chapter 9 our star, the sun. what do you think? what is the surface of the sun like? does the sun...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9 Our Star, the Sun
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What do you think?
• What is the surface of the Sun like?
• Does the Sun rotate?
• What makes the Sun shine?
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Outer Layers of the Sun’s Atmosphere
• Photosphere - the 5800 K layer we see
• Chromosphere - the red layer observed using a hydrogen filter at a million degrees
• Corona - the incredibly thin outer atmosphere at millions of degrees
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The photosphere is
the visible layer of the
SunGranulation caused by convection
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Granulation caused by convection
Sunspots are the most well
known feature on the photosphere
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Above the photosphere, the chromosphere is characterized by spikes of gas called spicules
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Supergranuals surrounded by spicules
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The corona ejects some of its mass into space as the solar wind
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Monitoring sunspots reveals the solar cycle and the Sun’s rotation
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The daily movement of
sunspots reveals that the Sun’s
rotation takes about 4 weeks
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The annual change in numbers of sunspots reveals that the Sun experiences an 11-year solar cycle
Maximum number
Minimum number
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The cyclical change in the latitude of sunspots also reveals that the Sun experiences an 11-year solar cycle
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The Sun’s magnetic fields create sunspots
Zeeman effect - spectral lines split in regions of high magnetic fields
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Magnetic field lines connect sunspots on the Sun’s photosphere
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Babcock’s magnetic dynamo is one possible explanation of the sunspot cycle where magnetic field lines become complexly
entangled after many solar rotations
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Solar magnetic fields also create other atmospheric phenomena
• plages
• filaments
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Solar magnetic fields also create other atmospheric phenomena
• plages
• filaments
• prominences
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Solar magnetic fields also create other atmospheric phenomena
• plages• filaments• prominences• solar flares
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Solar magnetic fields also create other atmospheric phenomena
• plages• filaments• prominences• solar flares• coronal holes
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Solar magnetic fields also create other atmospheric phenomena
• plages• filaments• prominences• solar flares
• coronal holes
• coronal mass ejections (CMEs)
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Thermonuclear reactions in the core of the Sun produce its energy
At extremely high temperatures and pressures, 4 Hydrogen atoms can combine to make 1 Helium atom and release energy
in the process according to E = mc2
4H He + energy
HYDROGEN FUSION
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Solar models describe how energy escapes from the Sun’s core through the:(1) core, (2) radiative zone, and the (3) convective zone
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Helioseismology is the study of solar vibrations in order to determine the detailed interior structure of the Sun
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Mystery of the Missing Neutrinos
• Current models of the solar interior predict that 1038 neutrinos are released every second
• Current neutrino detectors on Earth watch for collisions between perchloroethylene cleaning fluid (C2Cl4) and neutrinos which produces radioactive argon.
• Only 1/3 of the expected neutrinos from the Sun are being detected
• Astronomers do not know why this occurs
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What did you think?
• What is the surface of the Sun like?The photosphere is composed of hot, churning gases. There is
no solid or liquid region in the Sun.
• Does the Sun rotate? The Sun’s surface rotates differentially. The rate varies between
once every 25 and once every 35 days.
• What makes the Sun shine? Thermonuclear fusion at the Sun’s core is the source of the Sun’s
energy.
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Self-Check1: Name the three layers of the solar atmosphere and describe and the relative
temperatures and densities in each.
2: Describe flares, spicules, granules, prominences, and sunspots and identify the layer in the solar atmosphere in which is found.
3: Indicate what is observed in helioseismology and explain its value in investigating the Sun.
4: Explain the nuclear fusion process that is the principal energy source in the solar interior and describe the physical conditions required for this process to proceed effectively.
5: List and describe the two primary mechanisms for energy transport in stellar interiors and indicate in which regions of the solar interior, if any, each is dominant.