chapter eleven an introduction to tcp/ip. objectives to compare tcp/ip’s layered structure to osi...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Eleven
An Introduction to TCP/IP
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Objectives
• To compare TCP/IP’s layered structure to OSI
• To review the structure of an IP address
• To look at some of the different protocols in the suite
• To learn a bit about address translation in TCP/IP
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TCP/IP and Layers
• TCP/IP has four layers– Compared to OSI’s seven layers
• For the most part, map cleanly to OSI layers
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The Four TCP/IP Layers
• Process/Application
• Host-to-Host
• Internet
• Network Access
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Process Application
Host to Host
Internet
Network Access
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Mapping TCP/IP Layers to OSI
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Reviewing IP Address Structure
• IPv4 uses a 32-bit address.• IPv6 uses a 128-bit address.• IPv4 addresses are broken down into classes.• One address identifies both the network and
host address.• A subnet mask separates the network portion
from the host portion of the address.
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IP Address Classes
• Class A– 1 octet for network, 3 for host
• Class B– 2 octets for network, 2 for host
• Class C– 3 octets for network, 1 for host
• Class D – multicasts• Class E – experimental
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Different protocols work at different layers.
• Different functions exist at each protocol layer.
• No protocols exist at the Network Access layer that I will discuss here.
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Process Application Protocols
• FTP/TFTP
• HTTP
• Telnet
• SMTP/POP
• IMAP4
• SNMP
• NFS
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FTP/TFTP• File Transfer Protocol/Trivial File Transfer
Protocol– Both function to transfer complete files over the
network– FTP is a connection-oriented protocol
• Port 20 for user data and Port 21 for control data
– TFTP is a connectionless protocol• Port 69 for user data, no control data passed
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HTTP and HTTPS
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol and Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure– Used for interpreting and moving hypermedia
over a network– HTTP uses Port 80; HTTPS uses Port 443.– HTTPS uses the secure socket layer (SSL) and
encryption algorithms in order to increase security.
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Telnet
• Creates a virtual terminal on the network
• Allows a user to take control of a device remotely
• Uses Port 23
• Used by many routers and switches for configuration
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SMTP and POP
• The protocols of email– Simple Mail Transfer Protocol for outgoing– Post Office Protocol for incoming
• SMTP uses Port 25
• POP3 uses Port 110 (older POP2 uses 109)
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IMAP4
• Internet Message Access Protocol, Version 4
• A more advanced protocol for sending email messages
• Allows users to create and maintain folders on the remote server
• Uses Port 220
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SNMP• Simple Network Management Protocol
– Allows network administrators to gather information about the network and to perform routine maintenance functions remotely
– SNMP manager runs on the administrator machine and the agent on the user’s machine
– Uses Port 161 for general messages and 162 for trap messages
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NFS
• Network File System– Allows the network to be browsed like a disk
drive– Uses Port 2049
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Host-to-Host Protocols
• TCP
• UDP
• DNS
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TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol– Manages point-to-point movement of data from
source to target– Connection-oriented protocol– Handles flow control, multiplexing, data transfer,
and error correction/detection
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UDP
• User Datagram Protocol
• Connectionless protocol
• Useful for broadcast messages and/or small data packages
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DNS
• Domain Name Services– Resolves Internet domain names to IP
addresses– Acts as the core protocol for active directory
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Structure of a DNS Domain Name• The “dot” server
– .com, .gov, .org and so on and so forth– The dot points to the DNS root.– A different set of servers, called root servers, maintains database of
each type of DNS root.• The top level domain
– Country code (.us, .uk, .jp, and so forth)– Generic domains (.com, .gov, .biz, and so forth)– Infrastructure domains (.arpa) the address routing domain
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DNS at Work• Each workstation must be configured with the address
of a DNS server.
• You type in a universal resource locator (URL) and your computer can’t resolve it.
• The request is forwarded to the DNS server configured in TCP/IP.
• If the DNS server has no record, it forwards the request to the appropriate root server.
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Types of DNS Query• Recursive
– If the DNS server cannot resolve the request, it will forward it to the next level.
– When the next level replies, the server adds the information to its database.
• Iterative– The request MUST be fulfilled on the local server.– It responds with all it knows and that’s all she wrote.
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Internet Layer Protocols
• IP
• BootP
• DHCP
• ICMP
• ARP
• RARP
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IP
• Handles addressing between different networks
• Provides for fragmentation of data over a network connection
• Handles all routing functions
• Tracks packet time to live
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BootP
• It allows a computer to boot up using files that are stored on a remote device.
• The bootstrap loader directs its boot request to the boot PROM on the NIC.
• The request is forwarded through Port 67.• A BootP server sends back a boot reply packet
with the data it needs to locate the boot files.
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DHCP
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol– It configures a client computer with all of its
TCP/IP information.– This information is “leased” for a certain time.– DHCP can configure IP address, subnet mask,
DNS server, and several other items.
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ICMP
• Internet Control Message Protocol– Announces network errors– Announces conditions of network congestion– Announces when a packet has timed out– Is the core protocol for PING
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ARP
• Address Resolution Protocol and Reverse Address Resolution Protocol– ARP sends out a packet to the target device
requesting a reply.– The reply has the machine’s IP address and
MAC address in the header.
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RARP
• It requires that RARP server be configured.
• A client machine broadcasts its IP address.
• The RARP server responds with an IP address.
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Address Resolution in TCP/IP
• WINS
• HOSTS
• LMHOSTS
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WINS
• Windows Internet Name Service– Resolves a NetBIOS name to an IP address– Requires that a WINS server be configured on
the network– Is old and graying, but not dead just yet
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The HOSTS and LMHOSTS File
• Both are text files stored in the root directory.
• HOSTS maps a DNS name to an IP address.
• LMHOSTS maps a NetBIOS name to an IP address.