Chapter 9 Section 1 Vocabulary

1. ATP – adenosine triphosphate2. ADP – adenosine diphosphate

1. The Cell’s need for energyEnergy is essential for life- must be able to acquire, store, and use energy in a controlled mannerUses for energy in the cell - active transport, cell division, movement, production and storage of proteinsUses for energy in your body - muscles, brain, digestion, etc.

2. How do we get this energy?

When you need energy, you eat- this food eventually gets into your cells and is converted into a type of quick energy molecule called ATPThe energy is stored in the bonds of ATP

3. Forming and Breaking ATP

the phosphates of ATP do not like being near each other, and it takes energy to get them to bondAMP one phosphate attachedADP two phosphates attachedATP three phosphates attachedThe energy between these bonds is available when the bonds breakThe molecule is recycleable

4. How to get the energy from ATP’s bonds

When work needs to be done, an ATP molecule binds to a specific site on the molecule needing the workThe phosphate bond is broken, energy is released and used right awayATP is now ADP, which is then released from the molecule that needed the energyAnother ATP molecule then takes it’s spot if more energy is needed

5. Uses of Cell Energy

making new molecules (enzymes)Build membranesBuild new cell organellesMaintain homeostasisMove molecules and ions around Active transport!

Sunlight

Water

(H2O)

Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

sugar

(C6H12O6)

Oxygen

(O2)

Chapter 9 Section 2 Vocabulary

1. Light-dependent reactions2. Electron transport chain3. Chlorophyll 4. Pigment

6. Photosynthesis

Trapping energy from sunlightPlants convert sunlight into ATP- because it’s not always light, plants store the ATPPlants use this energy (ATP) to build sugar moleculesThis is called “photosynthesis”

Photosynthesis continued…

Happens in two phases:1. Light-dependent reactions - sunlight ATP

2. Light-independent reactions - ATP used produce sugars from CO2

Light +6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

7. Chloroplasts & Pigments

Chloroplast organelle where photosynthesis happensThylakoid discs are inside the chloroplast- these contain the pigment chlorophyll, where the sunlight is trapped- chlorophyll traps all light except green

8. The Light-Dependent Reactions (Light Reactions)

1. Sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules2. Water is split, oxygen departs and the energy

is transferred to electrons (Hydrogens)3. The hydrogens pass down the 1st Electron

Transport Chain - energy is trapped in ATP molecules

4. The hydrogens pass down the 2nd Electron Transport Chain where the hydrogens get trapped by NADP+ (becomes NADPH)

5. ATP & NADPH will go onto the Dark Reactions

Sunlight

Water

(H2O)

Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

sugar

(C6H12O6)

Oxygen

(O2)

Turn in coloring AND

active reading

Chapter 9 Section 2 Vocabulary

1. Photosynthesis2. Light-independent reactions3. Calvin Cycle

9. Restoring electrons to chlorophyll

Most of the electrons (H’s) left with NADPHElectrons must be at chlorophyll to grab the sunlightWater is split into H and O to restore the electrons to chlorophyllThis reaction is called “photolysis”

10.The Light-Independent Reactions (Dark Reactions, Calvin Cycle)

ATP & NADPH from Light Reactions comes here The energy & hydrogens are used to make sugar (C6H12O6) from CO2

It takes 6 rounds on the Calvin Cycle to make one sugar molecule

Section Assessments

Discuss and write answers at the end of your notes: Page 230 (1-4)

Oxygen

(O2)

Food

(sugar, C6H12O6)

ATP

water

Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

Turn in Photosynthesis review sheet

Chapter 9 Section 3 Vocabulary

1. Cellular respiration2. Glycolysis3. Aerobic4. Citric acid cycle5. Anaerobic6. Lactic acid

fermentation

11. Getting Energy to make ATP

Mitochondria break down food to make ATP- this is called cellular respiration; there are three stages:1. Glycolysis2. Citric Acid Cycle (AKA Krebs cycle)3. Electron Transport Chain

12. Glycolysis

Splits glucose (6 carbon sugar) into two pyruvates (3 carbon sugars) Two ATPs are needed to do this, but four ATPs are produced (net gain of two ATPs) Anaerobic process & occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell NAD+ is an electron carrier; it picks up electrons here and becomes NADH (to be used later in the electron transport chain)

13. From glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

happens after glucose splits to become pyruvate- pyruvate loses a CO2 molecule

- the sugar fragment combines with coenzyme A to become “acetyl CoA”- this produces a NADH and an H+

14. Citric Acid Cycle

1. Each Acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) enters the Citric Acid Cycle and binds to oxaloacetic acid (4 carbons) and becomes citric acid (6 carbons)

2. CO2 is removed and a NADH is produced

3. Another CO2 is removed and 1 ATP and 1 NADH are produced

4. FADH2 and NADH are produced and oxaloacetic acid is recycled

15. Electron Transport Chain

the ETC is a chain made of proteinsNADH and FADH2 deposit their electrons at the beginning The electrons are attracted to oxygen, which lies at the end of the chainAs they pass, they transfer energy which will get trapped in the bonds of ATP LOTS of ATP is produced

When they join oxygen, it becomes water

Sunlight

Water

(H2O)

Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

sugar

(C6H12O6)

Oxygen

(O2)

Turn in Cellular

Respiration sheet

Oxygen

(O2)

Food

(sugar, C6H12O6)

ATP

water

Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

16. Fermentation

Happens when there is no oxygenTwo kinds:1. Lactic acid fermentation (muscle cells)2. Alcoholic fermentation (yeast)Occurs AFTER glycolysis and BEFORE the Citric Acid Cycle

Section assessments

Discuss and write answers on your SAQ sheet Page 237 (1 – 5) The end!