chapter four ap empire under strain
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Chapter FourThe Empire Under Strain
King George III
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The Albany Plan of Union
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The French and Indian War
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Effects of the War
• --Gave unchallenged supremacy in North America
• --dominant naval power in the world• --American colonies no longer face the threat
of attacks from the French, the Spanish or Indian allies
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The British View
• Low opinion of colonial military effort—poorly trained, disorderly rabble—refusing to contribute money or troops to the war effort.
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The Colonial View
• Proud of their military performance• Confident of their own defense• Not impressed with the British effort—badly
suited for American terrain• Still very proud to be British
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2 Big Problems for the King
• A huge area to maintain• A huge war debt• The End of Salutary Neglect
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Proclamation of 1763
• To deal with the problem of maintaining a large empire and stabilizing the western frontier and prevent hostilities between colonists and Native American.
• Colonists reaction: anger and defiance
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• The Proclamation was a first in a series of actions and reactions—
• British: each act justified as proper method of protection and sharing the cost of burden
• Colonists: each act threatened their liberties and long established practice of representative government
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New Revenues and Regulations
• Sugar Act: placed duties on foreign sugar, lower price of molasses, stricter enforcement of the Navigation act and established vice admiralty courts.
• Quartering Act: required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers
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• The Stamp Act—required revenue stamps on most printed paper—legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets etc-- antagonized and unified the colonist the most.
• Why? Not a tax on trade for commerce sake—it was a tax to raise money without the consent of the colonial assemblies. First direct tax.
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• Patrick Henry• The Stamp Act Congress• Sons and Daughters of Liberty• Boycotts• Repealed having never collected one cent
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To what extent did changes in British policies toward the
American colonies after 1763cause the American Revolution?
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The Townshend Acts
• Tax on tea, glass, and paper—provided the authority to search private homes for smuggled goods.
• Reaction –boycott—repeal of the acts
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“No Taxation without Representation”
• John Dickinson: Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer– stated that taxes were legal to regulate trade only, not to raise $$
• “virtual representation vs actual representation”
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The Boston Massacre1770
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The Tea Excitement
• The Tea Act—to save the East India Tea company from going bankrupt—actually lowered the price of tea—so what was the problem??
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The Boston Tea Party1773
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Reaction From England
• The Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)• --closed the Boston Harbor• --Put in a royal governor• --trials in England• --expanded the Quartering act to all colonies
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Cooperation and War
• New Sources of Authority emerged as royal authority in the colonies crumbled.
• --Sons of Liberty—vigilante action and boycotts
• --Committees of Correspondence-• First Continental congress 1774—endorsed
grievances, recommended colonies prepare militarily and agreed to meet again next year
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Lexington and ConcordApril 18, 1775