Chapter 7

Balancing Nationalism and

Sectionalism

1 7.1Regional Economics Create

Differences• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain.

• It was the rapid growth of using machines in

manufacturing and production.

• The first breakthroughs came in the textile

industry.

2

• Machines did work faster and cheaper.

• Merchants began to build large mills or

factories. Also hired people to work in

them.

• Large machines were first powered by

water.

Spinning Jenny Water Frame

Samuel Slater “Father of the

American Industrial Revolution”

3 A Manufacturing

Breakthrough• Eli Whitney wanted to use machines to

make guns. Gun pieces would be

interchangeable and easy to fix.

• With technology making things, it would be

mass produced at a cheaper price.

A Slow Start for Manufacturing• Manufacturing grew slowly in the U.S.

• Reasons

1. Didn’t want to work in a factory if they

could own their own farm.

2. Few industries were successful in the

U.S.

3. Britain had a large work force and

could mass produce items faster and

cheaper. The U.S. could not compete.

4 The War of 1812 and

Manufacturing

• When the U.S. and Britain went to war, the

two countries quit trading.

• The U.S. was forced to start

manufacturing its own goods.

• In the beginning it was difficult. In the long

run, it became very profitable and the U.S.

became less reliant on foreign goods.

Industrial Growth in the North

5 Whitney and the Cotton Gin

• Southerners saw cotton as a cash crop

that would help the economy.

• Eli Whitney made a cotton gin that cleaned

the fibers off the seeds much faster.

6 Clay’s American System

• Henry Clay believed a strong national

economy would prevent regional

conflicts.

1. A tariff to force Americans to buy

American made products.

2. Use money from the tariff to build

national roads and canals. Easier for

trade between the regions.

7 Conflict over Tariffs• Northern manufacturers wanted high tariffs

to force Americans to buy American made goods.

• South wanted low or no tariffs because most of the manufactured goods they bought was from Europe. European goods were cheaper than American goods.

• Congress passed a high tariff known as the Tariff of Abominations.

• Southern states saw it as the federal government abusing its power.

8 7.2 Nationalism at Center

StageGibbons v. Ogden

• Supreme Court ruled that federal law over

rules state law.

• The federal government has authority over

interstate commerce. Also includes

communications.

Gibbons v. Ogden

9 McCulloch v. Maryland

• McCulloch v. Maryland – Supreme Court

ruled in favor of the federal bank.

1. Said the elastic clause in the

constitution allowed congress those

powers.

2. Federal law was superior to state law.

10 The Era of Good Feelings

• From 1816 to 1824, James Monroe was

president of the U.S.

• He resolved many conflicts with foreign

nations.

Adams-Onis Treaty – Spain gave the U.S.

Florida and the U.S. gave Spain what is

now, Texas.

11 Monroe Doctrine

• The U.S. was trying to limit European

influence in the western hemisphere.

• Warned European countries to stay out of

the affairs of countries in North and South

America and to start no more colonies in

the western hemisphere.

12 Issue over slavery

• South claimed North wanted to end

slavery and hurt the southern economy.

• North claimed the South wanted to spread

the immorality of slavery.

13 The Missouri Compromise• At the time, the country was made up of 11

slave states and 11 free states.

• Missouri wants to become a state but, it will upset the balance in the senate.

• Henry Clay (the Great Pacificator) helped write the Missouri Compromise.

1. Missouri enters as a slave state.

2. Maine enters as a free state.

3. Slavery is prohibited in any new territories or states north of 36’ 30’ N

14 7.3 The Age of Jackson

• Jackson was considered to be the

“common man’s” president.

• More people were allowed to vote.

Property requirements were dropped in

states. This allowed for more white

common men to vote. This was referred to

as Jacksonian Democracy.

• Supporters of Jackson started the

Democratic Party.

• Jackson supported some of his supporters

with government jobs. (spoils system)

15 Indian Removal Act

• President Jackson wanted to remove

Native Americans from the southeast and

open the land up for farming.

• Congress passed the Indian Removal Act

in 1830. They were to be relocated to

Indian Territory what is today, Oklahoma.

The Cherokee Nation

• The Cherokee thought that if they adopted

white culture, they would be left alone.

• Started schools, children learned to read

and write in English.

• Created a government based on the U.S.

Constitution.

• Sequoya developed a writing system in

the Cherokee language and published a

newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix.

16

• The army still gathered up the Cherokee

and forced them to march to Indian

Territory.

• President Jackson did not enforce the

Supreme Court’s ruling. His response was,

“Marshall has made his decision; now let

him enforce it.”

17 The Trail of Tears

• Adopting white culture did not save the

Cherokee.

• The Cherokee fought being relocated.

They took the state of Georgia to court.

• Worcester v. Georgia – The Supreme

Court ruled that the Cherokee did not have

to leave their land. Only the federal

government had authority over the

Cherokee.

18 The Second Bank of the

U.S.• Jackson was against the Bank of the U.S.

He said states had a right to tax the

federal bank.

• McCulloch v. Maryland – Supreme Court

ruled in favor of the federal bank.

1. Said the elastic clause in the

constitution allowed congress those

powers.

2. Federal law was superior to state law.

• Jackson then took federal money out of

the Bank of the U.S. and put it into state

banks. (pet banks) or (wildcat banks)

• Jackson also vetoed the renewal of the

charter for the federal bank.

• Caused the nation to go into a financial

depression.

The End of Jackson

• The people liked Jackson but he lost a lot

of support from congress. They felt he

abused his power.

7.4 States’ Rights and the

National Bank

• A tariff raises the States’ Rights Issue.

19 The Nullification Crisis

• Vice president John C. Calhoun lead

opposition against the tariff. He favored

state’s rights.

• State’s rights supporters believed the

power of the federal government was

strictly limited by the constitution.

• He believed states could nullify any federal

law they deemed unconstitutional.

• Calhoun resigned from office.

20

• Calhoun’s state of South Carolina was the

first to nullify the tariffs. Also threatened to

secede from the Union.

• Jackson threatened to send federal troops

to South Carolina to enforce federal law.

• Congress reduced the tariffs to ease

tensions.

21

• Opponents of Jackson that believed in

state’s rights formed the Whig Party. They

were for a weak president and a strong

legislature.

• Soon after Van Buren took office, the

country suffered a depression. (Panic of

1837) Caused by Jackson.