CHAPTER 9:ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

Identify the where the first shots of the Revolution were taken, and how Texans took small steps to begin creating a provisional government to protect themselves

Understand how the provisional government put in place in Texas during the 1830s was unsuccessful

Comprehend how Texans put in place an ad interim government as Santa Anna began to advance on San Antonio, and how that government has affected Texas today

SECTION 1: REVOLUTION BEGINS

MEXICO ARRIVES IN TEXAS

A Mexican Army Arrives in Texas Mexican General Cos increases the amount of Mexican soldiers in

San Antonio to 650

Texans were uncomfortable with the increase in soldiers

Tensions begin to arise between settlers and Mexican forces

Texans begin to unite to defend themselves against any potential threats:

Committees of safety

Road patrols to warn of approaching troops

Committees of Correspondence: local groups that shared political and military information to keep everyone informed

REVOLUTION BEGINS

Leader of the Mexican forces in Texas

GONZALES

___________________ - The Lexington of Texas Gonzales: The first conflict between Mexican troops and Texans

Occurred before the start of the Consultation at Washington-on-the-Brazos (December 2, 1835)

______________________(San Antonio Mexican commander) ordered Texans to surrender their cannon- who brought this cannon? Think of what other battle occurred because of this cannon?

Texans buried the cannon in a peach orchard, gathered reinforcements from nearby towns, made ammunition out of metal scraps, and decorated the cannon with a flag that said "Come and Take It"

Colonel John H. Moore commanded the Texan forces & fighting lasted 1 day

One Mexican soldier died

No Texan casualties

General Cos viewed Gonzales as the __________________and redirected troops to San Antonio

THAT FAMOUS FLAG

BATTLE OF GOLIAD

On to _____________ One week after Gonzales, the Texans capture the _________

garrison by surprise (October 9, 1835)- battled for about 30 minutes until garrison was taken Only other major Mexican force in Texas was occupying San Antonio and

commanded by ______________

Stephen F. Austin commanded the __________________assembled at Gonzales and marched to San Antonio

Texans lay siege to the city and try to avoid any major fighting by running out of supplies and then surrender

Because the battle at Goliad didn’t last long- the Texans believed that they could defeat the Mexican troops easily

The Texans then cried _______________________

CONSULTATION

Peace Party Prevails at the Consultation November 3, 1835: __________________________

Occurs while Texans are laying siege to San Antonio

58 Representatives from 14 towns & districts attended

_____________________: want immediate Declaration of Independence from Mexico because the fighting at Gonzales and Goliad showed that Texans could not live under Mexican rule any longer

_____________________: agreed on opposition to Santa Anna, but did not want an immediate declaration from Mexico. Instead, they wanted Texas to declare that they were fighting for the Constitution for 1824 which had been overthrown by Santa Anna- they hoped to win Mexico’s support

TERMS OFT EH PEACE PARTY

Peace Party Prevails at the Consultation ___________________The motion for immediate independence had lost

(14 votes for independence versus 33 against) Declaration of the People of Texas in General Convention Assembled

Adopted Nov. 7, 1835 Texans ____________themselves loyal citizens of Mexico ______________________the Mexican Constitution of 1824 Stated that they only took up arms to ____________ themselves against Santa

Anna Texas was no longer bound by the compact of union but would support

Mexican officials that ___________________________ The message was intended for Mexican citizens, Texan settlers, and U.S.

citizens to join in the fight Declaration was in both spanish and english- why?

Offered land to volunteers as an incentive

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT IN TEXAS

A Provisional Government Begins The Declaration of the People also created a provisional government for

Texas

Includes: _____________(Henry Smith of Brazoria & War Party)

Lieutenant Governor (James W. Robertson of Nacogdoches & War Party)

A general council with one representative from each municipality

________________powers of the governor and council were vaguely defined and would eventually lead to conflict

________________________________________– full time paid soldiers

Sam Houston was appointed as the ______________ of the regular army, but not the volunteer army camped outside of San Antonio Consisted of full-time soldiers

Commissioners to represent Texas in the U.S.: Stephen F. Austin, William H. Wharton, and Branch T. Archer Gather troops, supplies, & money to support the expected war effort and aid in the struggle

against Santa Anna

SECTION 1 RECAP

SECTION 2: THE CAPTURE OF SAN ANTONIO

THE GRASS FIGHT

The Grass Fight ___________________commanded the volunteer army in Stephen F.

Austin's absence Austin went to the U.S. to find aid for the war

_______________________(army scout) reported that a Mexican cavalry and mule train were transporting silver to San Antonio Silver was intended to pay for Cos's soldiers

Texans intercepted the mule train and discovered that the bags were filled with grass

Skirmish became known as the ___________________

Overall, little activity occurred around San Antonio between October & November in 1835.

Texan volunteer troops began to return to their homes in late November

December 1835: San Antonio siege was called off

HISTORICAL MARKER

SIEGE OF BEXAR

The Assault on San Antonio Burleson was about to leave San Antonio when he heard that Cos

had a weak army and could not win an attack

Ben Milam began marching towards San Antonio _________________________________

Did not want to give up on the attack of San Antonio because it would be detrimental for Texas's independence

Brought 300 volunteer Texans with him and divided his forces into two columns

1. Led by _________________

2. Led by _________________(wanted war & independence from Mexico)

SIEGE OF BEXAR

The Assault on San Antonio San Antonio was eventually captured after ___________of fighting beginning

on December 5

Milam's troops had the advantage Mexican forces only knew how to fight in _____________________

_______________________(December 7th, 1835) Milam was killed

Johnson took command

Mexican forces were driven into the center of San Antonio & took refuge in the abandoned Alamo mission

Cos asked for terms of surrender on December 9th & was sent back to Mexico with his soldiers

San Antonio was a _________________________ 1,000 Mexican troops vs. 400 Texans

150 Mexican soldiers were killed and only 2 Texans were killed

______________: Texan forces occupy both Goliad and the Alamo Mexican troops were forced out of Texas

BATTLE MAP

WHO ELSE IS FIGHTING FOR TEXAS?

Tejanos and African Americans Join the Fight Siege of Bexar ______________San Antonio Tejanos

Some remained neutral

Some supported Cos and the Mexican movement

Approximately 100 Tejanos were involved in the Texan army and served as scouts Commanded by Captain _________________

Other notable Tejanos: Placido Benavides

Manuel Flores

African Americans fighting for Texan independence Hendrick Arnold

Greenbury Logan

PERMANENT COUNCIL

The Provisional Government The Permanent Council's work was continued due to the

____________________________

The Council was a group that was formed before the Consultation had met

Created:

Post Office

Plans for a navy and army

Appealed to U.S. citizens for more men, money, and supplies

March 1836: General council voted to hold a convention of the people & quarrels between the general council and governor would continue to arise

________________: Governor Henry Smith rejected the convention and vetoed the proposal, but was overridden by the general council

________________Proposed expedition to capture the town of Matamoros was rejected by the governor

THIS IS GETTING NO WHERE

The Provisional Government Overall, neither side would cooperate with one another nor agree on

anything. This government accomplished very little by the beginning of 1836.

SECTION 2 RECAP

SECTION 3:THE CONVENTION OF

1836

SANTA ANNA COMES TO TEXAS

Santa Anna Crosses Into Texas The Convention of 1836 is called by the _________________to be

held in ______________

Mexican President _______________ was marching towards San Antonio with a large army

Texans had hoped that Santa Anna would not advance into Texas until after the Convention would be held

Santa Anna arrives in San Antonio on _________________

Texas troops moved to the Alamo and to Washington-on-the-Brazos

THE CONVENTION OF 1836

The Convention Declares ___________________ Began on March 1, 1836 on Washington-on-the-Brazos

59 Delegates Only two delegates were native Texans: Jose Antonio Navarro & Jose

Francisco Ruiz

45 delegates were southerners of the U.S.

7 delegates were northerners of the U.S.

5 delegates were from international countries including Scotland, Canada, Mexico, Ireland, & England

Convention accomplishments: Chairman: Richard Ellis

Secretary: H.S. Kimble

Created a _______________________the Declaration of Independence

Historians suspect that the draft was written by _________________

THE CONVENTION OF 1836

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Texas Declaration of Independence Adopted ____________________on March 2, 1836

Similar to the U.S. Declaration of Independence and states the following:

1. Santa Anna violated the liberties under the Mexican Constitution of 1824

Included: freedom of religion, right to trial by jury, right to bear arms, right to petition from the government

2. Mexico had failed to provide a system of public education

3. Texan protests of these policy violations were met with force due to the occupation of Mexican troops in Texas.

4. Declares Texas to be free, sovereign, and an independent republic from Mexico

A CONSTITUTION FOR TEXAS

The Delegates Write a Constitution A Constitution was required for the _________________and it

needed to be completed quickly due to Santa Anna's advancement on San Antonio

Two weeks was required for writing the document

________________________: the Texas Constitution was approved

Similar to the U.S. Constitution, with some ideas taken from Mexican law court practices, and a few provisions that were unique to Texas

TEXAS’ CONSTITUTION

Texas Constitution:1. ____________________of Government Legislative Executive Judicial

2. ___________________ Guaranteed freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion,

trial by jury, & other basic human rights

3. Property was owned by both husbands and wives4. Measures to assist people in debt5. Ministers and priests were banned from public office (strict

interpretation of the separation of church and state6. _____________________ Legislature was not allowed to free slaves or prevent their importation from

the U.S. Congressional permission was required for freed slaves to live in Texas

WHO IS IN CHARGE?

The Ad Interim Government Takes Control General elections could not be held due to Mexican occupation of

Texas

An ad interim government (____________________) is put in place by the convention

___________________is elected as the ad interim president

___________________was elected as the ad interim Commander in Chief of the army (both volunteer and regular army, unlike the Consultation)

SPOILER ALERT1

Santa Anna Advances March 15: __________________________, was in control by the

Texans & the war was officially underway

March 17: Convention had adjourned & reports reached the convention that Santa Anna was marching towards Washington-on-the-Brazos

Panic began to spread throughout Texas

Convention members began to flee

Burnet & his cabinet left Washington-on-the-Brazos and headed towards Harrisburg, near present-day Houston

SECTION 3 RECAP