chapter five: decision making in administration. the nature of decisions decision making: product of...
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Chapter Five: Chapter Five:
Decision Making in Decision Making in AdministrationAdministration
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The Nature of DecisionsDecision making: product of
complex social process generally extending over a long period of timeIncreasing potential gainsMonitoring ongoing decisional processReducing resource expenditure,
uncertainty or risk
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Approaches to Decision Making:Concepts and Controversies
Rational approachWorks to achieve conscious goalsEfficiencyCost-benefit analysis/cost-benefit ratiosValue-neutralProcedural criteria
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Approaches to Decision Making:Concepts and Controversies
Critiques of rational modelOnly applicable to low-level decisionsMany impediments to rationalityCompetition for resourcesMust deal with different aspects of same
problemNot usually applicable to government
decision-making processes
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Incrementalism and Mixed Scanning: Response and Counterresponse
IncrementalismUses limited successive comparisonsSimplified choicesStatus quo as reference for decisionsShort-term effects & crucial consequencesLess formalized cost/benefit
measurementsSatisfice
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Incrementalism and Mixed Scanning: Response and Counterresponse
Advantages of incrementalismCan satisfy ambiguous orders and
legislative requirements while buying timeSometimes economic models inappropriateCan use nonquantitative measures
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Incrementalism and Mixed Scanning: Response and Counterresponse
Critiques of incrementalismMarginal changes may not meet policy
demands, may overlook larger needs Makes inertia and status quo acceptable
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Incrementalism and Mixed Scanning: Response and Counterresponse
Mixed scanningIncorporates elements of rational and
incremental approachesDecisions made by exploring main
alternatives, but details omitted to permit overview
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Decisions in the Balance: The Environment of Choice
Decision-maker considerationsKinds/quantity of resources to be usedBenefits vs. probable costsHow are benefits and costs measured?Substantive groundsPolitical groundsOrganizational grounds
Which factor predominates?
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Decisions in the Balance: The Environment of Choice
Different grounds predominate for different decision makersSpecialists (area of expertise)Generalists (political factors)
Time factors
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Information Quality and Decision Analysis
Quantity and quality of informationDecision analysis techniquesExperimental methodTechnologyHuman judgment and experience
LimitationsImperfect informationCosts of obtainingBiasesDeliberately distorted information
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Information Quality and Decision Analysis
Other issues facing decision makersInfluence by previous decisions, current
policyUnanticipated consequencesGroupthinkSunk costs
Bounded rationality framework
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The Problem of Goals
Organizational goals: survival, maintenance, substantive, symbolicSymbolic goals attract political supportPublic policy goals may be aims (not
attainable)Criticism can lead to “lowering the bar”
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The Problem of GoalsPersonal goals: livelihood,
advancement or self improvement, strong policy attachmentSome focus on personal goals onlyPersonal goals can lead to conflicts
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The Problem of Goals
Downs’ bureaucratic mind-sets: ClimbersConserversZealotsAdvocatesStatesmen
Ideal to have goal congruence
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Ethical Dimensions of Decision Making
What is ethical behavior?ASPA’s Code of EthicsPublic and ethical obligationsBailey’s moral attitudes and qualitiesInternal vs. external checksRely on bureaucrat’s character/inclinationsPublic morality and public trust
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The Ethical Setting: New Emphasis on an Old ChallengeChallenge in defining, establishing
and maintaining high level of ethical behavior in government officials
Ethical behaviorsProfessional conductPersonal honestyConcern for serving publicRespecting law and democratic beliefs
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The Ethical Setting: New Emphasis on an Old ChallengeImplementation:
Formal adoption of ethics codeProfessional association codesFinancial disclosure requirementsHonoraria restrictionsProfessional activity restrictionsIn-house ethics training
Moral leadership
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Political Rationality: A Contradiction in Terms?
Can politics and rationality coexist?Political rationality
Political costs, benefits, consequencesChoice of criteria significant
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Organized Anarchies and UncertaintyOrganized anarchies
Garbage can theoryDecision making characterized by
pervasive ambiguity and unpredictable behavior
Choices often product of chance (not rationality)