CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9Expanding Markets and Expanding Markets and

Moving WestMoving West

Section 2-Manifest DestinySection 2-Manifest DestinySection 3-Expansion in TexasSection 3-Expansion in Texas

Section 4-War with MexicoSection 4-War with Mexico

Section 2-Manifest DestinySection 2-Manifest Destiny

Many Americans believed that the Many Americans believed that the U.S. should U.S. should extend its power all the way to the Pacific extend its power all the way to the Pacific coastcoast, , in order to spread ideas of democracy in order to spread ideas of democracy and civilization.and civilization.During the 1840s, some Americans came to During the 1840s, some Americans came to believe that believe that the spread westward was the spread westward was destined and ordained by God.destined and ordained by God.These ideas came to be known as These ideas came to be known as Manifest Manifest DestinyDestiny-America’s destiny to expand to the -America’s destiny to expand to the Pacific and into Mexico.Pacific and into Mexico.

Manifest DestinyAn Allegorical Painting by John Gast 1872

Americans moved west for a number of Americans moved west for a number of reasons:reasons:– Escape religious persecution (example: Escape religious persecution (example:

Mormons led by Brigham Young to Utah)Mormons led by Brigham Young to Utah)– Find new trade markets and routesFind new trade markets and routes– Claim landClaim land– Locate new harborsLocate new harbors– Seek employmentSeek employment– Spread democracySpread democracy

Two of the most Two of the most important trails to the important trails to the West were the West were the Santa Santa Fe TrailFe Trail and the and the Oregon TrailOregon Trail. .

Section 3-Expansion in TexasSection 3-Expansion in Texas

Before Americans started settling in Before Americans started settling in Texas, both the local Indians and Texas, both the local Indians and Mexicans continually fought over who Mexicans continually fought over who controlled the territory.controlled the territory.

After Mexico’s independence from Spain, After Mexico’s independence from Spain, they took control over the Southwest area they took control over the Southwest area of the U.S.of the U.S.

During the 1820s, Mexico began offering During the 1820s, Mexico began offering land land grantsgrants to Americans interested in settling in to Americans interested in settling in Texas.Texas.If they agreed to obey Mexico’s laws and If they agreed to obey Mexico’s laws and religion.religion.One of the most prominent American settlers One of the most prominent American settlers was was Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin, who began an American , who began an American colony in Texas.colony in Texas.Each settler would receive 177 acres for farming Each settler would receive 177 acres for farming or 4,428 acres for stock grazing, as well as a 10 or 4,428 acres for stock grazing, as well as a 10 year exemption from paying taxes.year exemption from paying taxes.By 1825 nearly 300 land grants had been By 1825 nearly 300 land grants had been issued.issued.

Between 1830 and 1834 the number of “Anglo” Between 1830 and 1834 the number of “Anglo” settlers to Texas doubled.settlers to Texas doubled.Mexico’s gov’t tried to seal the borders, but their Mexico’s gov’t tried to seal the borders, but their efforts were in vain.efforts were in vain.Mexican president Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaAnna imprisoned Austin, who argued for self- imprisoned Austin, who argued for self-government for Texas.government for Texas.Constant fighting led to the Constant fighting led to the Texas RevolutionTexas Revolution and eventually the and eventually the Republic of TexasRepublic of Texas was was established.established.In 1835 Santa Anna and his army defeated In 1835 Santa Anna and his army defeated Texan troops at the Texan troops at the AlamoAlamo. All 187 defenders . All 187 defenders died, including died, including Jim BowieJim Bowie and and Davy CrockettDavy Crockett..

In March of 1836 Santa Anna executed In March of 1836 Santa Anna executed 300 Texans at 300 Texans at GoliadGoliad. By April Texan . By April Texan troops led by troops led by Sam HoustonSam Houston defeated defeated Santa Anna and his men at the battle of Santa Anna and his men at the battle of San JacintoSan Jacinto..

In 1845 Texas became the 28In 1845 Texas became the 28thth state in the state in the U.S.U.S.

Section 4-War With MexicoSection 4-War With Mexico

After the U.S. gained control of After the U.S. gained control of Texas in 1836, President Texas in 1836, President James K. PolkJames K. Polk wanted to gain wanted to gain more territory (New Mexico more territory (New Mexico and California) by going to war and California) by going to war with Mexico.with Mexico.Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor (“Old Rough (“Old Rough and Ready”) was sent to and Ready”) was sent to blockade the Rio Grande, blockade the Rio Grande, John John C. FremontC. Fremont was sent to was sent to explore the California province, explore the California province, and and Stephen KearnyStephen Kearny was sent was sent to gain New Mexico.to gain New Mexico.

After gaining TX and CA After gaining TX and CA from Mexico, the people from Mexico, the people of these territories of these territories declared independence.declared independence.

Forces led by Forces led by Robert E. Robert E. LeeLee, , Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant, , and and Winfield ScottWinfield Scott (“Old (“Old Fuss and Feathers”) Fuss and Feathers”) invaded Mexico and invaded Mexico and captured the capital city.captured the capital city.

Before the war was over, it became evident that Before the war was over, it became evident that the issue of slavery would once again become a the issue of slavery would once again become a major problem.major problem.

Victory over Mexico would mean new territories Victory over Mexico would mean new territories and the questions of whether or not they should and the questions of whether or not they should allow slavery.allow slavery.

PA Congressman PA Congressman David WilmotDavid Wilmot put forth what put forth what was called the was called the Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso..

This proviso, or condition, This proviso, or condition, proposed banning proposed banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico.slavery from any land purchased from Mexico.

Northern states liked the idea, but Southern Northern states liked the idea, but Southern states did not.states did not.

Congress decided not to approve this plan.Congress decided not to approve this plan.

Americans declared a Americans declared a Republic of Republic of CaliforniaCalifornia and signed the and signed the Treaty of Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoGuadalupe-Hidalgo to establish the to establish the boundaries that the U.S. has today.boundaries that the U.S. has today.

The The Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase gave an additional gave an additional $10 million to Mexico for the land.$10 million to Mexico for the land.

In 1848 In 1848 James MarshallJames Marshall, working at , working at Sutter’s MillSutter’s Mill, , discovered gold.discovered gold.

Soon after news reached San Francisco, Soon after news reached San Francisco, residents traveled to pan for gold.residents traveled to pan for gold.

As word reached the east coast, thousands of As word reached the east coast, thousands of forty-ninersforty-niners traveled to CA in the traveled to CA in the gold rushgold rush..

People would come from as far as Asia, South People would come from as far as Asia, South America, and Europe to look for gold.America, and Europe to look for gold.

By 1849 CA’s population exceeded 100,000.By 1849 CA’s population exceeded 100,000.

Another important piece of legislation was the Another important piece of legislation was the Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850..

This This admitted CA to the Union as a free state admitted CA to the Union as a free state and and declared the unorganized western declared the unorganized western territories free as well. territories free as well.

The Utah and New Mexico territories were The Utah and New Mexico territories were allowed to decide the issue by allowed to decide the issue by popular popular sovereigntysovereignty (will of the people). (will of the people).

Attached to the compromise was a Attached to the compromise was a Fugitive Fugitive Slave LawSlave Law, which required anyone to return a , which required anyone to return a fugitive slave to the South.fugitive slave to the South.