chapter 9 mediums of music
TRANSCRIPT
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THE MEDIUMS
OF
MUSIC
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Music is an art that deals with sound. In literature,however, all sounds are produced by the humanvoice. In music, the human voice is but one numberof possible instruments.
A musical instrument is a mechanism that is ableto generate musical vibrations and launch theminto the air. These various musical instruments arethe means in which the composer communicates to
the listener; they are his mediums of expression.
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PROPERTIES OF MUSICAL SOUND
1. PITCH
The location of a tone in the musical scalein relation to high or low. It is determined by the rate
of vibration which to a large extent depends on thelength of the vibrating body. Other conditions beingequal, the shorter a string or column of air, the morerapidly it vibrates and the higher the pitch the longerthe string or column of air, the fewer the vibrationsper second and the lower the pitch. The width,thickness, density, and tension of the vibrating bodyalso affect the outcome.
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2. DURATIONThis property of sound depends on thelength of time over which vibration is maintained.Tones are not only high or low but also short andlong.3. VOLUME
The term refers to the force or percussiveeffects as a result of which the tone strikes us asbeing loud or soft. Forte means loud; piano meanssoft.
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4. TIMBRE OF TONE COLOR
This is the individual quality of sound produced byother instruments. This depends on how the instrumentaccentuates the over tones within the sound waves. Itis influenced by a number of factors such as the size,shape, and the proportions of the instrument, thematerial which it is made, and the manner in which thevibration is set up.
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RANGE
The range of an instrument has to do with the totalnumber of tones it can produce from highest tolowest, and is determined largely by the size of theinstrument. The total pitch range is divided into fourbasic areas: soprano (high female), alto (low female),tenor (high male), bass (low male). Each range is
divided into three registers; high, middle, and low.
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VOCAL MEDIUM
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
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Vocal Medium
The oldest and still most popular of all
instruments is the human voice. It is the most
personal and direct of all instruments as it comesfrom within the body . The song projected by the
human voice is the most natural form of music.
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PILITA CORALES
Entertainer of the Year and Asias Queen of Song
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Vocal Register
Voices differ considerably in range and register.The Six Classes of Vocal Register
1.Soprano - high register female voice
2.Mezzo-soprano - medium-register female
voice
3.Alto or Contralto - low-register female voice4.Tenor - high-register male voice
5.Baritone - medium-register male voice
6.Bass - low-register male voice
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Vocal Qualities Voices are also classified according to their timbre or quality ofsound . Thus, we distinguished lyric and dramatic.
1. Coloratura Soprano Is the highest and lightest of all voices. The music written
for this is full of runs, thrills, and light ornaments.
2. Lyric Soprano Voice is less high and flute-like and usually sings lessornamental music. The voice is specially suited to sweet song-like melodies in which beauty of tone is the predominant quality.3. Dramatic Soprano
Voice is heavier and can convey intense emotions indramatic situations.4. Mezzo-Soprano
Voice is between the soprano and contralto in quality
and range.
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5. Contralto Voice is low and rich in quality.
6. Tenor The highest type in mens voice. 7. Lyric Tenor
Has a voice specially suited to sweet
songlike melodies8. Dramatic Tenor
Has a heavier voice and is capable ofconveying intense emotions in dramatic situations9. Baritone
Voice has a range between tenor and bass. 10. Bass
Voice has the lowest and deepest quality.
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Musical Instrument
Musical instrument are of three main types: theinstrument which are bowed , instrument whichare blown , the instruments which are struck .These in turn are divided into four groupings.The instrument which are bowed are the strings .Those which are blown fall into two groups: thebrasses , so called because they are usually
made of brass and the woodwinds , so namedbecause they were originally made of wood. Thefourth group is made up of instruments whichare struck. They are called percussion
instruments.
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String instruments
String instruments, also called stringed
instruments, provide the basic orchestral sounds.
They produce toned by means of vibration of a
stretched string.
Two types of string instrument:
1. Bowed strings
2. Plucked strings
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Bowed StringsThese instruments produce tone by
means of bow or horse hair drawn
across the strings, which include the
violin, viola, violoncello and doublebass are the mediums of music that
can express the most poignant feeling
and can continue playing infinitely
without fatigue. These have four strings
which are made to vibrate by drawing a
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ViolinThe violin is the highest
member of the string section of
the orchestra. It is universally
admired for its voice-like quality.Preeminent in lyric melody, it is
also capable of brilliance and
dramatic effect. It has a wide range of tones which
can be sustained indefinitely. It can be played very
quietly or loudly, very slowly or extremely fast.
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VIOLA
The viola is slightly larger thanthe violin. Its strings are longer,
thicker, and heavier; it is lower in
range. It is use more for harmony
than melody. It, however, is an
effective melody instrument,particularly for themes of a
mournful or passionate nature
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VioloncelloThe violoncello , properly knownas cello , is much longer than the
viola. It is lower in range than theviola and the strings are thickerand heavier than those of theviola. The bow is shorter andheavier and the instrument has tobe held between the knee of aseated performer. It is notable for its rich and romantic tone.If the violin is the soprano of the stringsection and the viola is the alto, the cello isthe tenor. Together with the basses, the
cellos supply the foundation for the harmonyof the strin choir.
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Double Bass(Contrabass)The double bass , known also asthe contrabass, is the largestmember of the strings family. It
rest upon the floor, and theperformer stands to play it . It isthe lowest range of the stringgroup. Its deep indistinct tones
come into focus when they areduplicated on octave higher,usually by the cello. It is mostoften used as a support,supplying the bass tones for the
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Plucked StringsAlthough instruments of the bowed strings class
can produce tone by plucking the strings
(pizzicato ), the plucked string produce tone solelyby this means. The player plucks the strings either
with his fingers or with a plectrum held in his hand.
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GuitarThe guitar family seems to be themost popular stringed instrumenttoday. It varies considerably inshape, and in the number of itsstrings, but basically, it consist of afinger board with frets (narrowmetal across strips), attached tolight wooden body with flat topback. It is seldom used in
orchestra but is nowadays a partof jazz bands.This instrument associated mostly with dance bandinstrumentation and popularly used as an instrumentto accompany the singing of folk songs as well as
popular song.
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The string instruments are pre-eminent in playing
legato ( smooth and connected). They are capable
too of the opposite quality of tone, staccato ( short
and detached). A special effect, pizzicato (plucked),
is executed by the performers plucking the stringwith his finger instead of using the bow.
The string section in the orchestra has come to be
known as The heart of orchestra . The string figure
prominently as solo instruments and in chamber
music; in duets, trios, quartets, quintets, and the like.
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Some special effects possible on each of the
string instrument s are:
Spiccato
Playing with short, crisp strokes of the bow.
Saltallato
Bouncing the bow on the strings to produce light,
detached tones.
Martellato
Hammering the bow quiver on the string making
each note separate and emphatic.
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Tremolo
Making the bow quiver on the string to produce
shimmering effect.
Vibrato
Denotes the rich, throbbing tones achieved when
the player moves his finger slightly away from the
back to the required spot.
Glissando
The player moves a finger of his left hand rapidly
along the string, sounding all the pitches in the scale.
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The Woodwind Instruments
The woodwind instruments consist of members offour different families: flute and piccolo, oboe andEnglish horn, clarinet and bass clarinet, andbassoon and contrabassoon. These instrument are
blown by the player. The player alters the pitch of thenotes by shortening or lengthening the column of airvibrating inside the instrument. They are the mostdecorative instrument and because they are sodifferent in timbre, they contribute the greatestvariety in ensemble. Besides being prominent inorchestra, the woodwinds possess a solo literatureand are widely used in chamber music.
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Flute The flute is a cylindrical tube made
of silver alloy or metal. It is the
coloratura soprano of the woodwind
choir. Its sound is silvery or liquid. Itcan play rapid, brilliant scale
passages. Its tone is cool and
velvety in the low register but in its
upper register, the sound is bright,
thin and stands out against the
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Piccolo The piccolo, which is the
smaller flute, produces the
highest notes in theorchestra. Tones produced
are piercing and shrill.
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Oboe The oboe is made of wood. The
body is tube which get wider at theend. The double reed in the mouthpiece consist of two slips of cane soshaped as to leave between them
an extremely small passages for air.Because of this compression, thetone is focused and intense in allregisters. Oboe timbre is generallydescribed as plaintive, nasal. Andreedy. The instrument is associatedwith pastoral effects and withnostalgic melodies.
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English Horn The English horn is a large oboe. The
oboe and the English horn look very
much alike except that English horn
is wider and longer and ends with apear shaped bell, which accounts for
its soft, somewhat mournful timbre.
Its range is slightly lower than that of
the oboe and its sound is richer and
more plaintive.
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Clarinet The clarinet is the instrument thatoften takes the part of the violin inband music. It has a single reed,a small elastic piece of canefastened against its chisel-shapedmouth piece. It has remarkablywide range--from low to high andfrom soft to loud and producesthree distinct tone colors: (1) in its
upper range, the sound clear andpowerful; (2) in its middle register, the sound is smooth or relaxed;(3) in its lower register, the tones
are rich and hollow.
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Bassoon The bassoon and
contrabassoon are the tenorand bass, respectively, of theoboe family. The bassoon isone of the most flexible anduseful of the bass instrument.Its tone is weighty and thick inthe low register, dry andsonorous in the middle, reedyand intense in the upper.It is capable of a hollow-sounding staccato and wide leaps that create a humorous effect; it is at the same time highly expansive instrument.
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Contrabassoon
The contrabassoon , also knownas the double bassoon or
double-bassoon , is a larger
version of the bassoon, sounding
an octave lower. Its technique is
similar to its smaller cousin, with a few notable differences.
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Saxophone
The saxophone . This wind
instrument
has a single reed that combines the
reed mouthpiece of a clarinet with a
curved conical metal tube. It blends
well with either woodwind or brass.
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The Brasses
The brasses are consist of the trumpet, horn
trombone, and tuba. They are indispensable for
their ability to play very loudly, for melody, for
sustaining harmony, for rhythmic accent, and for
flame like sonority they contribute to the climax.
Thee instrument have cut-shaped mouthpieces(except for the horn, whose mouthpiece is shaped
like funnel).
Trumpet
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Trumpet The trumpet posses a firm and
brilliant timbre that lends radian ceto the orchestral mass. Becaus e of
its military history, it is often
associated with martial pomp a nd
vigor or battle calls.Played softly, the instrument commands a lovely
round tone. The muted sound, which is made by
inserting the mute, a pear-shaped like device of
metal or cardboard in the bell, is much used.
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Horn or French Horn The horn , generally called the
French horn, normally has asmooth, mellow tone, but can bemade to sound very brassy. Thetimbre of the horn blends equally
well with woodwinds, brass, andstrings, for which reason it servesas the connecting link among them .The horn has the ability to projectsounds across great distances.The horn is versatile instrument; as a soloinstrument, it is very satisfactory because it has awide range and can be loud or soft, lyrical ordramatic.
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Trombone The trombone the Italian word
means large instrument re of
two kinds: tenor and bass. The
two are alike in construction but
the bass trombone has a lower
range. The trombones tone is
rich and mellow.It can play softly, but it is more often
achieved effect of nobility and grandeur.
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Tuba The tuba is the bass of the
brass choir. Like the
strings bass and
contrabassoon, it furnishesthe foundation for the
harmonic fabric. Its sound
is rather like the bass
trombone, but fuller, richer,
and more powerful.
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Cornet The cornet is a brass-wind musical
instrument of the trumpet family,
consisting of a long looped tube, 9
feet long. It is used in orchestras,bands, and brass bands. This
instrument is larger than the trumpet.
It ha a shorter body and possesses
greater agility. The tone is rounder
but less brilliant then that of the
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D fi it Pit h
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Kettledrums Kettledrums or timpani arepercussion instruments ofdefinite pitch, which are used insets of two or three. Thekettledrum is hemisphere coppershell, across which is a stretchedhead of calfskin held in place bytwo metal ring. The instrument isplayed with two padded sticks,which may either be soft or hard.Its dynamic range extends from a
mysterious rumble to athunderous roll.
Definite Pitch
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Glockenspiel
The glockenspiel (German fora set of bells) consist of
series of horizontal tuned
plates of various size, made
of steel. The player strikes
these with mallets, producingbright metallic sounds.
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Xylophone The xylophone consist of
tuned blocks of wood which
produce a dry, crisp timbre
when struck. Expert
xylophone players attain
dazzling speed and
accuracy.
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Marimba The marimba, a xylophone
of African a and South
American origin, is
associated with dance
music. It is simply a
xylophone with a resonator.
Small tubes suspended
under the wooden bass
resonate the sound of the
I d fi it Pit h
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Indefinite PitchCymbals are a commonpercussion instrument. Cymbalsconsist of thin, normally roundplates of various alloys. Thegreater majority of cymbals are ofindefinite pitch, although smalldisc-shaped cymbals based onancient designs sound a definitenote. (Cymbals are used in many
ensembles ranging from theorchestra, percussion ensembles, jazz bands, heavy metal bands,and marching groups. Drum kits
usually incorporate a crash, ride or
Gongs
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Gongs Gongs are broadly of three types.Suspended gongs are more or lessflat, circular discs of metalsuspended vertically by means of acord passed through holes near tothe top rim. Bossed or nipple gongshave a raised center boss and areoften suspended and playedhorizontally. Bowl gongs are bowl-shaped, and rest on cushions andbelong more to bells than gongs.Gongs are made mainly frombronze or brass but there are many
other alloys in use
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Triangle The triangle is an idiophonetype of musical instrumentin the percussion family. Itis a bar of metal, usuallysteel but sometimes other
metals like berylliumcopper, bent into a triangleshape. The instrument isusually held by a loop of
some form of thread or wireat the top curve. It was firstmade around the 16thcentury.
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Chimes
The chimes consist of set oftuned of metal tubes various
lengths attached to frame and
struck with a hammer. They have
a broad dynamic range, from a
metallic tinkle to a sonorousclang, and are frequently called
upon to simulate church bells.
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Harp The harp is said to be one of the
oldest musical instruments. Itsearliest form appeared in theBabylonian inscriptions severalthousand years ago. This instrumentis almost extinct today. It survives inthe modern orchestra, as asupporting instrument most of thetime. Its strings are played byplucking, producing a crystalline tone
that blends well with the orchestraltimbres. The pedals are used toshorten the strings, thereby rising thepitch. Chords on the harp arefrequently played in the broken form;the tones are sounded one after
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Keyboard Instruments These instruments are operated by means of a
keyboard which consist of a series of black and
white keys. When a performer depresses a key, a
tone sounds. Keyboard instrument produce tonesin a variety of ways.
Although keyboard instruments are normally
included with the percussion group, they constitute
special set which maybe considered separately.
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Piano The piano is the most popular
and most widespread of allinstrument. It is widely use inhome, in small orchestras, anddance bands. It has the abilityto sound several tonessimultaneously and has thecapacity to present complexmusical textures by itselfmaking it an extremely usefulinstrument. It is anindispensable instrument for
accompaniment.
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Organ The organ is a principal
keyboard instrument but it hasa physical property which makeit a woodwind instrument. Itssounds are made by air forced
by a mechanical meansthrough pipes. The pipes arecontrolled by two or morekeyboard and a set of pedals.An organ is capable of sustaining tonesindefinitely. Nowadays, the electronic organ iscommonly used. Here, the sound is produced notby wind but by electrical oscillators.
l
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Celesta the celesta which in
appearance resembles a
miniature upright piano, is a
kind of glockenspiel that isoperated by a keyboard; the
steel plates are struck by a
small hammers producing bell-
like tones.
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Piano Accordion has a melody keyboard for
the right hand
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Harmonium The harmonium is akeyboard instrument relatedto the organ in that its a toneis produced by air (bellowsoperated by feet) which setsthin strips of metals (reeds)vibrating.
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Ensemble Mediums When two or more performers are equally
engaged in playing or singing a piece of music,
the medium is called an ensemble (an sambl )and the music is called ensemble music.
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Symphony Orchestra
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Symphony Orchestra The symphony orchestra is alarge ensemble which includesall the principal instrumentaltypes. The modern symphonyorchestra has about 100 players,but this number varies accordingto the kind of music being played.It is composed of four sectionscorresponding to the four
instrumental groupings; the stringsection.Each of these sections has at least oneinstrument which falls into each of the fourbasic ranges: soprano, alto, tenor, and bass.
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Concerto The concerto is a form
written for orchestra and
usually one solo
instrument (piano, violin,
etc) is given a prominent
role in music.
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Hailed as the King of the high Cs is a worldrenowned Italian Tenor; who had his concert on thenight of March 21, 1994 at the PICC Hall, Manila.Pavarotti was ably assisted in the two-and-a-half-hourconcert by the Philippine Symphony Orchestra underthe baton of Pavarottis own conductor Leone
Magiera, and Italian flutist Andrea Griminelli.
B d
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Band A band is a instrumental
ensemble, large like the
orchestra but consisting mainly
exclusively of wind andpercussion outdoor events
instruments. Although the band
is closely associated with
outdoor event (parades,
funerals, football games, etc.), it
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Chamber Ensembles Chamber music is a medium which calls for calls
for only a few performer (from two to about eightor nine instruments) with one player to each part.The most common chamber music ensemblesare listed below:
1.Solo Sonatas Music written for instrument (violin, cello, flute,oboe, horn, etc.), with an accompaniment by suchinstruments as the piano or harpsichord, belongsto the category of chamber music ensemble.
2 String Quartet
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2.String Quartet The most common medium of chamber music
appears to be the string quartet. It consist of twoviolins, a viola, and a cello. When the piano replacesone of the four instruments, the ensemble is pianoquartet.
3.Duos, Trios, Quintets, and other.Music in which two instruments have equal
importance is called a duo; music for three
instrument s is a trio ; for five, a quintet ; for six, a sextet ; for seven, a septet ; for eight, an octet ; fornine, nonet . These ensembles may consist of anycombination of instruments, including strings,
woodwinds, brass, keyboard, and percussion
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Special Ensembles As music evolves, composers search for new
mediums more congenial to their changing musical
ideas. A particularly significant trend in recent
years has been the development of electronicinstrument, which many contemporary composers
feel are more versatile than traditional instruments
and are more suitable for achieving the sounds
they want for the music.
Rondalla
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This is the best-knowninstrumental group in thePhilippines today. It is a bandmade up of stringed instruments:the banduria, which assumes thelead part and play the melody; thelaud or octavina , which carry the
alto and contrapuntal parts; thepiccolo , tuned above the banduria,which plays the ornamentalpassages; and the guittara and
bajo , which give solidity to therhythm and support the harmony.Some percussion instruments have found theirway into the rondalla to add color and variedtonal rhythmic effects.
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Mixed Ensembles
A considerable literature of music exist for largemixed ensembles which include instruments
and voices. Such musical types as an opera,
oratorio, cantata, Mass, Requiem Mass, and
even symphonies may employ vocal soloist,
chorus and orchestra. Mixed chamberensembles have made their appearance in the
twentieth century.
Ch b O h
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Chamber Orchestra The term chamber orchestra is
applied to small instrumental
ensembles in which there are
only a few performers for a part.Chamber orchestras are in
category of ensemble between a
chamber ensemble and the full
orchestra.
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ConductorA conductor is someone who
leads and guides an orchestra or
a group of singers in order to
perform a piece to the best oftheir abilities. Conductors work
in theater or stage plays, film or
TV scores, lead orchestras and
choirs that are either amateurs
or pros.
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SUBMITTED TO:
PROF. AILEEN BISNAR
SUBMITTED BY :
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MICHAEL CAINE M. PASABING
REZIE FABE