chapter 9 notes.notebook - … filechapter 9 notes.notebook 1 may 13, 2015 ... alkanes alkenes...

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Chapter 9 notes.notebook 1 May 13, 2015 Jan 49:52 AM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY the study of compounds of carbon Jan 61:29 PM Chapter 9: Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds = Molecular compounds of carbon. Hydrocarbons = Compounds that are formed from carbon and hydrogen. nonpolar molecules. insoluble in water. low intermolecular forces, thus these substances have very low melting and boiling points, in relation to their mass. will burn in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

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Page 1: Chapter 9 notes.notebook - … fileChapter 9 notes.notebook 1 May 13, 2015 ... alkanes alkenes alkynes Organic ... Jan 412:32 PM Hydrocarbon prefixes: 1C = meth

Chapter 9 notes.notebook

1

May 13, 2015

Jan 4­9:52 AM

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY­ the study of compounds of carbon

Jan 6­1:29 PM

Chapter 9: Hydrocarbons

Organic Compounds = 

Molecular compounds 

of carbon.  

Hydrocarbons = 

Compounds that are 

formed from carbon 

and hydrogen.­ non­polar molecules. ­ insoluble in water. ­ low intermolecular forces, thus these 

substances have very low melting and boiling points, in relation to their mass.­ will burn in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and 

water.

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May 13, 2015

Apr 30­1:24 PM

Origin of Fossil Fuels:

1. Coal

2. Petroleum

3. Natural Gas

Apr 30­1:24 PM

Organic compounds can be represented in 3 ways:

1. Complete Structural Diagram

2. Condensed Structural Diagram 

3. Line Structural Diagram

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May 13, 2015

Apr 30­1:26 PM

Example: Draw the 3 forms for C5H12

Nov 18­7:08 PM

hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives

aliphatic aromatic

alkanes      alkenes      alkynes

Organic Chemistry

Contains other atoms such as O, Cl, Br, & N

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May 13, 2015

Nov 18­7:25 PM

1) Aliphatic hydrocarbons ­ carbon atoms arranged in straight or 

branched chains (can also form ring structures, although we will focus on the straight and branched chains). 

a) Alkanes contain only single carbon­carbon bonds, that is, the carbon atoms share only one pair of electrons.b) Alkenes contain one or more double 

carbon­carbon bonds, that is, the carbons share 2 pairs of electrons.c) Alkynes contain one or more triple carbon­

carbon bonds.

2) Aromatic hydrocarbons ­ contain a benzene ring. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be divided into alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

Jan 4­10:06 AM

9.2 : Representing HydrocarbonsThe Carbon Atom (C)

Carbon has unique bonding properties that allow for millions of different organic molecules to exist.

These properties are:

­ carbon has 4 bonding electrons

­ carbon can single, double or triple bond with itself

­ carbon atoms can bond together to form a variety of geometrical structures including chains, spheres, rings and tubesThere are three ways to draw structural diagrams for organic compounds.1. Complete structural diagram

2. Condensed structural diagram

3. Line structural diagram

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Jan 4­12:32 PM

Hydrocarbon prefixes:

1C = meth2C = eth3C = prop4C = but5C = pent

6C = hex7C = hept8C = oct9C = non10C = dec

Naming Hydrocarbons:* first part indicates the number of carbons* second part indicates family name

Jan 4­11:35 AM

Alkanes* non­polar* single covalent bonds* low boiling points* low solubility in H2O* simplest form of hydrocarbon * aliphatic hydrocarbons (form chains and non­aromatic rings)* saturated (each carbon is bonded to a maximum number of atoms)* ending is ­ane****** general formula is CnH2n+2

1. METHANE is the simplest alkane1. it is a gas at STP2. major component of natural gas3. formula is CH4

2. ETHANE is the simplest alkane containing a carbon to carbon bond1. formula is C2H6

CH3­CH2­CH2­CH3Ex: 

hexane

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May 13, 2015

Nov 18­7:41 PM

Continuous Chain Alkanes  p.333

Continuous chain alkanes contain any number of carbon atoms in a straight chain (this does not mean linear).

*****Memorize table 9.2 MethaneEthanePropaneButanePentaneHexaneHeptaneOctaneNonaneDecane

Nov 18­7:44 PM

If an atom(s) takes the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule, that atom is called a SUBSTITUENT.  Common substituents are halogens or groups of atoms containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.

A hydrocarbon substituent is called an ALKYL GROUP.  They are named by removing the  ­ane ending from the parent hydrocarbon and adding the ending ­yl.

An alkane with one or more alkyl groups is called a BRANCHED CHAIN ALKANE.

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Jan 4­12:39 PM

Branched Alkanes

­ branches are any group of atoms that are not part of the main structure (parent chain)

*the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms

C C C C

C

C C C C

C

C C C

C

C

*These hydrocarbon substituents are called ALKYL GROUPS.

Jan 4­12:48 PM

To Name:

C C C C

C

Rules for naming branched chain alkanes p.335:

1. Find the longest continuous chain and name it.  (This is the parent chain).

2. Number the carbons.  Start with the end with the most alkyl groups

3. Name alkyl groups4. Use prefixes for appearances of a group more than once (di, 

tri, tetra, penta)5. List the names of the alkyl groups alphabetically.  NOTE the 

prefixes di­, tri­, etc. are ignored when alphabetizing.6. Use punctuation:  7. commas separate numbers from each other8. hyphens separate numbers and words9. write last alkyl and parent name together.

10. {Problems: naming alkanes, drawing alkanes, and invalid naming of alkanes}

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May 13, 2015

Jan 4­1:55 PM

1. Identify the parent chain2. Number the carbons from the end closest to the branch3. Identify the location and branch(es) (alkyl group).4.  Name the compound using IUPAC format

(# of carbons) ­ (branch name)(parent chain name)*Branches are listed in alphabetical order*# prefixes are used for multiple, similar branches

C C C C

C

C C C

C

C

Jan 6­2:23 PM

Draw a complete structural, condensed structural, and line structure for 3 ­ ethyl ­ 2 ­ methylhexane

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May 13, 2015

May 25­2:00 PM

C C C CC CCC

C

C

C

3,3,4 ­ triethyl ­ 6,7­ dimethyl ­ 4­propyldecane

Name!

May 7­9:53 AM

DO EXAMPLES

BUILD FIRST ONE WITH CARBONS

There are 3 isomers

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May 13, 2015

Jan 6­2:26 PM

Cycloalkanes­ single bonds in closed rings

C

C C

Cyclic hydrocarbons

*Same as regular but add cyclo before the parent chain.* Number the branches in a way to get the lowest total.

IF a cycloalkane has only one substituent ,do not use 1.

RULES:

Jan 6­2:30 PM

cyclohexane

1­ethyl­2,3­dimethylcyclohexane

1,3­diethyl­2­methylcyclopentane

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May 13, 2015

Nov 18­8:10 PM

Reactions of Alkanes : 

1) COMPLETE COMBUSTION• occurs if enough oxygen is present• a blue flame indicates complete combustion• a hydrocarbon that undergoes complete combustion always 

produces carbon dioxide and water> {problem – write balanced equations for the complete 

combustion of a hydrocarbon}

Nov 18­8:12 PM

2) INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION• occurs when there is not enough oxygen present• indicated by a yellow flame• products are still carbon dioxide and water BUT also 

include CO and C> {problem – Write balanced equations for the incomplete 

combustion of a hydrocarbon – NOTE:  more than one answer is possible} 

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May 13, 2015

May 12­3:00 PM

C125 incomplete combustion

Jan 6­11:44 AM

9.3 Alkenes* contains one or more DOUBLE BONDS!* normally lower boiling points (than similar sized alkanes)* low solubility in water* non­polar so dissolve in non­polar solvents.* aliphatic hydrocarbons (form chains and non­aromatic rings)*unsaturated hydrocarbons because at least two carbons are bonded to fewer than four atoms

*can form cis  or  trans isomers around the double bond  (discuss later)

*******general formula CnH2n

C C C C C C

UnsaturatedSaturated

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May 13, 2015

Jan 14­12:38 PM

Alkynes* contains one or more TRIPLE BONDS!!!* not plentiful in nature* aliphatic hydrocarbons (forms chains and non­aromatic rings)* unsaturated hydrocarbons because at least two carbons are bonded to fewer than four atoms* non­polar* general formula CnH2n­2

Jan 6­2:33 PM

Ex: 

Naming:* the longest parent chain MUST contain the double or triple bond* number the carbons from the end closest to the multiple bond (ignore the branches)* the name of the parent chain must be preceded by a # indicating the position of the multiple bond

C C C

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May 13, 2015

Jan 6­2:44 PM

C C CCCC

C

C

C

Jan 6­2:44 PM

4 ­ ethyl ­ 5,6 ­ dimethyl ­ 2 ­ heptyne

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May 13, 2015

Jan 11­8:57 AM

Jan 11­8:58 AM

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May 13, 2015

Jan 11­8:59 AM

Jan 16­8:52 AM

General Rules of Cis/Trans Isomers:

• each carbon involved in the double bond must be attached to two different groups• in a cis isomer, the two larger groups must be on the same side of the double bond• in a trans isomer the two larger groups must be on the opposite side of the double bond• Like all isomers, cis and trans isomers have different physical and chemical properties

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May 13, 2015

Jan 16­11:17 AM

Draw the cis or trans isomer:

a) cis­3­octene b) trans­2­butene

c) cis­3­nonene d) trans­2­hexene

e) cis­2­heptene f) trans­3­decene(line structure)

Jan 10­12:38 PM

Cycloalkenes  

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2­CH3

*the carbons must be numbered starting at the double bond (C1 and C2)

Cyclic hydrocarbons cont...

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May 13, 2015

Jan 15­2:46 PM

Cycloalkynes* Because triple bonds are linear, Ex: C­C   C­C,  cycloalkynes usually do not exist because they are usually highly strained and can only exist when the number of carbon atoms in the ring is great enough to provide some flexibility to make up for the linear geometry.

Ex: Smallest possible alkyne is octyne.

Jan 21­12:00 PM

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Aromatic Hydrocarbons- a hydrocarbon based on the aromatic benzene group.The molecular formula of benzene is C6H6.

Kekule:

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May 13, 2015

Jan 21­12:21 PM

Correct

Jan 21­12:07 PM

-the electrons that form the double bond in benzene are spread out and shared over the whole molecule-these electrons are called delocalized electrons

-6 identical bonds-molecules with this type of special electron sharing are called aromatic compounds-benzene is the simplest aromatic compound-almost all aromatic compounds contain one or more benzene rings

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May 13, 2015

Jan 21­12:12 PM

Naming:-number the carbons in the benzene ring. If more than one branch is attached to the ring, start numbering at the carbon with the highest priority (most complex) group**See page 361 Problem Tip

Jan 21­12:14 PM

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/graphics/34b.gif

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May 13, 2015

Jan 22­1:31 PM

Review Question

Name this compound.

Jan 12­10:35 PM

General Formulas

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

CycloAlkanes

Cycloalkenes

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May 13, 2015

Nov 18­8:25 PM

Jan 21­8:37 AM

ALKYL HALIDES

* An alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, or I)

Prefixes for halogens:­ fluoro­ chloro­ bromo­ iodo

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May 13, 2015

May 28­2:28 PM

Br I

Cl

C ­ C ­ C ­ C ­ C

I

F

F

8­chloro­3,4­difluoro­3­iodo­4­nonene

Name/Draw:

May 28­2:31 PM

Page 391 #12,13

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Jan 22­2:34 PM

Examples:

Jan 4­10:16 AM

FAMILIESFamily Name General Formula Example

Alkane

Alkene

Alkyne

Aromatic

Organic Halide

Alcohol

Carboxylic Acid

Aldehyde

Ketone

Ester

C C

.

PropaneCH3­CH2­CH3

C CPropene

CH2=CH­CH3

C CPropyneCH­C­CH3

Methyl benzeneCH3

R­XChloropropane

CH3­CH2­CH2­Cl

R­OHPropanol

CH3­CH2­CH2­OH

R(H)   C   OHO Propanoic Acid

                 CH3­CH2­C­OH

O

R(H)   C   HO Propanal

CH3­CH2­C­HO

R1   C   R2

O Propanone

CH3­C­CH3

O

R1(H)   C   O   R2

O Methyl ethanoate

CH3­C­O­CH3

O

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May 13, 2015

Jan 19­1:05 PM

Alcohols­ an organic compound that contains the hydroxyl functional group (a reactive group of bonded atoms)

R­OH

Naming:* the parent must contain the carbon attached to  the hydroxyl group*drop the e at the end of the parent and add ­ol* indicate the carbon # that the ­OH is bonded to* branches named in the same way as before

Jun 5­8:42 AM

C ­ C ­ C ­ C ­ C

I

F

FOH

C C C C

C

OH

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May 13, 2015

Jun 5­8:45 AM

OH

OH

1,2­dichloro­4­octanol

Jan 22­1:45 PM

Page 388 #8a,b,c,e#9 a,b,d,e   

* Omit primary, secondary, tertiary

Homework!

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Jan 19­1:05 PM

Aldehydes

* a carbonyl group attached at the end of a carbon chain

* R­CHO* ­al ending

Carbonyl group  ­ C=O

Jan 19­1:08 PM

4­bromo­2,2­dimethylbutanal

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Page 403 #28 a,d #29 a,c

Jan 19­1:05 PM

Ketones* a carbonyl group on a central carbon of a hydrocarbon chain

* R­C­R

=O

* ­one ending

Carbonyl group  ­ C=O

*You must indicate the #of the carbon that the carbonyl group is on

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May 13, 2015

Jan 19­1:33 PM

3,3,4­trimethyl­2­pentanone

4­chiaro­3­ethyl­2­hexatone

Jan 23­12:30 PM

Page 403 #28 b,c,e #29 b

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Jan 20­1:22 PM

Carboxylic Acids

* a carboxyl group (COOH) attached at the end of a carbon chain

* R­COOH

* oic acid ending

Jan 20­1:25 PM

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May 13, 2015

Jan 23­12:32 PM

Page 406 #32,33

Jan 4­10:16 AM

FAMILIESFamily Name General Formula Example

Alkane

Alkene

Alkyne

Aromatic

Organic Halide

Alcohol

Carboxylic Acid

Aldehyde

Ketone

Ester

C C

.

PropaneCH3­CH2­CH3

C CPropene

CH2=CH­CH3

C CPropyne

CH­C­CH3

Methyl benzeneCH3

R­XChloropropane

CH3­CH2­CH2­Cl

R­OHPropanol

CH3­CH2­CH2­OH

Propanoic Acid                 CH3­CH2­C­OH

O

Propanal

CH3­CH2­C­HO

R1   C   R2

O Propanone

CH3­C­CH3

O

R1   C   O   R2

O Methyl Ethanoate

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May 13, 2015

Apr 30­9:10 AM

Nov 18­8:07 PM

Note: alkanes are often found a STRUCTURAL ISOMERS, that is, the 

compounds have the same molecular formula, but have different molecular structures.

~~Structural isomers differ in their physical and chemical properties.  Generally, the more branched the hydrocarbon the lower the melting point compared with its other structural isomers.