral term

(Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). Translator translates the term relaxing incision

into irisan. Based on Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2007)

relaxing incision is made to allow movement of skin for closure of a wound or

parallel incision. The term relaxing incision is translated generally by the

translator into irisan in the target text. Relaxing incision is one of many types

of incision, it is a specific type of it. Translator just transfer the term in general

which is the incision. The writer suggests that it is better if the translator finds

the equivalent word of relaxing incision and uses it in the translation. In the

target language, there is a medical term that is equivalent with the term

relaxing incision which is insisi relaksasi.

1.4. Condition Category

Condition becomes one of medical term categories. This category consists

of disease, illness or injury (Segen's Medical Dictionary, 2012). There are 29

data found in this research which includes in condition category. Most of the

data are translated into TT using established equivalent technique. In condition


the table of condition category data and translation technique used in


Table 4.4. Condition Category and Its Translation Technique


007/GA/S9-

013-04:38/C

Post-op Pascaoperasi Condition Established

equivalent

012/GA/S9-

013-06:11/C

Deep neck

leceration

Robekan leher

dalam

Condition Established

equivalent

017/GA/S9-

013-06:20/C

Stridorous Berbunyi Condition Established

equivalent

026/GA/S9-

013-11:54/C

Cardiac trauma Trauma

jantung


equivalent

032/GA/S9-

013-13:45/C

Brain bleed Pendarahan

otak


equivalent

093/GA/S9-

014-01:15/C

Cellular

transformation

Transformasi

sel


equivalent

149/GA/S9-

014-28:55/C

Heart disease Penyakit

jantung


equivalent

041/GA/S9-

013-14:40/C

On any

medications

Sedang dalam

pengobatan


equivalent

022/GA/S9-

013-09:48/C

Pulled a

muscle

Terkilir Condition Established

equivalent

040/GA/S9-

013-14:38/C

Allergies Alergi Condition Established

equivalent

099/GA/S9-

014-06:16/C

Staged silo

repair

Perbaikan silo

bertahap


equivalent

115/GA/S9-

014-15:51/C

SAT Saturasi Condition Established

equivalent

045/GA/S9-

013-14:53/C

Aortic

transection

Aortanya

tersayat


equivalent

079/GA/S9-

013-25:46/C

Disease

transmission

Penularan

penyakit


equivalent

008/GA/S9-

013-04:41/C

Clots Pembekuan

darah

Condition Description

009/GA/S9-

013-04:41/C

Contractures Pengencangan

otot


076/GA/S9-

013-23:10/C

Atrophy Menyusut Condition Description

088/GA/S9-

013-35:17/C

V-fib Denyut

jantungnya

masih tak

teratur


142/GA/S9-

014-27:49/C

Bradying

down

Denyut

jantungnya

melemah


015/GA/S9-

013-06:16/C

Tachycardic Takikardi Condition Naturalized

borrowing

098/GA/S9-

014-06:16/C

Gastrochisis Gastroskisis Condition Naturalized

borrowing

033/GA/S9-

013-14:16/C

Systolic Sistolik Condition Naturalized

borrowing

117/GA/S9-

014-16:06/C

Sub-Q

emphysema

Emfisema

subkutan

Condition Naturalized

borrowing

141/GA/S9-

014-27:09/C

Pneumopericar

dium

Pneumoperika

rdium


borrowing

014/GA/S9-

013-06:16/C

Hypotensive Hipotensi Condition Naturalized

borrowing

044/GA/S9-

013-14:50/C

Mediastinal

hematoma

Hematoma

mediastinum

Condition naturalized

borrowing

021/GA/S9-

013-07:01/C

Stroking out Peluang

kematian

karena stroke

Condition Amplification

027/GA/S9-

013-12:58/C

Back bleeding Perdarahan

belakang

Condition Literal

146/GA/S9-

014-27:56/C

Tension

pneumo

Pneumosefalus

tegang


borrowing +

established

equivalent

Below is the example of translation techique applied by the translator in

translating medical term of condition category.

Example 1:


Dr. Callie tells dr. Karev and dr. Robbins about the condition of their patient

after the post-op. If she does not try to walk again there will be several

condition that effect her leg.

ST

Dr.Callie : She's angry. She's 13 and she had a double hip replacement.

You'd be angry, too.

Dr. Karev : She's mean. Like a badger.

Dr. Callie : She's three days post-op now. Okay?

If she doesn't move her hips, we're looking at clots, contractures,

poor recovery.

TT

Dr. Callie : Hentikanlah. Dia marah. Usianya 13 tahun dan dia dioperasi

pinggul ganda. Kalian juga pasti akan marah.

Dr. Karev : Dia kejam. Seperti musang.

Dr. Callie : Sudah tiga hari pascaoperasi. Jika dia tak menggerakkan

pinggul, mungking akan ada pembekuan darah, pengencangan otot,

pemulihan yang buruk.

(009/GA/S9-013-04:41/C)

The example above can be seen on the outside of patient room scene. On

the scene, Dr. Callie tells dr. Karev and dr. Robbins about the condition of their

patient after the post-op. If she does not try to walk again there will be several


Dr. Callie mentioned contracture which is a medical term that belongs to

the category of condition. In this technique, the medical term is translated by

replacing the term with the description of it. According to Miller-Keane

Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh

Edition (2003), contracture is abnormal shortening of muscle tissue, rendering

the muscle highly resistant to stretching; this can lead to permanent disability.

In TT contractures has an equivalent term which is kontraktur but that term is

not familiar for target audiences thus the translator uses decription technique to

make translation more familiar and understandable in target language.

Example 2:


Dr. Karev was trying to persuade his patient to learn walking, but she didn’t

want it. The patient told dr. Karev about her condition before she treated in

hospital.

ST

Patient: I was going to the Rio Olympics. I was next. When my hips started to

hurt, I thought that I pulled a muscle, so I trained through it. I'm not

next anymore. I'm nothing. I'm number zero.

TT

Pasien: Aku akan pergi ke Olimpiade Rio. Aku yang berikutnya. Saat

pinggulku mulai sakit, kukira aku hanya terkilir. Jadi, aku berlatih

dengan menahan rasa sakit itu. Sekarang aku bukan yang berikutnya

lagi. Aku bukan siapa-siapa. Aku tak berarti.

(022/GA/S9-013-09:48/C)


when the translator translates pulled a muscle into terkilir. Pulled a muscle is

an injury to a muscle or tendon in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of

overstretching (T. A. Järvinen, et al., 2007, pp. 317-31). The word pulled a

muscle is translated into terkilir which is established in target language.

According to Iqfadhilah (2012), the word terkilir is cedera yang disebabkan

oleh sebuah trauma sehingga menyebabkan peregangan atau robekan ligament

jaringan pengikat antara dua persendian tulang.

From the explanation above, there is no problem if the translator translates

term pulled a muscle into terkilir because the term is commonly applied as an

equivalent in TL. In addition, the message of SL is clearly transfered.

Example 3:


Several doctors try to help a patient of car accident, but the condition of the

patient is slowly not stable.

ST

Dr. Hunt : His SATs are dropping. I think he has a tension pneumo.

TT

Dr. Hunt : Saturasinya anjlok. Kurasa dia menderita pneumosefalus

tegang.

(146/GA/S9-014-27:56/C)

By noticing the data above, the translator translates the phrase tension

pneumo into pneumosefalus tegang. The translator applied couplets technique;

naturalized borrowing and established equivalence. The word pneumo which is

the abbreviation of pneumochepalus is borrowed naturally from ST. The

meaning of pneumosefalus is berkurangnya densitas karena udara/gas (Doni,

2016). The term pneumosafulus is not commonly used in target language.

There is no equivalence term in target language, so translator naturalizing the

term by borrowing the word pneumochepalus and naturalized the spelling of

the word in target language into pneumosefalus. The other technique is

established equivalence. Tension is translated by the translator into tegang in

the target text. The meaning of the word tension is the condition of being

stretched or strained; the degree to which something is stretched or strained

(Saunders, 2003). The word tension has equivalence with tegang in target

language. The meaning of the word tegang is kencang, regang seperti tali yang

ditarik atau direntangkan (KBBI).

1.5. Body Part Category

This category contains of the part of human body and organ of the body.

There are 15 data found in this research which are included in Body Part

category. The data are translated into TT using established equivalent

technique. In body part category, there is no shift category between category of

SL and TL. Below is the table of body part category data and translation

technique used in translating the data.

Table 4.5. Body Part Category and Its Translation Technique


013/GA/S9-

013-06:11/BP

Major blood

vessels

Pembuluh

darah utama

Body Part Established

equivalent

016/GA/S9-

013-06:19/BP

Airway Saluran

napas


equivalent

018/GA/S9-

013-06:20/BP

Trachea Batang

tenggorok


equivalent

019/GA/S9-

013-06:26/BP

Carotid Arteri leher Body Part Established

equivalent

062/GA/S9-

013-17:29/BP

Pubic

tubercle

Tonjolan

tulang

kemaluan


equivalent

066/GA/S9-

013-19:43/BP

Saphenous

vein

Vena safena Body Part Established

equivalent

075/GA/S9-

013-23:10/BP

The muscles Otot-otot Body Part Established

equivalent

097/GA/S9-

014-05:06/BP

Appendix Usus buntu Body Part Established

equivalent

100/GA/S9-

014-06:21/BP

Intestines Usus Body Part Established

equivalent

125/GA/S9-

014-22:08/BP

Uterus Rahim Body Part Established

equivalent

130/GA/S9-

014-22:48/BP

Cords Saraf Body Part Established

equivalent

153/GA/S9-

014-32:40/BP

Spleen Limpa Body Part Established

equivalent

086/GA/S9-

013-33:31/BP

Aneurysm Aneurisma Body Part Established

equivalent

145/GA/S9-

014-27:54/BP

Trachea Trakea Body Part Established

equivalent

029/GA/S9-

013-13:12/BP

Collateral

flow

Aliran

kolateral


equivalent


translating medical term of body part category.

Example 1:


Dr. Callie explains to her patient what is the consequence if she doesn’t want to

obey her suggestion. The patient is in the post-operation situation and need to

train her leg to get used to walk.

ST

Dr. Callie : Simmi, if you don't move, I'm gonna have to say that you're acting

against medical advice. We will discharge you, you will go home,

and you will rot, okay? The muscles around your new hips will

atrophy, and you will probably never walk again.

TT

Dr. Callie : Simmi, kalau kau tak bergerak, aku akan harus mengatakan kau

bertindak bertentangan dengan saran medis. Kami akan

membiarkanmu pergi, kau akan pulang dan membusuk. Otot-otot

di sekitar pinggulmu yang baru akan menyusut dan kau mungkin

tak akan pernah berjalan lagi.

(075/GA/S9-013-23:10/BP)

The example above can be seen on patient room scene. On the scene, Dr.

Callie explains to her patient what is the consequence if she doesn’t want to

obey her suggestion. The patient is in the post-operation situation and need to

train her leg to get used to walk.

Dr. Callie mentioned the muscles which is a medical term that belongs to

the category of body part. The meaning of the word the muscles is a bundle of

long slender cells that have the power to contract and hence to produce

movement. The word the muscles has equivalence with otot-otot in target

language. Based on KBBI, the meaning of the word otot-otot is jaringan kenyal

dalam tubuh manusia dan hewan yang berfungsi menggerakkan organ tubuh.

The translation is easy to understand by target readers because otot is

recognized by target audiences. Thus, the term otot is an appropriate equivalent

for the term the muscles in ST.

Example 2:


Dr Derek asked about condition of dr. Jeff’s whose saved by dr. Derek and

reminds him about the day he saved his sister so that dr. Jeff want to support

his idea about the financial cutting for the hospital.

ST

Dr. Derek : Well, I'll never forget how grateful you were when I clipped her

aneurysm. And you said "if there's anything I can ever do for

you..."

TT

Dr. Derek : Aku tak akan pernah lupa betapa bersyukur kau saat aku

mengangkat aneurisma-nya. Kau berkata, "Jika ada sesuatu yang

bisa aku lakukan untukmu..."

(086/GA/S9-013-33:31/BP)

The example above can be seen on the scene when Dr Derek asked about

condition of dr. Jeff’s whose saved by dr. Derek and reminds him about the day

he saved his sister so that dr. Jeff want to support his idea about the financial

cutting for the hospital. Dr. Dereken mentioned the medical term, that is

aneurysm. The term aneurysm belongs to the medical terms for body part

category. As can be seen, the translator borrowed the word aneurysm and

naturalized the spelling of the word in target language into aneurisma.

1.6. Medicine Category

This category contains of a substance, especially a drug, used to treat the

signs and symptoms of a disease, condition, or injury (The American Heritage

Medical Dictionary, 2007). There are 16 data found in this research which are

included in medicine category. Most of them are translated into TT using pure

borrowing technique, and some of them are translated using established

equivalent, naturalized borrowing, and couplet technique. In medicine


the table of medicine category data and translation technique used in


Table 4.6. Medicine Category and Its Translation Technique


024/GA/S9-

013-10:51/M

Sub-q

enoxaparin

Sub-Q

Enoxaparin

Medicine Pure borrowing

139/GA/S9-

014-26:22/M

Propofol Propofol Medicine Pure borrowing

054/GA/S9-

013-16:34/M

Avitene Avitene Medicine Pure borrowing

067/GA/S9-

013-19:50/M

Betadine Betadine Medicine Pure borrowing

071/GA/S9-

013-21:41/M

EPO EPO Medicine Pure borrowing

089/GA/S9-

013-35:20/M

Epi Epinefrin Medicine Naturalized

borrowing

140/GA/S9-

014-26:22/M

Gentamicin Gentasimin Medicine Naturalized

borrowing

136/GA/S9-

014-24:24/M

Dopamine Dopamin Medicine Naturalized

borrowing

049/GA/S9-

013-15:23/M

Colloids Koloid Medicine Naturalized

borrowing

050/GA/S9-

013-15:23/M

Factor VII Faktor VII Medicine Established

equivalent

048/GA/S9-

013-15:23/M

The

hypertonic

saline

Garam

hipertonik

Medicine Established

equivalent

072/GA/S9-

013-21:48/M

IV iron-

dextran

Infus

dekstran zat

besi

Medicine Established

equivalent

121/GA/S9-

014-21:17/M

Saline Garam Medicine Established

equivalent

131/GA/S9-

014-22:49/M

Paralystics Pelemas otot Medicine Description

129/GA/S9- Lactated Cairan Medicine Amplification

014-22:46/M ringers Ringer

berlaktat

023/GA/S9-

013-10:44/M

IV heparin Infus heparin Medicine Established

equivalent + pure

borrowing


translating medical term of medicine category.

Example 1:


Dr Cahill asked the nurse to prepare medicine and instrument she need for her

operation.

ST

Dr. Cahill : I could take a piece of saphenous vein from the leg...

Dr. Hunt : Yes. Good. Good. Go ahead. Prep the leg.

Dr. Cahill : All right. Scissors and betadine, please.

Nurse : Right away, Doctor..

TT

Dr. Cahill : Aku bisa mengambil vena safena dari kaki dan...

Dr. Hunt : Ya. Bagus. Ayo, siapkan kakinya

Dr. Cahill : Baiklah. Minta gunting dan betadine.

Nurse : Segera, Dokter.

(067/GA/S9-013-19:50/M)

The example above is an example of pure borrowing technique applied in

translating the data. According to Collins Dictionary of Medicine (2004),

betadine is the brand name for povidone iodine, a mild antiseptic, which is

used as a surgical scrub or as a lotion, ointment, mouthwash or gargle.

Example 1 shows that the translator borrows the word betadine in ST and put

it in TT. The translator does not change it because betadine is also widely

known in source language with same meaning, so the meaning of the term is

not missing. There are 5 data of medical terms in medicine category found in

this research that are translated by using pure borrowing technique.

Example 2:


Dr. Murphy asked Dr. Yang about the IV for the patient. She asked because Dr.

Richardson kept sugesting other medicine.

ST

Dr. Murphy : Dr. Yang, about the IV heparin you ordered for room

three.

Dr. Yang : Is there a problem?

Dr. Murphy :No. It's just Dr. Richardson insists I give sub-q enoxaparin.

TT

Dr. Murphy : Dokter Yang, soal infus heparin yang kau pesan untuk

Ruang Tiga?

Dr. Yang : Ada masalah?

Dr. Murphy :Tidak, tapi dr. Richardson berkeras agar aku beri Sub-Q

Enoxaparin.

(023/GA/S9-013-10:44/M)

The translator applies couplet technique which is established equivalent and

pure borrowing technique in translating IV heparin into infus heparin. The

word heparin is borrowed purely from ST. The translator does not change the

word because there is no equivalent words which can represent heparin in TT

and also it is name of the medicine. Meanwhile, the word IV is translated into

infus using established equivalent. Moreover, the word infus has ben listed in

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.

Example 3:


Dr. Kepner asked Tayler to bring some medicine to handle the patient.

ST

Dr. Kepner : I need some lactated ringers.

Tayler : On it.

TT

Dr. Kepner : Aku butuh cairan Ringer berlaktat.

Tayler : Segera.

(129/GA/S9-014-22:46/M)

The example above shows that the translator used amplification technique by

adding the implicit information in TT. The phrase lactated ringer is translated

into cairan Ringer berlaktat. If the translation translated literally, it should be

only Ringer berlaktat. However, in this case the translator transferred it into

cairan Ringer berlaktat which tends to give additional information to make the

translation clearer. This technique is acceptable to be applied in this datum

since the adding convey the message from SL into TL clearly.

1.7. Hospital Room Category

Hospital room is a room in a hospital for the care of patients (Farlex,

2013). There are 4 data found in this research which are included in hospital

room category. They are translated in TT using established equivalent and

through translation. In hospital room category, there is no shift category

between category of SL and TL. Below is the table of hospital room category

data and translation technique used in translating the data.

Table 4.7. Hospital Room Category and Its Translation Technique


025/GA/S9-

013-11:54/HR

The pit UGD Hospital

Room

Established

equivalent

096/GA/S9-

014-04:28/HR

ER IGD Hospital

Room

Established

equivalent

060/GA/S9-

013-17:05/HR

OR Ruang

operasi

Hospital

Room

Established

equivalent

065/GA/S9-

013-18:41/HR

CCU CCU Hospital

Room

Through

translation


translating medical term of hospital room category.

Example 1:


Dr. Murphy explained the condition of her patient to the patient’s friends. She

give him update in the middle of the surgery.

ST

Dr. Murphy : Rich is still in surgery. Dr. Yang sent me down to talk to

his family.

Patient’s friend : Well, how... How's he doing?

Dr. Murphy : It's touch and go. They're gonna take him back up to the

CCU.

TT

Dr. Murphy : Dokter Yang mengirimku ke bawah untuk berbicara

dengan keluarganya.

Teman Pasien : Bagaimana keadaannya?

Dr. Murphy : Masih belum pasti. Dia akan kembali dibawa ke CCU.

(065/GA/S9-013-18:41/HR)

From the example above, it can be seen that the translator applies through

technique in translating CCU into CCU. Through translation is a literal

translation of common collocations, name of organisation and components of

compounds (Newmark, 1998b:84). The term CCU is an abbreviation of

Critical Care Unit. It refers to a hospital room specialized in the care of

patients with heart attacks and various other conditions that require continuous

monitoring and treatment. In this case, the meaning of abbreviation is a short

form of a word or phrase. It is in line with Newmark’s theory of through

translation technique. Here, the translator applied this technique by loaning the

term of CCU. Also, the term is recognized globally in medical terms.

Example 2:


Dr. Yang asked the nurse to prepare another operation room because she will

do another procedure to the patient.

ST

Dr. Yang : I can't cut. He'll lose too much blood.

Dr. Murphy : What do we do?

Dr. Yang : We'll go in percutaneously. Get the OR ready for an

endovascular repair.

TT

Dr. Yang : Aku tak bisa membedah. Dia akan kehilangan terlalu

banyak darah.

Dr. Murphy : Apa yang harus kita lakukan?

Dr. Yang : Kita akan masuk melalui kulit. Siapkan ruang operasi

untuk operasi endovaskuler.

(065/GA/S9-013-18:41/HR)

The example above is an example of established equivalent technique

applied in translating the datum. The translator translates the term OR

abbreviation of Operating Room into Ruang Operasi. OR is a facility within a

hospital where surgical operations are carried out in a sterile environment. The

translator finds the equivalent term of OR in target language as ruang operasi.

Both terms refer to the same thing. Moreover, the term of ruang operasi is

commonly used in Indonesia as the medical term. Thus, the term ruang operasi

is an appropriate equivalent for the term OR in ST.

1.8. Instrument Category

This category is related to a surgical tool or device designed to perform a

specific function, such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, or

suturing (Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition: 2009). There are 30 data in

this category. Most techniques used in translating data are established

equivalent but the translator also uses literal, through translation, pure

borrowing, amplification, and couplet technique. In instrument category, there

is no shift category between category of SL and TL. Below is the table of

instrument category data and translation technique used in translating the data.

Table 4.8. Instrument Category and Its Translation Technique


028/GA/S9-

013-13:03/I

Clamp Klem Instrument Established

equivalent

030/GA/S9-

013-13:12/I

Shunt Pirau Instrument Established

equivalent

043/GA/S9-

013-14:47/I

Chest tube Selang dada Instrument Established

equivalent

053/GA/S9-

013-16:33/I

Surgical

glue

Lem bedah Instrument Established

equivalent

037/GA/S9-

013-14:24/I

12-lead 12 sadapan Instrument Established

equivalent

057/GA/S9-

013-16:42/I

Gel foam Busa gel Instrument Established

equivalent

063/GA/S9-

013-18:07/I

The mesh Jala Instrument Established

equivalent

068/GA/S9-

013-20:07/I

Gauze Kasa Instrument Established

equivalent

082/GA/S9-

013-31:06/I

Drain Salir Instrument Established

equivalent

084/GA/S9-

013-31:06/I

1O blade Pisau 10 Instrument Established

equivalent

122/GA/S9-

014-21:17/I

Infusion

pumps

Pompa infus Instrument Established

equivalent

123/GA/S9-

014-21:17/I

Crash cart Troli darurat Instrument Established

equivalent

126/GA/S9-

014-22:18/I

Peds cart Troli

pediatrik

Instrument Established

equivalent

128/GA/S9- 20 and a 22- Jarum suntik Instrument Established

014-22:43/I gauge 20 dan 22-

gauge

equivalent

135/GA/S9-

014-23:12/I

Suction Pengisap Instrument Established

equivalent

133/GA/S9-

014-23:06/I

Saline drip Infus garam Instrument Established

equivalent

132/GA/S9-

014-22:48/I

ET tube Pipa

endotrakea


equivalent

134/GA/S9-

014-23:12/I

NG tubes Pipa

nasogaster


equivalent

085/GA/S9-

013-31:06/I

Urine bags Kantung

urin


equivalent

036/GA/S9-

013-14:22/I

Portable x-

ray

Ronsen

portabel


equivalent

058/GA/S9-

013-16:42/I

Thrombin Trombin Instrument Pure borrowing

055/GA/S9-

013-16:36/I

Bovies Bovie Instrument Pure borrowing

118/GA/S9-

014-21:14/I

Monitor Monitor Instrument Pure borrowing

119/GA/S9-

014-21:14/I

Ventilator Ventilator Instrument Pure borrowing

120/GA/S9- Central line Central line Instrument Pure borrowing

014-21:14/I

047/GA/S9-

013-15:23/I

Cell saver

machine

Mesin

penyelamat

sel

Instrument Literal

038/GA/S9-

013-14:24/I

TEE TEE Instrument Through

translation

056/GA/S9-

013-16:38/I

Headlamp Lampu

bedah

Instrument Amplification

147/GA/S9-

014-28:00/I

14-gauge

cannula

Kanula 14-

gauge

Instrument naturalized

borrowing +

pure borrowing

031/GA/S9-

013-13:14/I

Rummel

tourniquet

Torniket

Rummel

Instrument Naturalized

borrowing +

pure borrowing


translating medical term of instrument category.

Example 1:


In the OR, dr. Yang and several nurses were getting ready to do an operation.

She asked nurses to prepare an instrument to do the operation.

ST

Dr. Yang : Okay, I want two bovies set up.

Nurse : I'm on it.

Dr. Yang : Joy, get my headlamp ready.

TT

Dr. Yang : Aku ingin dua Bovie disiapkan.

Nurse : Baiklah.

Dr. Yang : Joy, siapkan lampu bedahku.

(056/GA/S9-013-16:38/T)

The first example above can be seen on the scene when dr. Yang and

several nurses were getting ready to do an operation. She asked nurses to

prepare an instrument to do the operation in the operation room.

The translator translates the term headlamp into lampu bedah in the

target language. Headlamp is generally known as a flashlight placed in

forehead. In this case, amplification technique is a proper translation technique

used by the translator. Since the word headlamp in both source language and

target language has general definition, in order to make the translation more

specific the translator adds more detailed information that is not formulated in

the source text. Therefore, the word headlamp is translated into lampu bedah.

Example 2:


Dr.Yang asked the nurse to prepare her instrument for operating patient.

ST

Dr. Yang: I need a 12-lead, and let's get a TEE bedside.

TT

Dr. Yang: Aku butuh 12 sadapan dan bawa TEE ke samping ranjang.

(038/GA/S9-013-14:24/I)

The term of TEE is loaned by the translator. TEE is an abbreviation of

transesophageal echocardiogram. It refers to a diagnostic test which employs

ultrasound waves to make images of the heart chambers, valves and

surrounding structures and which is done through the esophagus (Gale

Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2008). It is in line with Newmark’s theory of

through translation technique. Here, the translator applied this technique by

loaning the term of TEE. More, the term is recognized globally in medical

terms.

1.9. Other Category

This category refers to everything related to medical terms except the

medical specialty, profession, procedure, condition, body part, medicine,

hospital room, and instrument. There are 13 data in this category which is

devided into two parts; a) Blood related and b) Characteristic of Cell and c)

Body System. Most of the data are translated into TT using established

equivalent technique. In Other Category, there is no shift category between

category of SL and TL. Below is the table of other category data and


1.9.1 Blood related terms

According to The American Heritage Medical Dictionary (2007) blood is

the fluid consisting of plasma, blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the

heart through the vertebrate vascular system, carrying oxygen and nutrients to

and waste materials away from all body tissues. There are many things related

to the blood in this research, 7 data are found in this category. Most technique

used in translating data is established equivalent but translator also use

amplification and through translation technique.

Table 4.9.1 Blood Related Category and Its Translation Technique


046/GA/S9-

013-14:57/BR

BP Tekanan

darah

Blood

Related

Established

equivalent

070/GA/S9-

013-21:34/BR

Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Blood

Related

Established

equivalent

077/GA/S9-

013-25:37/BR

Blood cells Sel darah Blood

Related

Established

equivalent

073/GA/S9-

013-21:52/BR

Iron Zat besi Blood

Related

Established

equivalent

051/GA/S9-

013-15:23/BR

Intravascular

volume

Volume

introvaskuler

Blood

Related

Established

equivalent

039/GA/S9-

013-14:33/BR

O-neg Darah O-neg Blood

Related

Amplification

095/GA/S9-

014-03:23/BR

DNA DNA Blood

Related

Through

Translation


translatiang medical term of blood related term category.

Example 1:


Dr. Yang and several nurses were getting ready to give a trauma patient

medication. The patient loose a lot of blood and dr. Yang asked the nurse to

immediately find and hung the o-neg blood for the patient.

ST

Dr. Yang: Type and cross for six units. Hang two units of O-neg as soon as

possible.

TT

Dr. Yang: Periksa golongan darahnya untuk enam unit. Gantung dua unit

darah O negatif secepat mungkin.

(039/GA/S9-013-14:33/)

The example above shows that the translator uses amplification technique

by adding the implicit information in TT. The term O-neg is translated into

darah O negatif. If the translation translated literally, it should be only O

negatif However, in this case the translator transfers into darah O negatif

which explains specifically the type of the term by adding word darah. This

technique is acceptable to be applied in this datum since the adding information

convey the message from SL into TL clearly. Thus, the translator uses

amplification technique to make the meaning transfered properly.

1.9.2 Body System Category

There are 5 data which are in Body System category. Most techniques

used in translating the data are established equivalent but the translator also

uses amplification technique. Below is the table of Body System data and


Table 4.9.2 Body System Category Data and Its Translation

Technique


034/GA/S9-013-

14:17/BS

Heart rate Denyut

Jantung

Body System Established

Equivalent

042/GA/S9-013-

14:47/BS

Breath

sound

Bunyi

napas

Body System Established

equivalent

091/GA/S9-014-

01:15/BS

Normal cell Sel normal Body System Established

equivalent

143/GA/S9-014-

27:51/BS

Pulse Denyut Body System Established

equivalent

052/GA/S9-013-

16:30/BS

Vitals Tanda-

tanda vital

Body System Amplification

Below is the example of translation technique applied by the translator in

translating Body System category data.

Example 1:


Several docters trying to save a child secretly in the room that used to be the

ER room. They do not want dr. Cahill know what they doing. While they

trying to save the child the condition of the child is slowly down. Soon they

can’t feel the child’s pulse.

ST

Dr. Yang : What happened?

Dr. Grey : He's bradying down.

Dr. Wilson : We gotta keep moving.

Dr. Grey : I'm not getting a pulse! Ross, start CPR.

TT

Dr. Yang : Apa yang terjadi?

Dr. Grey : Denyut jantungnya melemah!

Dr. Wilson : Kita harus terus bergerak.

Dr. Grey : Denyutnya tak terasa! Ross, mulai CPR.

(143/GA/S9-014-27:51/BS)


when the translator translates pulse into denyut. Pulse is the beat of the heart as

felt through the walls of a peripheral artery, such as that felt in the radial artery

at the wrist (Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing,

and Allied Health, Seventh Edition: 2003). The translator can find the

equivalent term of pulse in target language as denyut. Both terms refer to the

same thing. Moreover, the term of denyut is commonly used in Indonesia as

the medical term, in KBBI denyut means “gerak turun naik (pada urat nadi,

ubun-ubun, dan sebagainya)”. There are 4 data of medical terms in body

system category found in this research that are translated by using established

equivalent technique.

1.9.3 Characteristic of Cell Category

There are 2 data which are in Characteristic of Cell category. Techniques

used in translating the data are established equivalent technique. Below is the

table of Characteristics of Cell data and translation technique used in


Table 4.9.3 Characteristic of Cell Data and Its Translation Technique


092/GA/S9-014-

01:15/CoC

Malignant Ganas Characteristic

of Cell

Established

equivalent

094/GA/S9-014-

01:32/CoC

Toxic Beracun Characteristic

of Cell

Established

equivalent

Below is the example of translation technique applied by the translator in

translating Characteristics of Cell category data

Example 1:


Dr. Karev explains about Onchology in the naration of the opening of the tv

series.

ST

Dr. Karev : In oncology, when a normal cell changes into something

malignant, it's called cellular transformation.

TT

Dr. Karev : Dalam onkologi, saat sel normal berubah menjadi ganas itu

disebut transformasi sel.

(092/GA/S9-014-01:15/CoC)


when the translator translates malignant into ganas. Malignant means tending

to become worse and end in death. (Saunders, 2007). The translator can find

the equivalent term of malignant in target language as ganas. Both terms refer

to the same thing. Moreover, the term of ganas is commonly used in Indonesia

as the medical or general term. There are 2 data of medical terms in

Characteristics of Cell category found in this research that are translated by

using established equivalent technique.

2. Translation Quality Analysis

The quality of translation is related to the translation techniques applied

by the translator. The techniques applied in translation can influence the

translation quality in terms of accuracy, acceptability and readability. In

assessing the translation quality of medical terms in tv series Grey’s Anatomy,

the researcher distributed questionnaires and involved three raters to assess the

quality of translation to fill the questionnaires. The raters gave scores in every

data, and also some comments to support the scores given. The results and the

discussion of the assessment are as follows.

2.1 Analysis of Translation Quality in terms of Accuracy

Accuracy is one of translation assessment instruments which is related to

how the meaning or message from the source language translated accurately

into target language. There are 142 (92.8%) data of accurate translation, 11

(7.18%) data of less accurate translation, and there is no inaccurate translation.

Based on the result of analysis, most of the data are translated accurately.

2.1.1 Accurate Translation

Accurate translation is when the meaning of words, technical terms,

phrases, clauses, or sentences of the source language is transferred accurately

to the target language; absolutely there are no distortions in meaning (Nababan,

2010). By seeing the classification, there are 142 (92.8%) data which belong to

accurate translation. It means that the most data of medical terms are correctly

translated into target language. The examples of the accurate translation are as

follows:

Example 1:


Dr. Yang and Dr. Grey operating their patient.

ST

Dr. Yang : This part of the lung is fried. I'm gonna have to do a resection.

Dr. Grey : The spleen is out.

TT

Dr. Yang : Bagian paru-paru ini rusak. Aku terpaksa melakukan reseksi.

Dr. Grey : Limpanya sudah keluar.

(153/GA/S9-014-32:40/BP)

From the example above, it can be seen that the term spleen is translated

into limpa using established equivalent technique. The 3 raters gave 3 in

scoring the accuracy level of this data without any comments and alternative

translation. It means that the data is accurate. Moreover, by analyzing the data,

the researcher has same argument with the raters. In this translation, spleen

refers to a large gland like but ductless organ in the upper part of the abdominal

cavity on the left side, lateral to the cardiac end of the stomach (Saunders,

2003). It means that spleen in this translation refers to a body organ that is

commonly known. In this translation, spleen has an equivalent word as limpa

in TT. The term limpa means organ tubuh, terletak di dalam rongga perut

sebelah kiri atas, yang menghasilkan cairan yang membantu pencernaan

makanan dan membersihkan darah (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia). Both of

ST and TT have the same meaning. The translator conveys the meaning of ST

in TT correctly.

http://www.theodora.com/food/culinary_dictionary_food_glossary_l.html

Example 2:


Dr. Hunt and Dr. Cahill operating patient in the operation room.

ST

Dr. Hunt : No, we need to finish debriding. We need to put in drains, close,

then you get to tell the family that you saved him,

TT

Dr. Hunt : Tidak, kita harus menyelesaikan membuang jaringan matinya.

Kita harus memasukkan salir, menjahitnya, lalu kau beri tahu keluarganya

bahwa kau menyelamatkannya.

(081/GA/S9-013-31:06/Pd)

The medical term debriding is translated into membuang jaringan

matinya. The translator applies description technique in this translation by

replacing the term with its descrption. The word debriding refers to the process

of removing nonliving tissue from pressure ulcers, burns, and other wounds

using a scalpel, scissors, or other instrument (Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine,

2008). Translator transfers the term by decribing the term becomes membuang

jaringan matinya. The first and third raters gave 3 in scoring this datum while

the second rater gave 2 in scoring this data. The second rater suggested that

rather than explaning the term, there is equivalent term in SL which is

debridimen. Moreover, by analyzing the data, the researcher believes that this

translation tends to be accurate since the meaning of debriding is conveyed

correctly to the target language. Also, by describing the meaning of the term

audiences will catch the exact meaning of it.

Example 3:


The condition of the patient is slowly down. Doctors try to give him first aid to

help the patient.

ST

Dr. Yang : His trachea is deviated to the left.

TT

Dr. Yang : Trakeanya menyimpang ke kiri.

(145/GA/S9-014-27:54/BP)

The example above is another example of accurate translation. The

translator translates trachea into trakea using established equivalent technique.

In this translation, the 3 raters gave 3 in scoring the accuracy level of this

datum without any comments. Moreover, by analyzing the data, the researcher

believes that the translation belongs to accurate translation. Eventhough in

target language there is an equivalent term of trachea which is batang

tenggorok, but term trakea is more commonly applied as an equivalent in TL.

2.1.2 Less Accurate Translation

Translation is considered less accurate when the meaning of every

medical term in source language transferred into target language, but there are

still some distortions of meaning. There are 11 data classified as less accurate

translation in this research. The examples of the less accurate translation are as

follows:

Example 1:


In the dr. Avery’s seminar, dr. Wilson asks him about the technique

usefullness.

ST

Dr. Wilson : Do you use this technique more often when you perform butt

lifts or breast implants?

TT

Dr. Wilson : Kau lebih sering pakai teknik ini saat operasi bokong atau

payudara?

(107/GA/S9-014-15:02/Pd)

The example above shows that the translator transferred butt lifts into

operasi bokong using established equivalent technique. The 3 raters gave 2 in

scoring this data. It means that the data above is less accurate. Moreover, by

analyzing the data, the researcher has same argument with the raters. The

meaning of this medical term is not clearly transferred into the target language,

there is more proper term in the target language which can represent the term

butt lifts. In this translation, the word of operasi bokong is too general to

represent the meaning of butt lifts. The word of operasi bokong does not

represent the proper meaning of ST in TT. According to Segen's Medical

Dictionary (2012) butt lift is a cosmetic surgical procedure to improve the

appearance of the buttocks. It's typically done as lower body lift to contour the

buttocks, groin, thighs and abdomen. So, the term should be translated into

operasi pengangkatan bokong to convey the message into the target language

correctly. Since the term operasi bokong also can refers to operasi implan

bokong or operasi pembesaran bokong which have different meaning.

Example 2:


Dr. Derek told dr. Kepner about the planning of financial cutting to keep the

hospital from closing the ER, he suggests to cut several fellows from

dermatology to make less spending for the hospital.

ST

Dr. Derek: See, 'cause if derm cuts a fellow, and then cardio skips the TED

conference, and then cardio skips the TED conference plastic/ortho shares lab

facilities, we'll get a little bit here, a little bit there, and we'll have enough saved

to keep the ER alive.

TT

Dr. Derek: Tentu saja. Andai Dermatologi memecat satu dokter pelatihan

lalu Kardiologi tak ikut konferensi TED Bedah Plastik dan Ortopedi berbagi

fasilitas laboratorium kita akan dapat sedikit di sini, sedikit di sana. Kita akan

mempunyai persediaan yang cukup untuk UGD.

(001/GA/S9-013-02:56/MS)

Another data of less accurate translation is datum 01. The data above

shows the using of established equivalent technique when the translator

translates derm into dermatologi. The context above is about the plan for

financial cutting, to make it happen dermatolog have to cut several fellow. This

translation is less accurate translation, since the meaning of the original term is

not renderred accurately. Based on the context, the term derm should be

translated into dermatolog, instead of dermatology. Dermatology is a medical

specialty while dermatolog is a profession category. Dermatolog is more

accurate as the equivalent word of the medical terms derm in TL considering

the context. The first rater gave 1, the second rater gave 2, and the last rater

gave 3 in scoring this datum. It means that the data above is less accurate.

Moreover, by analyzing the data, the researcher has same argument with the

second rater that the term is less accurate because there is a shift meaning in

the translation of the medical terms.

Example 3:



after the post-op. If she doesn’t try to walk again there will be several condition

that effect her leg.

ST






poor recovery.

TT





pinggul, mungking akan ada pembekuan darah, pengencangan otot, pemulihan

yang buruk.

(006/GA/S9-013-04:33/Pd)

The third example is datum 06. The translator translates double hip

replacement into dioperasi pinggul ganda. This datum is translated using

established equivalent technique. The first and second raters gave 2 in scoring

the datum while the third rater gave 3 in scoring this datum. It means that the

translation belongs to less accurate translation. The raters suggest to translate

the datum becomes operasi penggantian pinggul total. Moreover, by analyzing

the data, the researcher agree with the raters. Based on Medical Dictionary for

the Health Professions and Nursing (2012), double hip replacement surgery

replaces both hips at the same time, generally due to arthritic pain and stiffness.

It is not terribly common for arthritis in both hips to progress at the same rate,

such that a bilateral hip replacement is necessary. It means that double hip

replacement is the replacement of both hip, right and left, it is not the

replacement that is done twice in the hip. The translation belongs to less

accurate translation due to the word double which is translated literally into

ganda.

2.1.3 Inaccurate translation

Inaccurate translation means that the meaning of words, technical terms,

phrases, clauses, or sentences of the source language is translated inaccurately

to target language, or even not translated at all. In this research, there is no data

that are translated inaccuratey.

2.2 Analysis of Translation Quality in terms of Acceptability

The other aspect for assessing quality of translation is acceptability. The

translation can be acceptable when the translation of the words can be accepted

by the target readers easily. In analyzing the data of medical terms found in tv

series Grey’s Anatomy, the researcher also involved three raters to assess the

acceptability level of translation. The respondents are one from medical

background and the others have no medical background. Besides giving score

of the data, the respondents also conveyed comments and alternative

translation for several data. There are 100 data (65.35%) of medical terms

which are classified as acceptable translation, 49 data (32.02%) which are

classified as less acceptable, and 4 data (2.61%) are classified as unacceptable

translation. It means that the acceptable translation is the most dominant result

of analysis.

2.2.1 Acceptable Translation

Translation is considered as acceptable when the message and the

interpretation of the source text are naturally conveyed. The translation is

commonly used in a medical field and familiar for the target viewers. In this

research, there are 100 data (65.35%) classified as acceptable translation.

According to the classification above, acceptable translation is the most

dominant result of analysis. The examples of the acceptable translation are as

follows:

Example 1:



after the post-op. If she doesn’t try to walk again there will be several condition

that effect her leg.

ST




poor recovery.

TT



pinggul, mungking akan ada pembekuan darah, pengencangan otot, pemulihan

yang buruk.

(007/GA/S9-013-04:38/C)

The example above belongs to acceptable translation. In this data, the

translator transfers a term post-op into pascaoperasi. Based on the context, the

term post-op refers to the after surgical operation. The term post-op which

belongs to condition category is translated by appling established equivalent

technique. The term pasca operasi is available in the KBBI, it means

pascabedah. It belongs to acceptable translation since the diction is familiar in

the target language. It sounds natural and culturally accepted in the target

culture. In this translation, each respondents gave 3 in scoring the data. It

means that the data belongs to acceptable translation. Moreover, by analyzing

the data, the researcher is sure that the term of pasca operasi is familiar and

common used in target language.

Example 2:


Dr. Cahill explained to Dr. Hunt that if one person handle the carotid it will be

limits the chance of patient stroking out. Dr.Cahill said that because dr. Hunt

insist to replace dr. Cahill’s job.

ST

Dr. Cahill : Having one person control the carotid limits his chance of

stroking out.

TT

Dr. Cahill : Jika arteri lehernya dijaga satu orang peluang kematian karena

stroke bisa dibatasi.

(021/GA/S9-013-07:01/C)

From the example above, the word stroking out is translated into peluang

kematian karena stroke using amplification technique. The translation of

stroking out belongs to acceptable translation since the translation is accepted

in target language and sounds natural. The use of amplification technique in

this datum produces an acceptable translation. It is because, the translator adds

additional information which is peluang kematian so that respondents can catch

the exact meaning. Moreover, although the medical term stroke is borrowed

purely but the term is commonly used in TL both for people with medical

background study or not. In this translation, the 3 respondents gave 3 in scoring

the data since they stated that the term of peluang kematian karena stroke is

familiar in target language, the term is also commonly used in target language.

Example 3:


The nurse is explaining to Dr. Hunt about the condition of the patient.

ST

Nurse : Deep neck laceration affecting most of the major blood vessels

and extending into the chest.

TT

Nurse : Robekan leher dalam yang memengaruhi sebagian besar

pembuluh darah utama.

(013/GA/S9-013-06:11/BP)

The example above is another example of acceptable translation. The

translator translates the term of major blood vessels into pembuluh darah

utama using established equivalent technique. The use of Established

equivalence technique impacts on the acceptability since the term pembuluh

darah utama is already recognised in a legal dictionary. All of the respondents

gave 3 in scoring the acceptability level of this datum. Respondents sure that

they are familiar with the term and even can explain the meaning of it.

2.2.2 Less Acceptable Translation

Less acceptable translation occurs when the meaning of words, technical

terms, phrases, clauses, or sentence seem natural or common. It also count as

less acceptable translation when the respondent from medical background

found it acceptable but respondents with no medical background found it not

acceptable. In this research, there are 49 data (32.02%) classified as less

acceptable translation. The examples of the less acceptable translation are as

follows:

Example 1:

There is a patient who needs to be cared so that dr. Callie asked dr. Karev to

deal with the patient. Dr. Callie is an attending and dr. Karev is a fellow so she

has the right to order dr. Karev.

ST

Dr. Callie : Karev, get in there.

Dr. Karev : Why me?

Dr. Callie : We're attendings. You're a fellow. It's an order.

TT

Dr. Callie : Karev masuk kesana.

Dr. Karev : Kenapa aku?

Dr. Callie : Kami dokter konsulen. Kau dokter pelatihan. Ini perintah.

(010/GA/S9-013-05:02/Pf)


when the translator translates attendings into dokter konsulen. It belongs to less

acceptable translation. The researcher believes that there is a part translated by

using unfamiliar term, that is the term konsulen. According to Farlex Partner

Medical Dictionary (2012), the definition of attending is a physician

supervising the care of patients by interns, residents, and/or medical students.

So it refers to doctor who may lead other people on rounds to visit patients.

The term dokter konsulen is an exact equivalence of the attending, but that

term is not familiar in TL. The third respondent stated that she did not have a

problem in accepting this term, the third respondent is the one who has medical

background. Meanwhile, the first and second respondents stated that they were

not familiar with the term konsulen, but they has no problem with the term

dokter. In this case, the researcher believes that the term dokter konsulen is still

not familiar enough for target audiences. The translator can replace it into

dokter spesialis, since that term have more general meaning and also more

familiar in target language.

Example 2:


Several doctors trying to save a child secretly in the room that used to be the

ER room. They do not want dr. Cahill know what they doing. While they

trying to save the child the condition of the child is slowly down. Soon they

can’t feel the child’s pulse.

ST

Dr. Yang : What happened?

Dr. Grey : He's bradying down.

Dr. Wilson : We gotta keep moving.

Dr. Grey : I'm not getting a pulse! Ross, start CPR.

TT

Dr. Yang : Apa yang terjadi?

Dr. Grey : Denyut jantungnya melemah!

Dr. Wilson : Kita harus terus bergerak.

Dr. Grey : Denyutnya tak terasa! Ross, mulai CPR.

(144/GA/S9-014-27:53/Pd)

The data above shows that the translator translates CPR into CPR. The

translator translates the term by using through translation technique. Based on

the context, the term CPR refers to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

which means mouth-to-mouth respiration and chest compression. However the

term CPR is not common in the target language, the datum will make target

readers confused because there is no explanation of the abbreviation or

information of it. The third respondent suggested to change the translation CPR

into napas buatan or tindakan pertolongan pertama to make the translation

acceptable in the target language. This term is more appropriate because it is

the definition of term CPR.

Example 3:


Perawat menjelaskan Dr. Hunt tentang kondisi pasien.

ST

Nurse : He's hypotensive and tachycardic.

TT

Nurse : Dia hipotensi dan takikardi.

(015/GA/S9-013-06:16/C)

From the example above, it can be seen that the translator applies

naturalized borrowing in translating the term of tachycardic into takikardi.

Tachcycardic is relating to rapid heart rate. The term takikardi is familiar for

medical people but takikardi is not commonly used by lay audiences in target

language. It would be better if the translator gives additional information or

maintain the original term in a bracket for translating the medical term. Thus,

the translation could be replaced into takikardi (detak jantung diatas normal).

2.2.3 Uncceptable Translation

Unacceptable translation means that the translation seems unnatural,

uncommon, or improper. The meaning of words, technical terms, phrases,

clauses, or sentences of the source language is not acceptable in target

language culture. In this research, there are 4 data classified as unacceptable

translation. The examples of the unacceptable translation are as follows:

Example 1:


Dr. Yang explains the procedure to operate patient without blood to dr.

Murphy.

ST

Dr. Yang : So we'll put him on a cell saver machine, and then continue the

hypertonic saline, colloids, and factor VII to pump up his intravascular volume.

TT

Dr. Yang : Jadi, kita akan memasangkan mesin penyelamat sel padanya.

Lalu lanjutkan garam hipertonik, koloid, dan faktor VII untuk menaikkan

volume intravaskulernya.

(047/GA/S9-013-15:23/D)

The datum above is an example of unacceptable translation. The

translator applies literal technique in translating the term of a cell saver

machine into mesin peyelamat sel. Freischlag (2004) states that cell saver

machine is the machine which suctions, washes, and filters blood so it can be

given back to the patient's body instead of being thrown away. The patient

receives his/her own blood instead of donor blood, so there is no risk of

contracting outside diseases. However this translation belongs to unacceptable

translation since this term is not familiar for target audiences, the diction is not

common in target culture. The 3 respondents gave 1 in scoring the data. All of

them stated that they were not familiar and never heard the term of mesin

penyelamat sel. Moreover, in TL there is more appropriate term, that is mesin

pencuci darah. This term is the more appropriate expression commonly used in

target culture.

Example 2:


Dr Kepner is handling the patient. She calls dr. Avery to explain about the

condition of the patient and ask what procedure should she do for the patient.

ST

Dr. Kepner : He's got sub-Q emphysema.

TT

Dr. Kepner : Dia menderita emfisema subkutan.

(117/GA/S9-014-16:06/C)

From the example above, it can be seen that the translator applies

naturalized borrowing technique in translating sub-Q emphysema. In this

translation, all of the respondents gave 1 in scoring the acceptability level of

this datum. They stated that they were really not familiar with this term. Sub-q

is an abbreviation for subcutaneous. Subcutaneous refers to the tissue beneath

the skin, and emphysema refers to trapped air. Subcutaneous emphysema

happens when gas or air is in the layer under the skin (Mosby's Medical

Dictionary, 2009). Actually, this term is used in medical culture and it is not

strange in Indonesian medical culture, but this term will be unfamiliar and hard

to understand for general audiences. That is why this translation is considered

as unacceptable translation. Thus, the researcher suggests that it would be

better if the translator gives additional information. The translation could be

replaced into emfisema subkutan (kebocoran udara dalam jaringan).

3.1 Analysis of Translation Quality in terms of Readability

The last aspect for assessing quality of translation is readability. In

analysing the readability of law terms, the researcher determines three levels of

readability, they are: readable, less readable, and unreadable. The translation

can be readable when the meaning of medical terms translation is easily

understood by the respondents just by reading it one time, respondents also can

explain the meaning of the terms without any destortion meaning. The

researche involved three respondents to assess the readability level of

translation in tv series Grey’s Anatomy. Besides giving score of the data, the

respondents also conveyed comments and alternative translation for several

data. There are 65 data (42.48%) of medical terms which are classified as

readable translation, 83 data (54.24%) which are classified as less readable, and

5 data (3.26%) are classified as not readable translation. It means that the less

readable translation is the most dominant result of analysis.

3.1.1 Readable Translation

Readable translation means that the meaning of medical terms translation

is easily understood by the respondents just by reading it one time, the

audiences also can explain the meaning of medical terms without any distortion

by watching the tv series one time. There are 65 medical terms or 42.48% of

153 data are considered as readable translation and below are some examples

of readable translation.

Example 1:


Dr. Leah tells dr. Yang if there is a possible cardiac trauma on the ER.

ST

Dr. Leah : Dr. Yang. The pit's calling with a possible cardiac trauma in the

field.

TT

Dr. Leah : Dokter Yang. UGD menelpon dengan kemungkinan trauma

jantung.

(025/GA/S9-013-11:54/HR)

While dr. Yang handling the patient, dr. Leah informs dr. Yang if there is a

possible cardiac trauma on the pit. The manager of Newcastle has enough of

Gavin’s atittude. As seen, there is a medical term, that is the pit which belongs

to the medical terms related to the hospital room category. The term the pit is a

medical slang word, also known as Emergency Room. The medical term is

translated using established equivalent technique into UGD which makes the

translation readable. The three respondents gave 3 points in evaluating the term

based on the context which means they could understand the term easily. All

the three respondents know the exact meaning of UGD. It could be seen from

the comments of all the respondents that the abbreviaton of UGD is Unit

Gawat Darurat. This means their explanation is similar with the meaning of

medical term the pit that means emergency room. The term UGD belongs to

readable translation.

Example 2:


The nurse tells the condition of her patient to dr. Yang.

ST

Nurse : Heart rate tacking along in the 130s.

TT

Nurse : Denyut jantungnya cepat, sekitar 130.

(034/GA/S9-013-14:17/BS)

The datum in the example 2 above also belongs to readable translation. The

translator uses Established equivalence technique in translating the term heart

rate into denyut jantung. Based on the context, the nurse tells the condition of

her patient to dr. Yang. The term heart rate is a medical term that belong to

medical terms for body system category. According to Saunders (2003), the

meaning of this medical terms is the number of contractions of the cardiac

ventricles per unit of time (usually per minute). The medical terms is translated

into denyut jantung, which is established in Bahasa Indonesia. The quality of

this medical terms translation is readable because the translation is easy to

understand and there is no need to re-watch the tv series. All the respondents

found the term readable. They know the exact meaning of the datum by

watching the tv series one time. The respondents had watch the overall context

of the tv series driving them gave 3 points of readability. The term denyut

jantung belongs to readable translation.

3.1.2. Less Readable Translation

The translation of medical terms can be categorized as less readable

translation when the viewers can retell the medical terms but there are some

missed meaning and also when viewers can retell the medical terms without

missing the meaning but viewers watch the tv series several times. There are 83

medical terms or 54.24% of 153 data are considered as less readable translation

and below are some examples of less readable translation.

Example 1:


Dr. Cahill is doing a procedure to do an operation for her patient.

ST

Dr. Cahill : I could take a piece of saphenous vein from the leg.

TT

Dr. Cahill : Aku bisa mengambil vena safena dari kaki

(066/GA/S9-013-19:43/BP)

The conversation happens in an operation room which Dr. Cahill is doing a

procedure to do an operation for her patient. While talking to Dr. Hunt, he

mentioned the term saphenous vein that is a medical term belongs to Body Part

category. The translator translates the medical term by applying Established

Equivalence technique into vena safena in target language. Based on the

context, the term vena safena refers to name of blood vessels in the body,

however the respondents less understand the meaning of term. After watching

the tv series, the first and second respondents gave 2 points to this term, their

comments show that they know that vena safena belongs to blood vessels but

they have to watch the tv series several times while considering the context of

the medical term in tv series. While, the third respondent gave 3 in scoring this

datum. She stated that the term is major superficial vein of the medial leg and

thigh. Based on the context of the datum, the term saphenous vein refers to one

of blood vessels in the body. Mosby's Medical Dictionary (2009) stated that

saphenous vein is one of a pair of the longest veins in the body, which contains

10 to 20 valves along its course through the leg and the thigh before ending in

the femoral vein. By seeing the context, the researcher gives recommendation

to add term pembuluh darah considering the target reader’s understanding,

then the translation will become pembuluh darah vena safena.

Example 2:


Dr. Avery and other doctors try to help patient. They prepare instrument that

needed in the operation.

ST

Dr. Avery : But I got NG tubes. Did anybody actually bring suction?

TT

Dr. Avery : Tapi ada pipa nasogaster. Ada yang membawa pengisap?

(134/GA/S9-014-23:12/I)

The medical term NG tubes is translated into pipa nasoganster. The

translator applies established equivalent technique in this translation. The word

NG tubes refers to a tube of soft rubber or plastic that is inserted through a

nostril and into the stomach for instilling liquid foods or other substances or for

gastric decompression. (Saunders, 2003). The translator transfers the term by

finding the equivalent term, that is pipa nasogaster. The first and second raters

gave 1 in scoring this datum while the third rater gave 3 in scoring this data.

The first and second respondents did not really understand the meaning of the

medical term, the respondents stated that they catch the meaning of the pipa

but they do not know the meaning of nasogaster. While the third respondent

which from medical background study have no difficulity to understand the

datum, the respondent stated that instead of pipa nasogaster there is also

equivalent term in TL which is sonde lambung or pipa lambung. Thus, the

translation of the datum belongs the less readable translation. Researcher

suggests that the translator translates into pipa lambung so that audiences who

do not have medical knowledge can catch the exact meaning of the term.

3.1.3. Unreadable Translation

The translation of medical terms is not readable when the viewers

completely do not understand the content of the medical terms, viewers can not

retell the meaning of the medical terms eventhough they already watched it for

several times. There are five medical terms (3.26%) of 153 data considered as

unreadable translation. The examples of unreadable translation can be seen

below.

Example 1:



after the post-op. If she does not try to walk again there will be several


ST






poor recovery.

TT





pinggul, mungking akan ada pembekuan darah, pengencangan otot,

pemulihan yang buruk.

(009/GA/S9-013-04:41/C)

Dr. Callie mentioned contracture which is a medical term that belongs to

the category of condition. The medical term translated into pengencangan otot

by replacing the term with the description of it. According to Miller-Keane

Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh

Edition (2003), contracture is abnormal shortening of muscle tissue, rendering

the muscle highly resistant to stretching; this can lead to permanent disability.

The term is consider as an unreadable translation because all the respondents

explain the term that not related to the exact meaning of contracture itself. All

the respondents explained that pengencangan otot means the procedure that

patient do for building the muscle, like push up or sit up. Those explanation

from the respondents are false regarding the exact meaning of the medical

terms contracture. It could be translated into pemendekan permanen pada

sendi to make it easier to understand and target audiences can catch the exact

meaning of it.

B. Discussion

According to the result of research findings above, it can be seen that the

translator of tv series Grey’s Anatomy uses 8 single techniques of Molina and

Albir and Newmark theory. They are : a) established equivalent, b) pure

borrowing, c) naturalized borrowing, d) amplification, e) generalization, f)

literal, g) through translation and h) description. Besides, couplets technique by

Newmark (1988) is also found in this research. Here, the categories of medical

terms will be grouped based on the most frequent technique used in translating

each categories.

In this research, most of medical terms are translated using established

equivalent technique. Molina and Albir (2002: 510) explain that established

equivalent is to use a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or laguage

in use) as an equivalent in the TL. There are 9 categories of medical terms in

this research that use established equivalent technique. They are; medical

specialty, profession, procedure, condition, body part, medicine, hospital room,

instrument, and uncategorized terms. The application of this technique makes

the most numbers of accurate, acceptable, and readable data. It occurs because

many data of medical terms in ST have equivalent in TT so that the meaning of

medical terms in ST can be delivered well in TT. The equivalent terms

recognised in dictionary are automatically common in the target language

culture, thus the target readers could understand it clearly. But, this technique

also produce less accurate translation in medical specialty, profession, and

procedure category. It is because the translator misinterpret the context of the

medical terms.

The second technique mostly applied in the translation is amplification.

Amplification technique is used to introduce details that are not formulated in

the ST: information, explicative paraphrasing (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). It

means that the translator may give additional information in ST by considering

the effectiveness of word using. There are 7 categories that use amplification

technique, they are: medical specialty, procedure, condition, medicine,

instrument, blood related, and body system category. The addition of the word

is necessary to be done since it delivers the meaning of the term more properly.

This technique produces mostly accurate, acceptable, and readable translation.

The using of this technique is effective to translate the medical terms because

the addition of some words can make the proper meaning of ST totally

delivered well into TT.

Another technique applied in the translation is through translation.

Newmark explains that this technique is the literal translation of common

collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can

also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84). There are 4

categories, they are procedure, hospital room, instrument, and blood related

category that use this technique. The translation delivered accurately because

most of the data that translated with through translation is an abbreviation

which both SL and TL use same medical term. However, the translation

becomes less acceptable and less readable translation for lay audience. It is

because, the translation is not familiar in the target language.

The next technique used is naturalized borrowing technique. Naturalized

borrowing means replacing the term of the source language by using similar

form that is familiar in the target language. This technique actually corresponds

with the naturalization technique of Newmark (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510).

The translator uses this technique because there is no equivalent word in TT

which can represent the meaning of medical terms in ST. There are 3

categories that are used this technique. They are condition, procedure, and

medicine. Naturalized borrowing technique in the translation mostly produces

an accurate and acceptable translation. It is because the spelling of medical

terms in TT does not change the proper meaning of ST. In terms of readability,

this technique produces less readable translation. It occurs because lay

audiences are still hard to understand some terms eventhough those borrowed

terms from source language are familiar.

The next technique used is description. Description technique is used to

replace a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function

(Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). It means that the translator may replace the

term in ST with the explanation of the term. There are 3 categories that use

description technique, they are: procedure, condition, and medicine category.

In the tv series Grey’s Anatomy, this technique is used appropriately. The

description of the words is necessary to be done because sometimes the terms

itself can not be understood properly for lay audiences. This technique produce

accurate and acceptable translation since the medical terms which produce by

this technique becomes more familiar and easy to understand in TT. For the

readabilty quality, this technique produces readable translation, because the

description of the term use familiar diction so that lay audiences can fully

understand the terms and easily catch the meaning. This technique is effective

to translate the medical terms because the translation is accurate while the

acceptability and readability are also high. It is because the terms that

translated with the description technique becomes more familiar in target

language.

The next technique in the translation is literal. This technique is to

translate a word or an expression word for word (Molina and Albir, 2002: 511).

There are 3 data in procedure, condition and instrument category translated

using this technique. The translation is considered as less accurate translation

because the terms are translated word for word and do not considering the

equivalent terms in TL. The translation also does not consider the meaning of

the translation, sometimes the translation have no meaning at all in TL. The

translation is also considered as not acceptable and not readable translation

since the term is not commonly used in TT, translator does not consider the

cultural aspect in target language as the translator is only focusing on the literal

meaning. The using of this technique is not effective to translate the medical

terms.

Couplets technique is also identified in the translation. Newmark (1988)

explains that this technique combines two different techniques for dealing with

a single problem. This technique appears in 3 categories of medical term. They

are condition, medicine, and instrument category. The translator applies

couplets technique to translate the complicated medical terms. The application

of this technique mostly produces accurate and acceptable translation. It is

because the combination of two different techniques can deliver the meaning of

ST into TT correctly. Moreover, the terms are also commonly used in the target

language. Some of them are considered as less accurate and less readable

translation. It happens because of the existence of pure borrowing and

naturalized borrowing technique in couplets. The use of borrowed terms did

not make the proper meaning of ST totally conveyed into TT.

Another technique identified in the translation is pure borrowing. This

technique is a part of borrowing technique. This technique is used to fit the

spelling rules in the TL (Molina and Albir, 2002: 510). There are 2 categories

that use this technique. They are medicine and instrument category. The use of

this technique produces an accurate translation but not all translations are

acceptable. Most of them are categorized as less acceptable and less readable

translation. This technique produces an accurate translation because the

translator maintain the proper meaning of ST in TT. However, some of the

translations become less acceptable and less readable translation because the

translator borrows many medical terms data of ST and put it into TT without

any change. This factor cause many medical terms data which are not familiar

in TT. Moreover, a lot of terms are not originated from TL so that the target

readers are totally unfamiliar with the terms.

The last technique identified in the translation is generalization. There is

1 category that use this technique, which is procedure category. This technique

produce accurate translation because the translator translates the medical terms

of ST using more general word into TT. The translation is also considered as

acceptable and readable translation since the target reader familiar and

understand with the terms.

In this research, the accuracy, acceptability and readability translation of

medical terms in Tv series Grey’s Anatomy are influenced by some factors. The

accurate, acceptable and redable translations are influenced by the appropriate

techniques applied by the translator, the familiar dictions used in translation,

and the using of explanation and information of specific medical term. The less

accurate, less acceptable, less readable, not readable and unacceptable

translations are influenced by inappropriate techniques applied by the

translator, and the unfamiliar dictions used in translation.

The result of the discussion above is related to the previous research

entitled The translation of medical terminology in TV fiction series: the

Spanish dubbing of E.R. (2009). The technique used by the translator to

translate technical term related to medical term is same. The translator of tv

series Grey’s Anatomy is mostly using established equivalent technique, while

in the research done by Matamala (2009) the translator is mostly using literal

translation and established equivalent. While Rahma Ilyas in his research

Analisis Teknik dan Kualitas Terjemahan istilah-Istilah Kelahiran Dalam Buku

William Obstetrics 21st Edition (2014) stated that in his research naturalized

borrowing is the most frequent technique used by translator. Therefore, the

result of findings between this research and the previous research is still

relevant since the result shows that established equivalent becomes the

appropriate technique in translating medical term.

In addition, the product of established equivalent technique is not always

a high qualified translation. The translator applies this technique because many

data of medical terms in ST have equivalent words in TT, but there are also

many data that need to be explained by the translator. Description and

amplification techniques are appropriate to translate medical terms. It is

because the quality of translation in term of accuracy is high while lay

audiences also can catch the proper meaning of the medical terms. Meanwhile,

literal translation and pure borrowing technique are more dominant in

producing low quality translation. The findings of this research show that every

type of medical terms needs appropriate translation techniques in producing

good translation. In here, established equivalent is mostly appropriate for all

categories. But for instrument category, established equivalent produces low

quality translation in terms of acceptability and readability, it is because the

intended target audiences are not only from medical people but also lay

audiences.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the data based on the problem statements, the conclusion

is drawn as follows:

In this research, there are 11 categories of medical terms. They are medical

specialty, profession, procedure, condition, body part, medicine, hospital room,

instrument, body system, blood related and characteristics of cell category.

Moreover, the researcher found 8 single techniques and 3 couplets techniques

used by the translator in translating medical terms in the tv series Grey’s

Anatomy. They are established equivalent, pure borrowing, naturalized

borrowing, amplification, generalization, description, literal translation,

through translation, established equivalent + pure borrowing, established

equivalent + naturalized borrowing, pure borrowing + naturalized borrowing.

Established equivalent technique is the technique mostly used by the translator

in translating medical terms found in tv series Grey’s Anatomy.

The techniques of translation which are used influence the quality of

translation. The accurate translation is contributed by the use of established

equivalent technique which is also the most dominant technique used in

translating medical terms. It is because many data of medical terms in ST have

equivalent in TT so that the meaning of medical terms in ST is delivered well

in TT. The rest techniques, especially generalization, established equivalent,

literal translation, and naturalized borrowing techniques are seen as the source

of less accurate translation and there is no inaccurate translation.

The highest acceptable translations in medical terms is produced by

established equivalence technique. It is due to the fact that most of medical

terms could be recognized in medical dictionary thus the translator applies

Established Equivalence technique. Meanwhile, the techniques that produce

less acceptable and unacceptable translation are pure borrowing, established

equivalent, naturalized borrowing, through translation, and couplet technique.

It is because the different culture in SL and TL of medical terms impacts on the

name of the terms, so that not every term sounds familiar in TL.

The technique which produces the high level of readable in translation of

medical terms is established equivalent technique. It is because the terms that is

translated with established equivalence technique is the exact equivalence word

in TL, so that this technique produces an understandable translation. At the

same time, the use of pure borrowing, established equivalent, naturalized

borrowing, through translation, description and couplet technique moslty result

less readable translation and not readable translation. It is caused by usage of

uncommon terms and loan words, so that the terms are not understandable.

B. Recommendation

Here, the researcher gives the recommendations to the English

Department Students, translators and other researchers. The recommendations

are as follows:

1. Students of English Department

The result of this research shows that medical terms is an interesting

matter to discuss. Moreover the students who are interested in the subject of

medical terms translation must be aware of problems in translating medical

terms. It is considering that every categories have its own specific meaning and

need to be translated with its own specific technique of translation. Students

need to study not only the translation technique, but also the additional

information and competence of medical field. The translated medical terms are

more likely less readable, it is because the terms is not understandable enough

for lay audiences. It is recommended not to translate the medical terms using

literal translation and pure borrowing technique since it cannot produce

readable translation. In order to produce accurate, acceptable, and readable

translation, there are factors that should be considered like context of situation

and choice of word.

2. Translators

The result of this research shows that translating medical terms is not an

easy task. Since translating technical terms is different from translating

common terms, the translators have to improve the competence in one of

particular subject field. Moreover, a translator should produce more qualified

translation considering to the cultural background of both languages and reduce

the misconception and misunderstanding of translation during the process of

translating.

In translating medical terms, the most appropriate techniques

recommended to the translator are established equivalent, description, and

amplification. Established equivalent is recommended since most of the terms

have the equivalent meaning listed in the dictionary. In other side,

amplification and description techniques are also needed, considering that

many medical terms are not really familiar and understandable for lay

audiences.

3. Other Researchers

The researcher hopes that the result of the findings can give a lot of

benefits for the readers who want to analyze translation technique and quality

of medical terms. Medical terms research should be continuously conducted

since there are various problem in translating medical terms. Other researchers

also can analyze the same topic, which is medical terms, but use different

source of data. It is because medical terms are found not only in tv series but

also in books, movies or video discussing about medical field. It is better for

the researchers to analyse more detail categories of medical terms, for example

surgical instrument category can be divided into specific category as

mechanical cutters, measurement devices, and so on. This research may

become inspiration and reference for the other researchers who are interested in

conducting the same research.

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