chapterchapter 11.2 from dna to protein. december 1 bell ringer ... ^^ this one is on your quiz **...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter.11
DNA and Genes
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Two Foldables DNA
Nitrogenous base
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
Transcription
Translation
mutation
Frameshift mutation
Point mutation
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November 29: I will understand
the structure of a DNA molecule Get 11.1 Review and sit quietly
DNA structure PowerPoint
Build DNA Activity ☺
11.1 QUIZ TOMORROW!
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Section 11.1
DNA: The Molecule and Heredity
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What is DNA?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid**
DNA is the BLUEPRINT for life
It’s the complete instruction for building an organism and all of the proteins for an organism.
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DNA Structure
Watson and Crick were the first to
discover and suggest that DNA is the
shape of a double helix **
1953 (only 63 years ago!!!)
Double helix? Think of a twisted ladder!
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DNA Structure
It’s made up of subunits called nucleotides
Nucleotides have 3 parts **
-Deoxyribose sugar
-Phosphate group
-Nitrogenous base
-4 different bases
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The Structure of DNA
DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases
Nitrogenous bases match pair up in a specific way! Adenine – Thymine **
Guanine – Cytosine **
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The Importance of Sequences
The DNA in all organisms is made up of the same 4 nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
The DNA sequence is unique to each organism/individual
The sequence is what determines the difference between a chimpanzee and a human being
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Human, Chimp, and Gorilla DNA sequences
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DNA Replication
DNA makes a copy of itself by replication **
Each strand of DNA works as a template to make a new DNA molecule
Remember the Cell Cycle and Interphase……
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DNA Strands Splitting Apart
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Chapter 11.2
From DNA to Protein
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December 1 Bell Ringer
Take out a sheet of paper
Answer: How many different nucleotides
are there in a DNA molecule?
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Genes and Proteins
One of the most important jobs for DNA is to make protein
DNA holds a “secret code” for what proteins should be made!
Those proteins become muscle tissues, enzymes, and other important structures.
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DNA v. RNA
RNA is like DNA, it is made of subunits called nucleotides **
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The 3 Types of RNA
All 3 types help to build proteins.
**Messenger RNA**- Brings instructions from DNA to the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal RNA- Uses instructions to assemble amino acids.
Transfer RNA- The supplier.
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DNA RNA Protein
There are 2 steps to
1. Transcription
2. Translation
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1. Transcription
Goal: Get the info from DNA (nucleus) to ribosome's
How to do this:
Make a mRNA copy of a portion of a DNA strand
mRNA travels to the ribosome
Messenger RNA is formed during Transcription **
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1. Transcription1. DNA unzips2. mRNA nucleotides
begin binding to a DNA strand
3. mRNA strand leaves to bring message to ribosome
4. DNA zips back up
DNA Base
Sequence
mRNA
codon
tRNA
Anticodon
Amino
Acid
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The Genetic Code
The sent from mRNA is like a genetic message.
Codon- A group of 3 nitrogenous bases in mRNA.
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RNA Processing
-Not all of the nucleotides in the DNA of eukaryotic cells carry instructions
-Genes contain long nucleotide sequences that are scattered
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2. Translation
Goal: Make proteins using mRNA
How to do this: Translate mRNA “code” into Amino Acids
Takes place at the ribosome
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mRNA attaches to the ribosome
tRNA molecules come in one-by-one
Each tRNA has an “Anticodon” that complements the a mRNA codon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38
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Translating the mRNA Code
The tRNA molecule brings amino acids amino acid chains proteins
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^^ This one is on your quiz **
Know what process it is showing, where it is located, and each structure**
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Main goal of Transcription: DNA mRNAMain goal of Translation: mRNA Protein
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobg
kPEAo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibg
NGe4aY * Overview