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Slide 2 Chapter 9 The Era of Thomas Jefferson Slide 3 Warm up: Question: What important events (surrounding the presidency) happened in Chapter 8? Slide 4 Answer: G. Washington served as our 1 st President 4 Precedents (title, neutral, cabinet, 2 terms) J. Adams served as our 2 nd President Presidents were challenged by Britain and France Slide 5 The Republicans Take Power Chapter 9: Section 1 Slide 6 Thomas Jefferson - J- J efferson attended the College of William and Mary, he wrote the Declaration of Independence, he was Secretary of State under Washington, Vice President under John Adams and the leader of the Democratic- Republican Party. Born April 13, 1743 Died July 4, 1826 Slide 7 Thomas Jefferson A watercolor of the White House grounds about 1827. Shown with the White House are Jeffersons stone wall, the orchard, the vegetable garden and several workmens shanties left over from the construction. Slide 8 The Election of 1800 Federalists- Adams & Pickney vs. Republicans- Jefferson & Burr Each elector received 2 votes which led to a tie. The House of Reps. had to decide the President and based on Hamiltons recommendation Jefferson became President. Slide 9 Election of 1800 Third President of the United States -Democratic Republicans take over the White House -President - Thomas Jefferson (Virginia) -Vice President - Aaron Burr (New York) -Inaugurated March 4, 1801 Slide 10 The 12th Amendment To prevent another show down between a presidential candidate and vice-presidential candidate, Congress passed the 12th Amendment. Electors will now vote for president and vice president on separate ballots. Slide 11 Important Actions by T. J. The new government allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire. They cut the federal debt ($83 million) significantly in a few years. Repealed the internal taxes. (ex: whiskey) Slide 12 THOMAS JEFFERSON Judiciary Act of 1801 This was passed in Adams last days as President. He packed the regional court system with Federalist judges. He also appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. On January 18, 1800, Thomas Jefferson, then Vice President of the United States, alluded to plans for a new college. The University of Virginia was eventually be built on James Monroes land and opened January 25, 1819. Slide 13 THOMAS JEFFERSON Midnight Judges Jefferson tried to prevent some of Adams judges from taking office. One such appointment was for William Marbury. Jefferson stopped his commission from being delivered. William Marbury Slide 14 THOMAS JEFFERSON Marbury vs. Madison Marbury took his case to the U.S. Supreme Court. He said the courts should force the delivery of his commission. Justice Marshall didnt agree with him. This resulted in the courts overseeing the other branches, i.e.-judicial review. (See page 236) Slide 15 Warm up: Question: What problem occurred during the Election of 1800? Slide 16 Answer: Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr both received the same number of electoral votes. President and Vice President were elected based on a 1 st and 2 nd place vote-the tie caused a problem. Slide 17 Eyewitness to History: Jefferson in the White House Slide 18 Warm up: Question: Why was Marbury vs. Madison such an important Supreme Court case? Slide 19 Answer: Marbury vs. Madison established the Supreme Courts power of judicial review. (Power to check the other branches.) Slide 20 The Louisiana Purchase Chapter 9: Section 2 Slide 21 The Louisiana Purchase Slide 22 In 1803 President Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to negotiate with Napoleon (French ruler) for the Louisiana Territory Napoleon Bonaparte needed $ to fight Britain For $15 million the U.S. purchased the territory, about 4 cents/acre Largest land deal in history! Americans knew they could convince France to sell because they couldnt defend itwhy? Slide 23 Toussaint-Louverture France lost control of Haiti in 1791 when African slaves revolted They were led by a former slave in Haiti and the grandson of an African chief (Louverture) Today Haiti is 90% African descent FYI: This event concerned Americans because they were afraid that the U.S. slaves would also revolt. Slide 24 Where is Haiti? Slide 25 Lewis and Clark Jefferson assigned two skilled frontiersmen, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark the task of mapping the Louisiana Territory Lewis-Jeffersons Secretary (military) Clark- Friend of Lewis from military service Slide 26 Lewis and Clark Lewis & Clark traveled with a crew of 45 explorers and kept detailed journals of their findings. Slide 27 Lewis and Clark Artifacts Virtual Journey Slide 28 Sacagawea Wife of a French-Canadian fur trader Hired by Lewis & Clark as guides and interpreters She showed explorers where to fish, to hunt, and to find wild vegetables She also helped trade supplies with American Indians Slide 29 3 Major Impacts! 3 Major Impacts! Found new plant & animal species 1. Found new plant & animal species Lewisia rediviva Pursh Slide 30 2. Inspired Westward Expansion Slide 31 3. Route across the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean Slide 32 The Zebulon Pikes Expedition Another important explorer of the period was Z. Pike. He explored a great deal of western territory. He was often lost! Slide 33 IMPACT!!! Pike discovered Grand Peak in Colorado. Today its called Pikes Peak after him. Slide 34 THE HAMILTON - BURR Slide 35 HAMILTON - BURR DUEL Hamilton and Burr had a long standing hatred for each other. (Especially after the Election of 1800.) Hamilton accused Burr of treason (planned for N.Y. to secede). Alexander Hamilton A contemporary artistic rendering of the July 11, 1804 duel between Burr and Hamilton. Slide 36 HAMILTON - BURR DUEL Eventually their hatred led to Burr challenging Hamilton to a duel. The Wogdon Pistols used in the duel Aaron Burr Eyewitness to History Slide 37 HAMILTON - BURR DUEL - Hamilton was shot and died (July 11, 1804) -Burr fled and his political career ended Slide 38 A reenactment of the famous duel at the 2004 centennial Slide 39 Warm up: Question: What was the result of the Hamilton-Burr duel? Slide 40 Answer: Hamilton died and Burr fled. Burrs political career ended. Slide 41 Complete Lewis and Clark Activity (Lab or Classroom) Slide 42 Warm up: Question: Who were Lewis and Clark and name 3 impacts of their journey? Slide 43 Answer: Two men who led an expedition for President Jefferson to explore the territory gained in the Louisiana Purchase. Three Impacts: 1.New plant and animal species 2.Inspired westward expansion 3.Discovered a route across the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean Slide 44 A Time of Conflict Chapter 9 Section 3 Conestoga Wagon -Transported settlers and their freight over the Appalachian Mountains. First built in PA. Slide 45 Barbary Pirates After the Revolution pirates in the Mediterranean Sea began attacking U.S. trade ships. The pirates came from the African nations of Morocco, Algiers, Tunisia, & Tripoli. (These nations were called the Barbary States) The pirates demanded bribes to stop attacking and imprisoning merchants. The U.S sent warships to protect U.S. cargo ships. Slide 46 Burning of the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli. Barbary Pirates Pirates seized the U.S. warship, Philadelphia and threw the captain and crew in jail. Stephen Decatur (Navy captain) snuck on and burned the captured Philadelphia to prevent the pirates from using it. Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute, but the U.S. had to pay a ransom of 60K for the release of the prisoners. Shortly after the Marines captured Tripoli and demonstrated the dominance of the U.S. military. Slide 47 Freedom of the Seas During Britain and Frances war, the U.S. remained neutral so shippers could continue doing business. Both Britain and France threatened to attack any ships that traded with the other. The U.S. traded with both. Slide 48 Impressment The British started to seize U.S. sailors that they suspected of being deserters from the British Navy and forced them into service This practice, known as impressment, was a clear violation of neutral rights They impressed thousands of American citizens Slide 49 Attack on the Chesapeake The final straw for many Americans was the attack on the American vessel, The Chesapeake. A British warship demanded to search the ship for British deserters. (off coast of VA) The captain refused and the British opened fire, killing 3, wounding 18, and crippling the American ship Many Americans demanded war against Britain Jefferson sought a course of action other than war Slide 50 A Disastrous Trade Ban To avoid war Jefferson pushed the Embargo Act through Congress.(The U.S. would not trade with any nation.) He wanted to hurt Britain without going to war. The embargo turned out to be a disaster (it wiped out all American trade with other nations.) The British ended up trading with South America. Before long, American shippers began smuggling their goods. A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the Ograbme which is Embargo backwards. This is how the people feel about the Embargo Act, because, like a turtle, it is slowing the economy down. Slide 51 Madison into Office Madison becomes the 4 th president. On March 1, 1809, Congress repealed the Embargo Act. The U.S. continued to have problems with Britain and France. Tensions also continue to grow between settlers and Native Americans in the Northwest Territory. Slide 52 Tecumseh and The Prophet Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet built a confederacy among Native American nations in Indiana, Ohio and Michigan They thought that this would put a halt to white movement onto N.A. lands Instead it led to the Battle of Tippecanoe The Natives battled William Henry Harrison and the U.S. army The Natives were defeated and pushed further west. Tecumseh The Prophet Harrison Slide 53 War Hawks War Hawks-group of young Republicans elected to Congress They pressured the president to declare war with Britain Leaders were Henry Clay and John Calhoun The War Hawks urged major spending to strengthen the U.S. military By the spring of 1812, Madison concluded that war with Britain was inevitable Henry ClayJohn Calhoun Slide 54 Warm up: Question: Who were the Barbary Pirates? Slide 55 Answer: The Barbary Pirates were a group of pirates who terrorized the Mediterranean. They demanded tribute (protection money) from the U.S. & European governments to let their ships pass safely. Slide 56 Slide 57 Section 9.4 The WAR OF 1812 Madison is elected President The U.S. is having continued problems with Britain Slide 58 REASONS FOR WAR: REASONS FOR WAR: 1) Battle over Canadian Border (U.S. / Britain) The British had become friends with the Native Americans in the west supplying them with weapons to use against the United States. Slide 59 REASONS FOR WAR: REASONS FOR WAR: 2) British Capture U.S. Ships (Impressment) Captured about 5,000 men, about 1,500 of them were U.S. citizens Slide 60 REASONS FOR WAR: REASONS FOR WAR: 3) Poor Economy Embargo Act stops all trade with other countries War = More Jobs Slide 61 REASONS FOR WAR: 4) War Hawks 1810 young Republicans in Congress pressured Madison to declare war Henry Clay Slide 62 MAJOR BATTLES: 1) Old Ironsides (August, 1812) 1) Old Ironsides (August, 1812) The American ship the Constitution destroyed the Guerriere in August 1812, and the Java four months later. After seeing a shot bounce off the Constitutions hull during battle, a sailor nicknamed the ship Old Ironsides Slide 63 Picture of the U.S.S. Constitution defeating the Guerriere Picture of the U.S.S. Constitution defeating the Guerriere Huge victory for the U.S. Navy Huge victory for the U.S. Navy Slide 64 FYI: Built in 1794 in Boston, the Constitutions planks were 7 inches thick. Paul Revere was responsible for the spikes and bolts that held them together as well as the copper sheathing that protected the hull.. The U.S.S. Constitution still resides in Boston and is the oldest active ship in the U.S. Navy. Slide 65 2) Battle of Lake Erie (Sept 10, 1813) Oliver Hazard Perry Slide 66 Oliver Hazard Perry led 10 small ships on an attack against the British Oliver Hazard Perry led 10 small ships on an attack against the British He broke through the British Blockade and gained control of Lake Erie He broke through the British Blockade and gained control of Lake Erie Slide 67 3) Washington D.C./ Fort McHenry (Baltimore) British wanted to capture Baltimore (by way of Washington, D.C.) Slide 68 4,000-6,000 British soldiers burned D.C. (Whitehouse, Capitol, Library of Congress) Thankfully a hurricane put out the fires before more damage could be done A tornado also came right through D.C. and stopped the British from advancing any faster/further Slide 69 . Before the British arrived to the Presidents Mansion, the First Lady refused to leave. Dolley Madison remained there after many of the government officials had already left, gathering valuables, documents and other items of importance, notably the Lansdowne Portrait, a full-length painting of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart. She also took a set of red velvet drapes that she had made into a gown after the war. She was finally persuaded to leave moments before British soldiers entered the house. Once inside, the soldiers found the dining hall set for a dinner. After eating all the food they took souvenirs (silver shoes buckles, a sword, and personal love letters between the Madisons) then set the building on fire. What was left of the Whitehouse after Slide 70 Dr. William Thornton (who created the Capitol) stood outside the patent office and convinced the British to leave the patent office because they would be destroying inventive science if they destroyed it. While it was spared, The roof was blown off in the coming storm (Hurricane and Tornado!) Dr. William Thornton The blue part shown was all that was constructed of the Capitol during Thorntons time. Washington, D.C. (August 19,1814) Slide 71 After the fire President Madison met with his cabinet in the Post Office (one of the only government buildings that wasnt damaged during the rampage.) The Congress met in a local hotel. Both groups met to discuss the course of the war. Slide 72 3) Fort McHenry (Baltimore) (September 24, 1814) The British left Washington and sailed to Baltimore, however the Americans were ready and waiting. Siege at Fort Mc Henry Americans win in Baltimore (TURNING POINT!) Slide 73 the commander of Ft. McHenry asked for a flag so big that "the British have no trouble seeing it from a distance." He asked Mary Young Pickersgill to make the flag. She used 400 yards of fine wool. They cut 15 stars that were two feet across. There were 8 red and 7 white stripes. The stripes were each two feet wide. When it was finished it measured 30 by 42 feet and cost $405.90. Francis Scott Key, a lawyer, boarded a British ship to negotiate the release of a captured friend, Dr. William Beanes. The British accepted the release but kept them overnight because they had heard of attack plans. Key watched as the bombs burst over Ft. McHenry. Finally, by the dawns early light, Key was able to see that the American flag still flew over the fort. Deeply moved by patriotic feeling, Key wrote a poem called, The Star- Spangled Banner. Slide 74 The caption reads "A VIEW of the BOMBARDMENT of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, by the British fleet taken from the Observatory under the Command of Admirals Cochrane & Cockburn on the morning of the 13th of Sept 1814 which lasted 24 hours & thrown from 1500 to 1800 shells in the Night attempted to land by forcing a passage up the ferry branch but were repulsed with great loss." Notice the cow is not interested Slide 75 4) The Creek Indian Uprising -Indians side with British Slide 76 -Davy Crockett and Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Davy Crockett fought under General Andrew Jackson in the Creek War. It was his reputation as an Indian fighter and frontiersman that first established his popularity. Slide 77 5) The Battle of New Orleans (January 5, 1815) Slide 78 Fought 2 weeks after The Treaty of Ghent Signed Dec 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium Did not change any existing borders Settled nothing Slide 79 Andrew Jackson dominated (251 British casualties, 11 U.S. casualties) Gives U.S. Complete Control of Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico to the U.S. Slide 80 RESULTS: 1)World Respect (Recognized as a Nation) Aretha Franklin R E S P E C T Slide 81 RESULTS: 2) Patriotism The "WE OWE ALLEGIANCE TO NO CROWN" banner was a popular symbol of American pride for many years following the War of 1812 Whitehouse (Star Spangled Banner) Uncle Sam Slide 82 3) New Heroes Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison Oliver Hazard Perry RESULTS: Slide 83 4)Native Americans pushed further west RESULTS: Shawnee village Slide 84 RESULTS: 5)TRADE IMPROVES (Economy) As people are hired to build supplies for the war the economy starts to grow again. Slide 85 Results : 6) War Hawks Gain Power Slide 86 Warm up: Question: 1. Who fought in the War of 1812? 2. What were the results? (Look for 6) 9.4) Slide 87 Answer: United States and the British World Respect (recognized as a nation) Patriotism (Star Spangled Banner) New Heroes (Jackson, Harrison, Perry) Native Americans pushed further west Trade Improves (economy) War Hawks gain Power Slide 88 Warm up: Question: Who wrote the Star- Spangled Banner? How did it come about? Slide 89 Francis Scott Key Answer: The flag flew over Fort McHenry during the War of 1812 and inspired Francis Scott Key to write The Star- Spangled Banner. Slide 90 Warm up: Question: Who were the War Hawks and what role did they play in the War of 1812? Slide 91 Answer: They were people who wanted to go to war with England. (H. Clay, J.C. Calhoun, A. Jackson) They tried to push Madison and other members of Congress to declare war with Britain. Slide 92 Warm up: Question: Why is the War of 1812 sometimes called The American Revolution, Part II? Slide 93 Answer: It was a war between Great Britain and the Untied States Fight over shipping and trade Involved fighting in America and Canada It ended in an American victory Slide 94 Warm up: Question: What treaty ended the War of 1812? What were the details of the treaty? Chapter 9 Review Day! Slide 95 Answer: Treaty of Ghent Signed Dec 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium (it took 2 weeks for the Treaty to arrive to the U.S.) Did not change any existing borders Settled nothing Slide 96 Movie Day! Slide 97 Jefferson Trivia Thomas Jefferson was a very remarkable man who started learning very early in life and never stopped. * At 5, began studying under his cousins' tutor.. * At 9, studied Latin, Greek and French. * At 14, studied classical literature and additional languages. * At 16, entered the College of William and Mary. * At 19, studied Law for 5 years starting under George Wythe. * At 23, started his own law practice. * At 25, was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses. * At 31, wrote the widely circulated "Summary View of the Rights of British America " and retired from his law practice. * At 32, was a Delegate to the Second Continental Congress. * At 33, wrote the Declaration of Independence. * At 33, took three years to revise Virginia 's legal code and wrote a Public Education bill and a statute for Religious Freedom. * At 36, was elected the second Governor of Virginia succeeding Patrick Henry. * At 40, served in Congress for two years. * At 41, was the American minister to France and negotiated commercial treaties with European nations along with Ben Franklin and John Adams. * At 46, served as the first Secretary of State under George Washington. * At 53, served as Vice President and was elected president of the American Philosophical Society. * At 55, drafted the Kentucky Resolutions and became the active head of Republican Party. * At 57, was elected the third president of the United States. * At 60, obtained the Louisiana Purchase doubling the nation's size. * At 61, was elected to a second term as President. * At 65, retired to Monticello. * At 80, helped President Monroe shape the Monroe Doctrine. * At 81, almost single-handedly created the University of Virginia and served as its first president. * At 83, died on the 50th anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of Independence along with John Adams Thomas Jefferson knew because he-himself studied the previous failed attempts at government. He understood actual history, the nature of God, his laws and the nature of man. That happens to be waaay more than what most understand today. Jefferson really knew his stuff. A voice from the past to lead us in the future: John F. Kennedy held a dinner in the white House for a group of the brightest minds in the nation at that time. He made this statement:"This is perhaps the assembly of the most intelligence ever to gather at one time in the White House with the exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone." When we get piled upon one another in large cities, as in Europe, we shall become as corrupt as Europe.. Thomas Jefferson The democracy will cease to exist when you take away from those who are willing to work and give to those who would not. Thomas Jefferson It is incumbent on every generation to pay its own debts as it goes. A principle which if acted on would save one-half the wars of the world. Thomas Jefferson I predict future happiness for Americans if they can prevent the government from wasting the labors of the people under the pretense of taking care of them. Thomas Jefferson My reading of history convinces me that most bad government results from too much government. Thomas Jefferson No free man shall ever be debarred the use of arms. Thomas Jefferson The strongest reason for the people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is, as a last resort, to protect themselves against tyranny in government. Thomas Jefferson The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. Thomas Jefferson To compel a man to subsidize with his taxes the propagation of ideas which he disbelieves and abhors is sinful and tyrannical. Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson said in 1802: "I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around the banks will deprive the people of all property - until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered."