chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy. Is this a process of turning food into energy?. Respiration - Equation. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O and energy - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical
Energy
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Is this a process of turning food into energy?
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Respiration - Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
and energy
The energy is released from the chemical bonds in the complex organic molecules.
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Respiration - Preview
The process of releasing Energy from food.
Food - Stored Energy in chemical bonds.
ATP - Useable Energy for cell work.
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Focus of Chapter
1. Purpose - what is the reaction suppose to do?
2. Location - where is it at?3. Requirements - what is
needed to make it run?4. Products - what does it
produce?
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Oxidation - definitions
Loss of electrons. Loss of energy. Loss of Hydrogens from
Carbons.
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Reduction - definitions
Gain of electrons. Gain of energy. Gain of Hydrogens to
Carbons.Comment - be careful not to
use “reduction” in lay terms.
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Redox reactions LEO the lion says GER!!!!!!
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Redox reactions
Reactions are usually paired or linked together.
Look for these links as we study Respiration.
Many of the reactions will be done by phosphorylation
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Phosphorylation
Adding a phosphate group to a molecule.
The phosphate group adds “energy” to the molecule for chemical reactions.
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Phosphorylation
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Cell Respiration - parts
1. Glycolysis2. Oxidation of Pyruvate3. Krebs Cycle4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
and the Electron Transport Chain
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Glycolysis
Glyco- glucose. -lysis: to split Universal step in all
Respiration types. Likely to earliest type of cell
energy processes.
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Glycolysis
Function - To split glucose and produce NADH and ATP.
Location - Cytoplasm.
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Electron Carrier Compounds
Molecules that transport or shuttle electrons within the cell.
Exist it two forms: Oxidized (ox) Reduced (red)
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NAD
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NAD+ + 2 e- NADH
NAD+ = oxidized form
NADH = reduced form
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Glycolysis -Requirements
Glucose 2 ATP 4 ADP 2 NAD+
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Glycolysis - Products
2 Pyruvic Acids (a 3C acid) 2 ADP 4 ATP 2 NADH
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Net Result
2 ATP per glucose 2 NADH
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Energy Investment Phase
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Energy Harvest Phase
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Oxidation of Pyruvate (formation of Acetyl CoA)
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Krebs Cycle
Also called: Citric Acid Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
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Krebs Cycle
Function: Complete oxidation of original glucose
Produce NADH and FADH2
Location: Mitochondria matrix
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Krebs Cycle -Requirements
Acetyl CoA (2C compound) 3 NAD+
1 ADP 1 FAD Double this list for each
glucose.
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Krebs Cycle - Products
2 CO2
3 NADH 1 ATP 1 FADH2
Double this list for each glucose.
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Krebs Cycle
Produces most of the cell's energy in the form of NADH and FADH2
Does NOT require O2
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Comment The ATPs produced directly
in Krebs Cycle and in Glycolysis are by:
Substrate-level phosphorylation
The Pi group is transferred from a substrate to ADP.
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Electron Transport Chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation
ETC or Electron Transport System (ETS).
A collection of proteins that are structurally linked into units.
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ETC
Uses sets of Cytochromes, Fe containing proteins to pass electrons.
The Cytochromes alternate between RED and OX forms and pass electrons down to O2
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ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Function: Convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP.
Location: Mitochondria cristae.
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ETC - Requirements
NADH or FADH2
ADP O2
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ETC - Products
NAD+ and FAD ATP H2O
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Movie
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ETC - ATP Yields
Each NADH -- 3 ATP Each FADH2 -- 2 ATP
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Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
ETC energy is used to move H+ (protons) across the cristae membrane.
ATP is generated as the H+
diffuse back into the matrix.
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ATP Synthase
Uses the flow of H+ to make ATP.
Works like an ion pump in reverse, or like a waterwheel under the flow of H+ “water”.
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Done by yeast, a kind of fungus.
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Alcoholic Fermentation Uses only Glycolysis. An incomplete oxidation -
energy is still left in the products (alcohol).
Does NOT require O2
Produces ATP when O2 is not available.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Uses only Glycolysis. An incomplete oxidation -
energy is still left in the products (lactic acid).
Does NOT require O2
Produces ATP when O2 is not available.
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Done by human muscle cells under oxygen debt.
Lactic Acid is a toxin and causes soreness and stiffness in muscles.
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Fermentation - Summary
Way of using up NADH and regenerating NAD+ so Glycolysis can still run.
Provides ATP to a cell even when O2 is absent.
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Aerobic vs Anaerobic
Aerobic - Respiration with O2
Anaerobic - Respiration without O2
Aerobic - All three Respiration steps.
Anaerobic - Glycolysis only.
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Obligate vs. Facultative
Strict or Obligate - can only do Respiration this one way.
Facultative - can switch Respiration types depending on O2 availability. Ex - yeast
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Question
Since yeast can do both aerobic and anaerobic Respiration, which is the better process if given a choice?
Check the ATP yields from both processes.
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ATP yields by Respiration type
Anaerobic - Glycolysis only Gets 2 ATPs per glucose.
Aerobic - Glycolysis, Krebs, and ETC. Generates many more ATPs per glucose.
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Aerobic ATP yield
Glycolysis - 2 ATPS, 2 NADHs Krebs - 2 ATPS, 8 NADHs,
2 FADH2
Each NADH = 3 ATP Each FADH2 = 2 ATP
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ATP Sum
10 NADH x 3 = 30 ATPs 2 FADH2 x 2 = 4 ATPs 2 ATPs (Gly) = 2 ATPs 2 ATPs (Krebs) = 2 ATPs
Max = 38 ATPs per glucose
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However...
Some energy is used in shuttling the NADH from Glycolysis into the mitochondria.
Actual ATP yield ~ 36/glucose
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Yeast
Would rather do aerobic Respiration; it has 18x more energy per glucose.
But, anaerobic will keep you alive if oxygen is not present.
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Importance of Respiration
Convert food to ATP. Provides materials for use in
other cellular pathways.
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Other Importances of Respiration
Alcohol Industry - almost every society has a fermented beverage.
Baking Industry - many breads use yeast to provide bubbles to raise the dough.
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MatchingSugar Cane Gin
Barley Saki
Grapes Tequila
Juniper Cones Vodka
Agave Leaves Beer
Rice Wine
Potatoes Rum
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Question
Why is the alcohol content of wine always around 12-14%?
Alcohol is toxic and kills the yeast at high concentrations.
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Swiss Cheese
Holes are bubbles of CO2 from fermentation.
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Summary
Know the 3 main reactions of Respiration and the 4 required items for each.
Appreciate the importances of Respiration.