chapter i introduction and significance of the...

A Study of Trade Unions in Selected Large and Medium Scale Industries in Visakhapatanam District (A.P.)

1

CHAPTER I

Introduction and Significance of THE STUDY

It is stated that the associations are the outcome of the union of two or more

persons since single individual cannot do the desired work without the strength of

others. With the assistance of these groups or associations the economic status of human

being was improved. As the economic status of human beings is being improving the

whole human society will also be improving its economic status. Thus it can be

concluded that the unity in diversified areas of work also improves the human society

as that leads to develop the economy of human society.

'Trade Unions' was taken place consequent, upon the industrial revolution, as the

capitalists used the labor class without paying at least for their livelihood. So, the

working class .formed themselves into groups to achieve their aims as the capitalist

neglected the individual employees, who were helpless to stand before the management

in bargaining 'individually for their terms of contract. In a developing economy or a

country aspiring for economic development, a systematic growth of trade unions is

more important. To make clear about this potentiality, the country has to examine the

existing human institutions so as to discover their impact upon the economic growth of

the community which, in turn requires a thorough understanding of the institutions

making changes for their improvement.

A STUDY OF TRADE UNIONS IN SELECTED LARGE AND MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRIES IN VISAKHAPATANAM DISTRICT

(A.P.)

2

Historicity of Visakhapatnam

It is generally held that Visakhapatnam (Vizagapatnam) is named after the

temple of "Visakha" or "Vaisakha" (Subramanyaswami).1 This temple existed in the

past but was later washed away by the sea.2 The district derives its name from

Visakhapatnam, its headquarters. This district lies in the northern part of Andhra

Pradesh and is situated on the east coast known as the Coromandel Coast between

170 15 – 180 32 of north latitudes and between 810 6 – 830 31 of east longitudes. 3

The District

Visakhapatnam district was not a homogenous administrative unit in the past

and its component parts were, at different periods of time, under the Control of

different" imperial dynasties, namely, the Mauryas, Chedis, Satavahanas, Guptas,

Gangas of Kalinga, Chalukyas

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Gazetteer of India, op.cit., p.1.

2. Ibid.

3. Krishna Rao, Y.V., and Balarama Murthy, Etukuri, “Andhra Pradesh

Darshini", Visalandhra Publishing House, Hyderabad, 1987, p.808.


(A.P.)

3

of Vengi, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Reddys of Kondaveedu, Recherla Chiefs, Gajapatis,

Rayos of Vijayanagar, Qutub Shahis, Mughals and Asa! Jahis, besides the local

dynast~es of the Matharas, Vasisthas, Chalukyas of Elamanchi, Velanati Chodas,

Matsyas of Vaddadi, Surabhis of Jantarunadu and Pusapatis, and Madugula

Zamindaries.1 This district was the biggest in the country till 1950. 2 Visakhapatnam

was made the district headquarters in 1803 and it was made a municipality in 1859.

In 1981, it was declared as corporation, the second one in Andhra Pradesh.3

Visakhapatnam district with an area of 11.161 sq.kms is one of the coastal districts of

Andhra Pradesh and 1s surrounded-on the North by Vizianagaram district, on the

South by East Godavari district, on the east by the Bay of Bengal and on the West by

Orissa State.4 Visakhapatnam is now called the 'Steel City' with the location of one

of the biggest steel plants in India.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Ibid.

2. Gazetteer of India, op.cit., pp.1-2.

3. Ibid.

4. Madhusudhana Rao, M., "Labor management Relations end Trade Union

Leadership", Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1986, p.57.

A STUDY OF TRADE UNIONS IN SELECTED LARGE AND MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRIES IN VISAKHAPATANAM

DISTRICT (A.P.)

4

Population and Literacy

According to the 2001 census, the population of, Visakhapatnam district is

42,72,110. Out of this, 21,86,305 are men and 20,85,805 are women. Out of the total

population of the district, 14,49,792 are from Visakhapatnam city (7,42,771 are men

and 7,07,021 are women). The total number of literates in the district is 34,32,903 as

per 2001 census. On an average both, 1n men and women literacy in the district is

81.6 per cent for a total population of 42,72,110 as per 2001 census. 1

Industrial Growth in Visakhapatnam District

The present Visakhapatnam district came into existence on 1st June 1979

with an area of 11,161 Sq.kms for easy administration by leaving some places to

Vizianagaram district. Before this bifurcation the district had its bifurcation in 1950

when the northern part of it became Srikakulam District.

The district has a lot of excellent natural resources like water, sea port,

minerals, forests, marine products, agricultural lands with good climatic

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. "Visakha Zilla Samacharam" published by District Public Relations Officer,

Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Andhra

Pradesh, Visakhapatnam, 2000-2001.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

5

conditions and reasonable rainfall. There are good rivers like Machkund, Ghostani,

Champavati, Thandava, Naragudu Gadda and Meghadri Gadda. These rivers give

scope for growing of raw materials like jute and sugarcane. The district has tourist

and religious places like Araku valley, Apuka Ghar, Borra Guhalu, Dolphin Nose

Mount Sea, Simhachalam Sri Varaha Lakshmi Naraslmha Swamy on Simhagiri,

Rushikonda, the modern town, Bheemunipatnam (Bheemllee) with a beach where

the Dutch people dwellings are found. The greatest advantage

of the district is that it has in Visakhapatnam, the headquarters of the district,

Andhra University a centre for education. All these facilitate to locate a number

of tiny, small, medium and large scale industries engineering, electrical, chemical

and agricultural.

Visakhapatnam, a sleepy sea-side fishing village in the seventeenth century,

has become a major industrial city not only in the district but also in the Stat owing

to the tremendous growth of small, medium and large-scale industries. The port is

the sole catalyst in transforming the sea-side fishing village into 'city of destiny'.

The port was. built in 1933. A decade later, the city got Hindustan Shipyard to

build oceangoing ships. There was a lull in the industrial activity for about a

decade afterwards. It was in 1957, the


DISTRICT (A.P.)

6

Caltex Oil Refinery was started. During the next ten years several small,

medium and large-scale industries came into existence. During the Five Year

Plan Period (1969-74) industrialization in the district has been accelerated by

hosting of large scale units such as Zink Smelter, Coromandel Fertilizers Bharat·

Heavy Plate and Vessels, Hindustan Polymers etc. In 1970s the major thrust was

also on strengthening the defense with huge outlays on the Eastern Naval

Command, Naval Dry Dock, Director General of Naval Project. Later in 1980s

the district gave a new dimension to establish several industries to produce

different type of productions like manufacturer floating cranes, cement, marine,

communication equipment, steel, chemicals, electrical and engineering goods.1

Visakbapatnam District on New Horizons of Industrial Growth

Visakhapatnam the rising steel city throbbing with maritime activity is

fast developing into one of the premier industrial centers of the country.

Besides, the first ever port-based steel plant, Visakhapatnam also houses for

some of the major public sector units --

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Madhusudhana Rao. M., op.cit., pp.59-62.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

7

Hindustan Shipyard, Bharat Heavy Plate and Vessels, Hindustan Zinc and

Hindustan Petroleum and in the private and joint sectors are big names such as

Coromandel Fertilizers, Coastal Chemicals, Hindustan polymers and A.P.

Refractors. The city's location as a strategic part endows it with all the requisites for

the establishment of a Free Trade Zone. Visakhapatnam is the biggest urban

complex in the state, next to the capital city of Hyderabad.

An excellent road, rail and air network connects the city with all the

important towns on the east coast as well as places outside the state. With -the

available physical and financial infrastructural facilities, Visakhapatnam in the

district offers sound prospects for industrial development.

Small Scale Industries

As on 31-3-2008, 3,778 small scale industries are working in the district wi th

a capital investment of Rs, 40,73,85,000 providing employment to 32,032 persons.

Concerted efforts continue to be pursued for intensifying the growth and

development of small scale industries, since there is good scope for the same.

The sector-wise breakup of the existing industries is shown in Exhibit 1.1.


(A.P.)

8

EXHIBIT 1.1

EXISTING SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT (AS ON 31-3-2008) - Source: Records of District Industries Centre, Visakhapatnam.

S. No

Category No. of Units

Investment (Rs. In 000’s)

Employment

1 Food Products

513 67055 5073

2 Bevarages, Tobacco and Tobacco Products

22 6072 226

3 Cotton-Textile

24 787 132

4 Jute, Hemp, Mesta, Coir

3 1123 75

5 Hosiery & Garments

77 1502 700

6 Wood products

380 21901 3000

7 Paper Products & Printing

236 25962 1200

8 Leather Products

96 1741 399

9 Rubber and Plastic Products

99 27182 947

10 Chemical and Chemical Products

95 24071 976

11 Non-metallic mineral products

272 46317 5829

12 Basic Metal Industries 113 35239 1924

13 Metal Products

422 45685 3602

14 Machinery and parts except electrical

81 7011 599

15 Electrical Machinery & Apparatus

25 4115 268

16 Transport equipment & parts 14 2365 169

17 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries

200 27475 1818

18 Repairing and Servicing. Industries

1106 61782 5095

Total 3778 40,73,85.000 32032


(A.P.)

9

From the Exhibit 1.1, it is clear that the repairing and servicing small scale

industries number (1106) is high followed by Food products with 513 units and with

the least number of units (3) is jute, hemp, Mesta, coir industries, among 18 types of

small scale industries for the total of 3,778 units.

The total investment-on 3,778 small scale industries is Rs. 40,73,85,000. Out of

the 18 types of small scale industries the highest investment (Rs. 6,70,55,000) on

Food product industries followed by the repairing and servicing industries (with

Rs. 6,17,82,000) and the cotton textile industrial units investment is the least (Rs.

7,87,000).

The total employment potentiality of all the 3,778 small scale industrial units

in 18 types is 32,032 persons. Among the 18 types the non-metallic mineral products

industries· are stand on first by providing the employment for 5,829 persons

followed by repairing and servicing industries second (5,095 persons) and the least

is jute, hump, Mesta, coir industry which is providing only for 75 persons.

GROWTH OF LARGE AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES. There are 32 large and medium scale industries in Visakhapatnam district as on 31-

3-2008. The particulars of these industries have been collected and shown in Exhibit

1.2. from this exhibit, it is evident that the oldest industry in the district was the

chittivalasa jute mills (A Divison of Willard India Ltd) was established in the year

1926 which is providing employment facility for 5,336 employees. This is the first

large scale industry in the district under private sector before independence.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

10

The Hindustan shipyard Limited is the second large scale industry in the

district which was established in 1941. At the beginning it was under public

sector by providing the employment facilities for 9,648 persons with an

investment of Rs. 8,897 lakhs. This is only the industry in India equipped with

all modern technology for ship construction with huge investment in public

sector.

After independence a large number of industries were located both under

private and public sector. During the second five year plan period 1956-61 the

government of India gave top priority for establishing the different category of

industries in the district. During this period under private sector the Caltex oil

Refinery (1957) was started.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

11

EXHIBIT 1.2

EXISTING LARGE AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES IN VISAKHAPATNAM

DISTRICT AS ON 31-3-2008

S.No Name Capital invested

(Rs. In Lakhs)

Employment No.

FOOD AND AGRO

INDUSTRIES

1 Marine Products Processing

Plant(Chowhan Export Ltd)

84 81

2 Phoenix India Marine (p)Ltd. 145 48

3 The Anakapalle Co-operative

Sugars Ltd

146 649

4 The Chodavaram Co-operative

Agricultural & Industrial

Society Ltd.

696 896

5 The Etikoppaka Co-operative

Agricultural & industrial

Society

LTD.

597 747

6 The Srinivas Sea Foods (p) Ltd. 57 99

7 The Thandava Co-operative

Sugars Ltd.

1420 1007

8 Union carbide Ltd. 971 788

9 Nava Bharat Ferro Alloys Ltd. 835 103

CHEMICAL AND ALLIED

INDUSTRIES

10 Andhra Pradesh Industrial

Gases Ltd

137 56

11 Coromandal Fertilisers Ltd. 7023 2328


(A.P.)

12

Exbibit 2.2 Contd ..

S.No Name Capital

Invested Rs

in Lakhs)

Empolyment

No.

12 Hastalloy castings Ltd. 209 79

13 Hindustan polymers 1498 594

14 Hindustan Petroleum

Corporation Ltd.

2546 1093

15 Indian Oxygen Ltd. 257 126

16 Mc Dowell & Co Ltd. 4311 1367

17 Pragati Fertilizers Ltd. 217 51

18 Southern Electrodes Ltd. 303 65

19 The Andhra Oxygen (p) Ltd. 53 79

20 The coastal chemicals Ltd. 3022 1003

JUTE BASED INDUSTRIES

21 Chittivalasa Jute Mills

(a Divison of Willard India Ltd).

1254 5336

CEMENT INDUSTRIES

22 The Andhra Cement Co.Ld.

(Visaka cement works)

2390 381

ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES

23 Andhra Pradesh refractories Ltd. 1461 505

24 AKC steel Industries Ltd. 198 578

25 B.E.Pumps (p) Ltd. 49 43

Contd…………


DISTRICT (A.P.)

13

Exhibit 2.2 Contd

S.No Name Capital

Invested

(Rs. In

Lakhs)

Employment

No.

26. Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. 8897 9648

27. Hindustan Zinc Ltd. 6721 1997

28. Steel Crete Ltd. 995 23

29. Visakha Wire Ropes Ltd. 153 124

ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES

30. Andhra Pradesh Electrical Equipment

Corporation

547 206

31. Bharat Heavy Plate and Vessels Ltd. 4984 5312

32. Marine and Communication

Electronics (India) Ltd. APIE'

286 792

Total 51,113 36,161

Per capita investment : 1.41 lakhs

Source : Compiled from "Directory of Large and Medium Industries in

Andhra Pradesh", All India Manufacturers Organization, Andhra

Pradesh State Board, Hyderabad, 2008, pp.29-35.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

14

Later, it was nationalized by the Government of India and merged in Hindustan

Petroleum Corporation Ltd.

Like this the district gave scope to establish more large and medium

industries in public, private and joint sectors. At present (as on 31-3-2008) there are

32 large and medium industries with an investment of Rs. 51113 lakhs by

providing employment opportunity to 36,161 persons with Rs. 1.41 lakhs per

capital investment on employment.1

The industrial development in the district occupies a significant importance

in the country with establishment of Visakha Steel Plant in 1970. The Governmental

agencies, the commercial banks, State Industrial Financial Corporation, and the

District Industries Centre are the main agencies which gave scope for the growth of

large and medium scale industries in the district at faster rate compared to other

districts in the state.1 Normally, the -faster growth rate of industrialization results

in faster growth of trade unions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. "Directory of Medium and Large Scale Industries in Andhra Pradesh", All

India Manufacturers Organization, Andhra Pradesh State Board,

Hyderabad, 2008, p.c.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

15

Significance of the Study

Trade union is almost parallel to the organizational structure of an industry.

It is interlinked with the management of work between the employer and

employee which is based on some functions. Trade unions perform various roles in

order-

1. To secure fair wages for workers;

2. To safeguard security of tenure and improve conditions of service;

3. To improve opportunities for promotion and training;

4. To provide educational, cultural and recreational facilities;

5. To improve working and living conditions;

6. To co-operate in and facilitate technological advance by broadening the

understanding of workers of the underlying issues;

7. To promote the identity of interest of the workers with their industry;

8. To offer responsive co-operation in. improving levels of production and

productivity, discipline and high standard of quality; and

9. To promote individual and collective welfare.

Trade unions thus perform a very important role in protecting the

interest of the workers. Trade unions are as significant as the management of

an industry.

The study on Trade Unions in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra

Pradesh in particular assumes significance in view of rapid growth of

industries in this district compared to other districts in the State.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

16

Need for the Study

The studies reviewed above mainly deal with various aspects of trade

unions in industrially advanced areas. But only a few studies were conducted in an

industrially fast advancing district like Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam is the

second largest city next the capital city of Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh. As it is

situated on the east coast of India on the boundaries of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh

state, an excellent road, rail and air network connects the city with all the important

towns on the east coast as well as places outside the state.

With the available physical and financial infrastructural facilities,

Visakhapatnam district offers sound prospects for industrial development. It is a

growing industrial city with many giant public and private sector units viz.,

Hindustan Shipyard, Bharat Heavy plates and Vessels, Hindustan Zinc and

Hindustan Petroleum public sector and Coromandel Fertilizers, Coastal Chemicals,

Hindustan Polymers and A.P.Refractors in the private and joint sectors, The city's

location as a strategic port confers upon it all the requisites for the establishment of

a Free Trade Zone, Chittivalasa, the biggest jute mill in Andhra Pradesh, is on the


DISTRICT (A.P.)

17

boundary lines of Vijayanagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. Bhimunipatnam,

the famous port during the period of the domination of the Dutch on the town, is

also situated in Visakhapatnam district.

Hence the study on Trade Unions in Visakhapatnam district is need of the

hour in view of the variety of industries flourishing in the district.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

18

Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are :

i) To examine the socio-economic backgrounds of the union leaders and

members;

ii) To enquire into the growth of trade union leadership and its impact on

growth of unions;

iii) To study the trends in growth of union membership;

iv) To analyze the financial position of trade unions; and

v) To enquire into the goals and objectives of the trade unions and their

achievements.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

19

Hypothesis :

1. Trade Unions have helped to up-lift the socio-economic conditions of the

workers who are working in all industries up to last seven years. But, right

now, Trade Union Movement has got a setback in the process of

Globalization. ( Ho= Null Hypothesis)

2. Opinion of Respondent Leaders and Management Representatives

regarding the above Hypothesis :

3. Opinion of Respondent Members regarding the above Hypothesis :


DISTRICT (A.P.)

20

Scope of the Study :

1. This study will be confined to Visakhapatanam District.

2. The study will mainly focus on Trade unions in Selected Large and

Medium Scale Industries in Visakhapatanam District.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

21

Research Design

Methodology and Sampling

To attain the objectives stated above information has been collected both from

primary and secondary sources. Primary data have been collected mainly through

administering three comprehensive questionnaires -- for union members, union

leaders and management: representatives. The questionnaires were designed

exhaustively to cover the socio-economic background of leaders. unions'

membership, finances, leadership, goals and-attainment. These questionnaires

also cover the opinions of various parties on different aspects of union

management.

The canvassing of the questionnaires was done during July 2009 to

February 2010.

Apart from administering the questionnaires, Informal discussions were

also held with personnel managers, general managers of the industries, trade

union leaders, members etc., to understand clearly their feelings and problems.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

22

In addition to the primary data that have been collected, secondary sources

are also relied upon for information relating to the number of employees, wages,

Collective bargaining, grievance handling etc. Secondary data have mostly been

obtained from the District Industries Centre, from the records of industries

selected, respondent unions, Offices of the Assistant Labor Commissioner, the

Deputy Commissioner of Labor, the Commissioner of Labor, Government of

Andhra Pradesh etc.

In Coastal Andhra, Visakhapatnam district occupies first place in terms of

capital invested, employment potentiality and per capita investment on

employment. There are 32 large and medium scale industries in the district which

can be divided into five categories viz., food and agro-industries, chemical and

allied industries, electrical industries, engineering industries and jute industries.

Five industrial units, one under each category, are selected for the present study

(Table 1.3). All unions in these industrial units numbering nine are taken up for the

study (Table 1.4).


DISTRICT (A.P.)

23

A sample of 216 members (approximately 1 per cent of the total of 22,953

of the union members) is studied from the existing 9 unions of the selected

industrial units. 24 members from each Trade Union are selected for the study.

Four leaders from each union (both internal and external) of the sample industrial

units are selected for the study. The total sample of leaders comes to 36. Two

management representatives from each industrial unit, representing the categories

of the General Manager/the Deputy General Manager, the Manager (Industrial

Relations)/the Deputy Manager (Industrial Relations)/the Senior Manager

(Industrial Relations) and the Manager (Personnel)/the Deputy Personnel

Officer/the Senior Personnel Officer/ the Assistant Personnel Officer, which come

to 10 are selected.


DISTRICT (A.P.)

24

TABLE 1.3

EXISTING LARGE AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES (AS ON 31-3-2008) IN

VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT AND THE SELECTION OF SAMPLE

S.No Type of Industries Number of

Exiting

Industrial Units

Number of

Industrial units

selected

1. Food and Agro 9 1

2. Chemicals and allied 11 1

3. Electricals 3 1

4. Engineering 7 1

5. Jute and Cement 2 1

Total 32 5

Source : Compiled from "The Directory of Large and Medium Industries in

Andbra Pradesh". All India 'Manufacturers Organization, Andhra Pradesh

State Board, . Hyderabad. 2008.

A STUDY OF TRADE UNIONS IN SELECTED LARGE AND MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRIES IN VISAKHAPATANAM DISTRICT (A.P.)

25

TABLE 1.4

UNIONS COVERED FOR THE STUDY

S.No Type of industrial unit Names and the place of industrial units

Selected for the study

Names of the unions selected

For the study

1 Food and Agro The Thandava Co-operative sugars Limited

Payakaraopet

1. The Thandava sugar Karmik sangh

(TSKS)

2. The Thandava Co-operative

agricultural and industrial society

Employees & workers union

(TCAISEWU)

3. The Visakha refinery workers

union (VRWU)

4. The Hindustan Petroleum Workers

Union (HPWU)

5. The Bharat heavy Plate & vessels

National Employees union

(BHPVNEU)

6. The Hindustan Shipyard staff

Association (HSSA)

7. The Hindustan Shipyard labor

union (HSLU).

8. The Chittivalasa Labor union

(CLU)

9. The Chittivalasa congress Karmik

Sangh (CCKS)

2 Chemicals and allied The Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd,

Visakhapatnam

3 Electricals The Bhara Heavy plateand Vessels Ltd,

Vishakapatnam.

4 Engineering The Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Vishakapatnam

5 Jute The Chittivalasa jutemills, Chittivalasa

Source : Field Survey.


(A.P.)

26

Scheme of Presentation of the Study

The study is presented in 11 chapters. Introduction and Significance, need for the study,

objectives, Hypothesis, Scope of the study, Research Design, methodology, sampling

and limitations of the study is dealt with in Chapter I. Chapter II deals with - Trade

Unions in India – A Profile - Approaches, Origin and Growth in India. Chapter III deals

with Profile of Trade Unions in Visakhapatanam District. Chapter IV - Deals with

Functions and Policies of Trade Unions. It also deals with Trade Union Rivalries,

Multiple Unionism, Social Responsibilities, Recognition and Workers Participation in

Union Activities. Chapter V deals with Literature Review.

Chapter VI deals with Socio-economic backgrounds of the respondents, Chapter

VII deals with Membership of trade unions, Chapter VIII deals with financial positions

of trade unions Chapter IX deals with leadership of trade unions.

Chapter X deals with goals and achievements of trade unions. The evaluation on

the study, Findings and the Suggestions for sound trade unions in Andhra Pradesh in

general and Visakhapatnam district in particular is presented in Chapter XI. Testing

and Concluding of Hypothesis is done at the end.


(A.P.)

27

Limitations of the Study

The data gathered is potentially based and has Specific to it certain validity threats:

i. Owing to financial constraints and time limit the study has been restricted to five

industries in the district in which 9 unions are in existence.

ii. As the area of trade unions is both in organized and unorganized unions. the

study 1s limited to only organized unions.

iii. The researcher could have only, restricted access to the trade union records. The

records in the trade union offices were not systematically maintained so as to

make available the necessary information in the study.

iv. The conservative attitude on the part of some officers to part with information

'also prevented in collecting the required data.

However, some of these limitations were sought to be overcome through the

preparation of more elaborate and exhaustive questionnaires and schedules to

trade union members and leaders. Further, every possible effort is made to

evaluate the situation as accurately and objectively as possible.

v. In the case of First 5 Chapters, whatever the information and data is available

and possible to obtain from primary and secondary sources up to 4/5/2010,

those information and data incorporated here.

vi. In the case of Chapter VII, VIII and IX – information pertaining to years 2004 –

2008 is considered.

chapter i introduction and significance of the...

Documents