chapter 15morganrescue.com/nasar_ch15_operations.pdf•uses searchers on a line, usually at...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 15
Search Operations
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Objectives (1 of 3)
• Describe the following processes:
– Checking in at the incident.
– Crew mission briefing.
– Crew mission debriefing.
– Checking out of the incident.
• Describe the general functions of the various search crew positions.
• Differentiate between indirect and direct search tactics (formerly referred to as “passive” and “active.”
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Objectives (2 of 3)
• Describe the
following search
tactics:
– Containment
– Hasty search
– Loose grid
– Tight grid
– Evidence search
• Define the following:
– Base line
– Guide line
– Guide person
– Search lane
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Objectives (3 of 3)
• Describe and demonstrate the use of the grid search naming system used by the Boy Scouts of America.
• Describe how Average Maximum Detection Range (AMDR) can be estimated in the field.
• Describe at least five guidelines for skilled searching.
• Describe two categories of what a searcher must prepare prior to call-out.
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Tactics
• Include all techniques employed to actually
find a lost subject or clues
• The methods by which SAR personnel get
physically involved with the search function
• A definite progression of techniques and fall
into one of two categories:
– Indirect
– Direct
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Indirect Tactics
• Do not involve physically entering the search
area to look for the subject or clues
• Almost always first to be employed; often
locate the subject
• Specific tactics include:
– Intelligence gathering and fact finding
– Attraction techniques
– Containment techniques
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Attraction Techniques
• Assume a responsive subject
• Use noise: Sirens, whistles, yelling, PA
systems, horns
• Use lights: Beacons, flares, fires, strobes, car
or patrol lights, search lights
• Do not forget to have silent periods if using
noise.
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Containment Techniques
• Efforts taken to confine the movement of a
lost subject
– Route blocks
– Lookouts
– Track traps
– Patrols
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Direct Tactics
• Include all organized methods used in the
search area to detect a lost subject or clues
– Hasty techniques
– Loose grid techniques
– Tight grid techniques
– Evidence searches
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Hasty Searches (1 of 2)
• Fast initial response
• Well-trained, self-sufficient, and very mobile
searchers
• Likely spots that are quick and easy to search
• “Points and lines” (no area)
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Hasty Searches (2 of 2)
• Specific locations might include:
– Camp sites
– Abandoned vehicles
– Buildings (cabins, trailers, etc.)
– Trails, tracks, paths, roads
• Thorough check of LKP or PLS
• Follow known or suspected routes
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Hasty Search Teams
• Usually two to four immediately available and
very mobile searchers
• Should be skilled enough to follow clues if
discovered
• Usually used early in search but may be used
anytime
• Often used to investigate the area around a
discovered clue
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Some Grid Search Terms
• Base line
• Guide line
• Guide person
• Search lane
• Trail tape/ribbon/string line
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Area Searches
• Segment being searched must have established boundaries identifiable on a map and in the field.
• Search crews should spread their searching effort as evenly as possible over their assigned segments.
• Use searchers in organized search lanes as much as possible.
• Finish task assigned in allotted time.
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Loose Grid Search (1 of 6)
• Goal: Quickly cover larger areas with fewer
resources
• May use three to seven searchers, but usually just
three
• Amount of overlapping area scanned by searchers in
adjacent search lanes should be minimal.
• Amount of area between adjacent search lanes that
is scanned by neither searcher should be minimal.
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Loose Grid Search (2 of 6)
• Roughly, space searchers on base line at a
distance greater than AMDR.
• Maintain voice contact, and occasional visual
contact, with adjacent searchers if possible.
• May require quick forward speed of search
crew
• Thoroughness is not a high priority.
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Loose Grid Search (3 of 6)
• Characteristics
– More flexible, requires less coordination than tight grid techniques
– Relatively wide search lanes
– More efficient use of searchers’ time and effort
– Good for situations where more thorough techniques are impractical
– Less damaging to environment and clues
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Loose Grid Search (4 of 6)
• Characteristics (cont.)
– May take less time to achieve same level of coverage as tight grid techniques
– Most useful when subject responsiveness is high
– Useful for locating clues
– Preferred method for achieving reasonable levels of coverage in reasonable amounts of time
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Loose Grid Search (5 of 6)
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Loose Grid Search (6 of 6)
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Tight Grid Search (1 of 4)
• Goal: A very thorough, high coverage search
of a segment
• Crew made up of 3-7 searchers, rarely more
• Slow, highly systematic area search
• Overlapping of search lanes is encouraged.
• Unskilled searchers may be mixed with
skilled searchers.
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Tight Grid Search (2 of 4)
• Uses searchers on a line, usually at relatively
close spacing
• Resource intensive
• Used when thoroughness is a priority
• Used to minimize the possibility that a clue
will go undetected
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Tight Grid Search (3 of 4)
• Characteristics
– Can be damaging to clues (if not detected)
– Used only as a last resort
– Requires great deal of effort, time, and
resources
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Tight Grid Search (4 of 4)
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Evidence Search (1 of 2)
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Evidence Search (2 of 2)
• High coverage search, usually for small items
• Time is not usually an important factor.
• Thoroughness is absolute priority.
– There will be no second chance
• Any evidence discovered must be specially
treated to maximize evidentiary value.
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Information to Report to
Search Planners
• Estimated forward search speed
• Exact length of time spent searching
• Field measurements of AMDR or some similar
field-observable measure
• Other field-observable measures identified and
requested prior to the assignment
• Qualitative description of search
• Qualitative description of the search conditions
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Estimating AMDR
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Grid Naming System (1 of 2)
• Developed by Explorer Search and Rescue
(now called Venturing)
• Used to describe any specific grid (area)
search pattern
• Consists of number-word-number pattern
– Example: 6 - Guide [right] – 30
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Grid Naming System (2 of 2)
• Advantages:
– Offers easily recognized method of
communicating details of search pattern
– Ensures mutual understanding
– Allows an opportunity to estimate a search
team’s base line width
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Guidelines for
Skilled Searching (1 of 2)
• Stay alert and maintain proper attitude.
• Use all senses for searching.
• Scan the searcher “cube” – up, down, right,
left, forward, back.
• Yell and make noise, then be quiet and listen.
• Know searchers adjacent to you.
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Guidelines for
Skilled Searching (2 of 2)
• At night, keep light out of eyes of searchers.
• Always check the obvious.
• Refer family and media to appropriate
command staff.
• Search for clues as well as the subject.
• Safety of searchers is paramount.
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Anatomy of a Search
• Preplanning and
preparation
• First notice
• Check-in
• Briefing
• Assignment
• Debriefing
• Check-out
• Return to service
• Person mission log
• Mission critique
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Preplanning and Preparation
• Means having the skill, knowledge, and
equipment ready to perform
• Personnel must understand the standards
by which they will be measured.
• Involves preparing:
• Equipment
• Self
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First Notice
• Initial notification of responders to a SAR
incident
• Broken into two distinct parts:
– First notice of incident
– Personnel call-out
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Check-In
• All SAR personnel must travel to incident site
and check in.
• Complexity and size of incident determines if
check-in is formal or informal.
• Insist that your presence be documented and
tracked.
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Briefing
• A summary of the situation, past and present
• Purpose: To convey necessary information to
personnel who need it
• Specific task assignments are made at the
briefing.
• Should be performed prior to a search shift
rather than during it.
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Assignment
• Includes individual and team responsibilities
• Individuals have certain responsibilities that bear on the effectiveness and safety of other individuals and the team.
• Team should assign one member to be:
– Navigator
– Tally
– Time keeper
– Team leader
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Debriefing
• Necessary for the extraction of relevant and
pertinent information
• The transfer of information from field
personnel to the search management team
• Term used whenever information is conveyed
from subordinates to supervisors in a
hierarchy
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Check-Out
• Part of the management function called
“demobilization”
• May be simple verbal sign or formal
procedure
• A final accounting is made of all field
personnel.
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Return to Service
• Begin mentally preparing for returning to response-ready status even before checking out of current incident.
• Make sure all paperwork and physical work is done for present mission.
• Replace, replenish, and clean all gear and equipment.
• Rest and return your body to mission-ready status.
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Personal Mission Log
• Should contain:
– Date and time of involvement
– Description of the details
• Have your mission supervisor sign the log to
validate your documented actions.
• Some SAR organizations require such logs.
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Mission Critique
• Also called the Incident Debriefing
• A formal critique should be attempted as
soon as possible after the situation.
• Used to identify why and how the search
occurred, how it could have been prevented,
and to assess effectiveness