chapter fourteen interceding to prevent the bad and enhance the good positive psychology: the...

Chapter Fourteen

Interceding to Prevent the Bad and Enhance the Good

Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human

Strengths © 2010 SAGE

Prevention

Primary prevention:

- “Stop the bad before it happens”

Secondary prevention:

- “Fix the problem”



Enhancement

Primary enhancement:

- “Make life good.”

Secondary enhancement:

- “Make life the best possible”



Primary and Secondary Prevention



Primary Prevention

Actions that lesson or remove the likelihood of future psychological difficulties or physical problems

no problems, yet

Problems will appear if action is not taken



Primary Prevention

Universal prevention

Selective prevention

Based on hope for the future



Effective Primary Prevention

Components should include:

1. provision of knowledge of risky behavior

2. attractive program

3. motivational

4. change norms/social structures

5. gather data




Active ingredients in the change process:

1. inclusion of parents

2. focus on interpersonal interaction

3. cognitive-behavioral interventions




Examples:

- Head Start

- Parent Training

- Problem-Solving with Youth

- Physical Health in the Elderly



Challenges of Primary Prevention

illusion of uniqueness

difficulty convincing others of program effectiveness

lag time in publication



Secondary Prevention

addressing problems as they begin

goal = eliminate, reduce, or contain problem

Psychotherapy

- over 400 types



Effectiveness of Secondary Prevention

Psychotherapy:

- consistent evidence of efficacy

- evidence-based treatments

- on average, 34% better off

- self-reported client satisfaction



Components of Secondary Prevention

Psychotherapy:

- Hope underlies the process

- agency process

- pathways process



Secondary Prevention Programs

for Adults from Traditional Psychology

Self-Management Approaches:

- Bandura’s self-efficacy model

- Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training

- Kanfer’s 3-stage self-control model

Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, family systems, medication




for Adults from Positive Psychology

Seligman’s Attributional Retraining or Learned Optimism Therapy:

A = Adversity

B = BeliefC = Consequence

D = Disputation




for Adults from Positive Psychology

Hope Therapy:

- for individuals, couples, & groups

- probe for goals in various domains

- select a domain to work on

- clarify goals, define pathways, develop motivation

- anticipate obstacles with back-up routesPositive Psychology: The Scientific

and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

Examples of Secondary Prevention Programs

For:

- Racial and Ethnic Minorities

- Children

- Elderly



Caveats About Secondary Prevention Programs

Stigma linked to psychotherapy

Prolong treatment until problem is severe

Positive psychology to lessen stigma!



Primary Enhancement Effort to establish optimal functioning and

satisfaction

Maximize hedonic well-being

- maximize pleasure

Maximize eudemonic well-being

- setting/reaching goalsPositive Psychology: The Scientific


Primary Enhancement Evolutionary Premise:

- pleasure related to propagation:

- close interpersonal ties

- mating

Happiness stems from:

1. safe/supportive living environment

2. fertile environment/productive of food

3. stretching of body via exercise

4. pursuit of meaningful work goals



Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Most powerful sources of well-being:

- relationships with lovers, family, friends

Engage in shared activities

Engage in arousing/novel activities

Intrinsically motivated activities

Close proximity to familyPositive Psychology: The Scientific



Happiness from religion and spiritual

relationships:

- related to higher hope

- social contacts

- relationship with a higher power




Happiness from:

- gainful employment

- leisure/recreation

- contentment/contemplation

- concentrative meditationPositive Psychology: The Scientific



Happiness via Savoring:

- thoughts/actions aimed at appreciating & amplifying the positive (see pg. 371)

- 3 temporal forms1. Anticipation

2. In the moment

3. ReminiscingPositive Psychology: The Scientific



Positive emotion-inducing activities based on broaden-and-build model




Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC)- by Stephen Illardi, University of Kansas

- to prevent depression & enhance

happiness

- exercise, omega-3 supplements, light exposure, decreased rumination, good sleep, social support

Positive Psychology: The Scientific



Gratitude Letter Delivery

3 Good Things

Examination of Character Strengths



Primary Enhancement: Physical Health

Exercise:

- benefits of short-term vs. long-term

- links to many positive health outcomes

Positive Psychology: The Scientific


Secondary Enhancement

Goal = augment already-positive levels

Peak psychological moments

Psychological group experiences

Existentialist contemplation of life’s meaning

Normal competitions




Goal = augment already-positive levels

Collective triumphs

Helping others/volunteering

Observations resulting in elevation/awe

Via the arts




Secondary physical enhancement =

- goal = attainment of peak levels of physical health

- beyond those of well-conditioned people

- far surpass those who engage in regular exercise



chapter fourteen interceding to prevent the bad and enhance the good positive psychology: the...

Documents

prevention primary prevention

sage slide

problem positive psychology

future positive psychology

good positive psychology

elderly positive psychology

types positive psychology

data positive psychology