CHAPTER 9 GRAPHIC ORGANIZERSDaniel Joseph

10/5/10

Period 4

ORGANISMS NEED A SUPPLY OF ENERGY

Organisms need a supply of energy because

many cell processes require it.

Energy is required to carry out the everyday

tasks of the organisms.

Without energy, the organism cannot

survive.

ENERGY STORED AND RELEASED BY ATP

Break down ADP to form

energy.

When bonds are broken, energy is released.

Cells use energy to

make proteins for example.

When the protein

releases the ATP, another

ATP can fill the gap.

ATP binds with proteins.

CHLOROPLASTS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is the process that uses the sun’s

energy to make simple sugars. The sugars are converted to

complex carbohydrates

later. Photosynthesis occurs in two

phases.

The chloroplast is the cell organelle photosynthesis occurs in. the

thylakoid membrane discs in chloroplasts

use pigments to trap the sun’s

energy by absorbing

wavelengths of sunlight.

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

Light dependent reactions convert light

energy into chemical energy.

Molecules of ATP produced in the reactions

are used to fuel light-independent reactions.

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT CALVIN CYCLE

The six-carbon sugar formed splits to form

two three-carbon

molecules.

The three-carbon

molecules are converted into PGAL by light-

dependent reactions.

One out of six PGAL

molecules are transferred to the cytoplasm

and used in synthesis of sugars and

carbohydrates

Five molecules of PGAL with three carbon

atoms, produce three molecules of

the five-carbon RuBP.

The carbon atom from CO2

bonds with RuBP to form an unstable

sugar molecule.

CalvinCycle

CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION

Cellular Respiration

• The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP. Cellular respiration occurs in three stages: glycosis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain.

Fermentation

• When cells are without oxygen for a short period of time, fermentation produces ATP until oxygen is available again. The two types of fermentation are lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation.

ENERGY FROM CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Glycosis: a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid. Requires no oxygen.

The Citric Acid Cycle: every turn in the cycle produces an ATP molecule and two molecules of carbon dioxide. Requires oxygen.

Electron Transport Chain: NADH and FADH2 deliver energized electrons at the top of the chain. The energy is released slowly in steps by being passed from protein to protein. Electron transport chains require oxygen.