chapter introduction · 2014-04-01 · greek society and economy the ancient greeks had limited...

The Ancient Greeks

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Introduction

This chapter will introduce you to the Ancient Greeks. You will learn about early Greek history, society, and government. Section 1: The Rise of City-States Section 2: Greek Society and Economy Section 3: Democracy in Athens Section 4: Oligarchy in Sparta

Chapter Introduction

The Ancient Greeks


myStory

Why was Pericles’ family evacuating from Athens?

How were most Athenians probably

feeling about the evacuation?

Pericles: Calm in the Face of Danger

The Ancient Greeks


myStory

What did the Athenian men plan to do about the Persian invaders?

What happened to Pericles’ dog, Ajax, when his family left Athens?


The Ancient Greeks


myStory


What evidence supports the idea that Persia was a mighty and fearsome enemy?

Persia was a mighty and fearsome enemy.

Evidence

The Ancient Greeks


myStory


Lessons of Salamis

What lessons do you think Pericles learned from the experience of seeing Athens defeat the mighty Persians?

The Ancient Greeks


myStory

What is power? Who should have it?

Persia Athens

How did the Greek and Persian ideas of power differ?

The Ancient Greeks


The Rise of City-States

Describe your local government, including important leadership positions.

How does your city or town government work?

The Ancient Greeks



eventual—adj., final Studying hard will improve your eventual results at school. exclude—v., to shut out or keep from participating It is against the law to exclude people because of their race or gender.

Academic Vocabulary

The Ancient Greeks



Physical geography helped shape Greek life and culture. The basic political unit of ancient Greece was the city-state.

Key Ideas

The Ancient Greeks



Early Greek history was marked by frequent warfare among small city-states.

Key Ideas

The Ancient Greeks



Key Terms

polis—a city-state citizen—a member of a city-state who enjoys legal rights

The Ancient Greeks



acropolis—the high hill in a city-state where public buildings and temples were located politics—the art and practice of government aristocracy—a hereditary class of rulers

Key Terms

The Ancient Greeks



•  mountain ranges

•  limited farm land

•  the sea

•  Mediterranean climate

What are some important features of Greek geography?

The Ancient Greeks



How did geography influence the ancient Greeks?

Greek Geographic Features and Their Influence

Mountains Limited Land

Sea Climate

The Ancient Greeks



Ancient Greece: Early History

2000 B.C. Minoan civilization spreads to Greece. 1600 B.C.–1100 B.C. Advanced Mycenaean kingdoms trade bronze weapons and pottery. 1100 B.C.–750 B.C. Culture declines during the dark age.

The Ancient Greeks



What was the importance of the Iliad and the Odyssey to the Greeks?

The Iliad and the Odyssey

The Ancient Greeks



Ancient Greece: The City-States

The polis included the people of the community, the city and surrounding area, and its government. On the acropolis, or high city, the important activities of government and religion took place. Greek settlers established city-states throughout the Mediterranean.

The Ancient Greeks


Why was the small size of the polis important?

What kinds of governments did the city-states have?


Diversity Among the City-States

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The city-state became one of the most important features of Greek culture.

What evidence supports this idea?

Evidence of Importance of City-State

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Trace the rise of the city-state in ancient Greece.


The Ancient Greeks


Greek Society and Economy

Think about groups in your community. Might some of those groups also have existed in ancient Greece?

Community Groups

Identify Predict

The Ancient Greeks



obtain—v., to gain Traders obtained olive oil from the Greeks. symbolize—v., to represent The stars on our national flag symbolize the states.

Academic Vocabulary

The Ancient Greeks



Greek society was divided according to wealth and legal status. Women had clear roles and few rights in the Greek city-states.

Key Ideas

The Ancient Greeks



Geography and limited resources spurred conquest, trade, and colonization.

Key Ideas

The Ancient Greeks



Key Terms

tenant farmer—a person who paid rent, either in money or crops, to grow crops on somebody else’s land metic—a resident foreigner slavery—the ownership and control of other people as property

The Ancient Greeks



Free Greek women were noncitizens. Women’s status varied from city-state to city-state. Greek women oversaw most household duties.

Ancient Greek Women

The Ancient Greeks



How did the role and status of women differ in Sparta and Athens?

Athenian Women

Spartan Women

Both

The Ancient Greeks



What part did landownership play in determining a person’s standing

in Greek society?

How did tenant farmers differ from landowners?

How did people become slaves

in ancient Greece?

Land Ownership and Status

The Ancient Greeks



What status did noncitizens have in Greek society?

Noncitizens in Greek Society

Women Metics Slaves

The Ancient Greeks



The ancient Greeks had limited farmland and resources to support a growing population. Some Greek city-states conquered their neighbors to acquire land and resources. Some Greeks established colonies on the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.

Effects of Overpopulation and Land Hunger

The Ancient Greeks



What did the Greeks consider an ideal site for a colony?

Ideal Site for a Colony

The Ancient Greeks



In what ways did trading affect the cultures of the Mediterranean?

What effect did trading have

on the social structure of Greece?

Effects of Mediterranean Trade

The Ancient Greeks



Main Ideas About Greek Society and Economy

The Ancient Greeks




Who held the most power in the Greek family?

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

What words do you connect with democracy?

Democracy

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

maintain—v., to keep and support Our government maintains an army for defense. lecturer—n., a person who gives an informative talk to students Our lecturer is an expert on life in ancient Greece.

Academic Vocabulary

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

Greek city-states experimented with many forms of government, including oligarchy and tyranny. In Athens, democracy developed. Citizens participated in lawmaking and the courts.

Key Ideas

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

Key Ideas

Athenian democracy and the responsibilities of citizenship developed gradually over many years.

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

Key Terms

oligarchy—a government in which a small number of people hold political power phalanx—a formation of heavily armed foot soldiers who moved together as a unit

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

Key Terms

tyranny—a government run by one strong leader democracy—a government run by many people

The Ancient Greeks


citizenship—membership in a community direct democracy—a political system in which citizens participate directly in decision making representative democracy—a political system in which citizens elect others to represent them

Democracy in Athens

Key Terms

The Ancient Greeks


How did tyranny differ from oligarchy in ancient Greece?

Tyranny Oligarchy Shared

Democracy in Athens

The Ancient Greeks


In what ways was the phalanx different from earlier battle formations?

Why do some believe that there is a

connection between the phalanx and the way larger numbers of people gained political

power?

Democracy in Athens

The Phalanx

The Ancient Greeks


594 B.C. Solon reforms the courts, extends voting rights to some non-aristocrats, and stops the practice of turning debtors into slaves. 508 B.C. Cleisthenes increases the number of voters from lower classes and gives the assembly more power. 1100 B.C. Pericles increases citizen participation in government by paying citizens for jury service.

Democracy in Athens

Moving Toward Democracy

The Ancient Greeks


In Athens, citizens had various rights and responsibilities.

Pericles suggested that it was not class but ability that should be recognized for leaders.

Democracy in Athens

Citizens of Athens

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Democracy in Athens

How did Athenian democracy work?

How Athenian Democracy Worked

Assembly Juries Archons Boule Council Subcom-mittees

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

Summarize ideas about

Athenian democracy.

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

The Power of Athenian Democracy

In what way was citizenship in Athens unique in the ancient world?

Why do you think Athenian democracy

spread to other city-states?

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens

Evolution of Democracy

Why is Athens described as a “limited democracy”?

Why would it be difficult, if not impossible, to create direct democracy

in a large country?

The Ancient Greeks


Democracy in Athens


How did citizens gain power in Athens?

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Importance of the Military

How does the military help our country?

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

authority—n., people in power Most citizens respect authority. innovation—n., a new way of doing things Some innovations, like the computer, change everyone’s life.

Academic Vocabulary

The Ancient Greeks


Sparta developed an oligarchic government based on military conquest. Sparta differed greatly from Athens in terms of education, citizenship, and women’s roles.

Oligarchy in Sparta

Key Ideas

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Oligarchy in Sparta

Key Terms

ephor—a Spartan official, elected by the assembly, who was responsible for the government’s day-to-day operations and for oversight of the kings and the council helot—one of the conquered Messenians who were forced to farm their land for the Spartans

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Key Terms

military state—a society organized for the purpose of waging war barracks—military housing

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Sparta’s Government Sparta’s government was an oligarchy with two kings. The council of elders was Sparta’s main governing body. An assembly of citizens could pass laws with the council’s approval. Ephors, elected by the assembly, oversaw the daily operations of the government. They also ensured that the kings and the council operated within the law.

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Spartan Military Might

Why did Sparta become a military state?

In what way did the helots enable Spartan men to become a warrior class?

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Steps to Election to the Council of Elders

Step 1—Male youths undergo years of military training and service. Step 2—To become citizens, Spartan men must gain entry into a men’s club. Step 3—When Spartan men become citizens, they obtain membership in the assembly and the right to land worked by helots. Step 4—At age 60, citizens are eligible to join the council of elders.

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Roles and Rights in Sparta

Spartan Men

Spartan Women

Shared

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Comparing Athens and

Sparta

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Sparta and Athens: A Stark Contrast

Thucydides made observations about the differences between these city-states:

The Athenians were “addicted to innovation.”

The Spartans had a “genius for keeping what you have got.”

In time, the differences between Sparta and Athens led to conflict and war.

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta

Two Extremes in Ancient Greece

Why did other Greek city-states both fear and admire Sparta?

Why do you think Thucydides said Athenians were “addicted to innovation”?

Why did he say the Spartans had “a genius for keeping what you have got”?

The Ancient Greeks


Oligarchy in Sparta


chapter introduction · 2014-04-01 · greek society and economy the ancient greeks had limited...

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