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176 Chapter 9 Adjectives and Adverbs

Selecting Adjectives and Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Comparative and Superlative Forms . . . . . . . . . . . 179Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Using Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly . . . . . . . . 181

Dangling and Misplaced Modifi ers . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Chapter 9

Adjectives and Adverbs

Writing Activity in Miniature

Before you work on this chapter, write a Microtheme on the following topic. Write small

enough to leave room for marking later. After you have studied this chapter, return to your Microtheme and complete Exercise B to practice what you have learned.

Suggested Microtheme Topic: Write a Microtheme of 80 to 100 words about three items you would place in a time cap-sule to be opened in fi fty years. Explain why the items are signifi cant.

E X E R C I S E A

E X E R C I S E B

MICROTHEME

Connecting Your Learning Objectives with Your Microtheme

Complete this exercise after you have studied this chapter.1. Underline adjectives and adverbs, and make sure they are necessary and well-

selected.2. Be sure you have not dangled or misplaced modifi ers. If in question, you should

underline the modifi er and draw a line to the word being modifi ed.

176

02131_09_ch09_p176-193.indd 17602131_09_ch09_p176-193.indd 176 11/26/09 10:59:30 AM11/26/09 10:59:30 AM

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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Selecting Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives modify (describe) nouns and pronouns and answer the questions Which one? What kind? and How many?

Which one? The new car is mine.adj n

What kind? Mexican food is my favorite.adj n

How many? A few friends are all one needs.adj n

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs and answer the questions How? Where? When? Why? and To what degree? Most words ending in -ly are adverbs.

Where? The cuckoo fl ew south.v adv

When? The cuckoo fl ew yesterday.v adv

Why? The cuckoo fl ew because of the cold weather.v adv phrase

How? The cuckoo fl ew swiftly.v adv

Without adjectives and adverbs, even John Steinbeck, the famousadv phrase adv adj

Nobel Prize–winning author, surely could not have described theadj adv adv

crafty octopus very well.adj adv adv

We have two concerns regarding the use of adjectives and adverbs (modifi ers) in writing. One is a matter of diction, or word choice—in this case, how to select adjectives and adverbs that will strengthen the writing. The other is how to identify and correct problems with modifi ers.

Selecting Adjectives and AdverbsIf you want to fi nish the sentence “She was a(n) _________ speaker,” you have many adjectives to select from, including these:

distinguished irritating profound persuasiveinfl uential colorful polished long-windedadequate boring abrasive humorous

If you want to fi nish the sentence “She danced _______,” you have another large selection, this time adverbs such as the following:

comically catatonically slowly zestfullygracefully awkwardly carnally smoothlymechanically limply serenely frantically

Adjectives and adverbs can be used to enhance communication. If you have a thought, you know what it is, but when you deliver that thought to someone else, you may not say or write what you mean. Your thought may be eloquent and your




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word choice weak. Keep in mind that no two words mean exactly the same thing. Further, some words are vague and general. If you settle for a common word such as good or a slang word such as neat to characterize something you like, you will be limiting your communication. Of course, those who know you best may under-stand fairly well; after all, people who are really close may be able to convey ideas using only grunts and gestures. But what if you want to write to someone you hardly know to explain how you feel about an important issue? Then the more precise the word, the better the communication. By using modifi ers, you may be able to add signifi cant informa-tion. Keep in mind, however, that anything can be overdone; therefore, use adjec-tives and adverbs wisely and economically. Your fi rst resource in searching for more effective adjectives should be your own vocabulary storehouse. Another resource is a good thesaurus (book of synonyms). Finally, you may want to collaborate with others to discuss and share ideas. Supply the appropriate modifi ers in the following exercises, using a dictionary, a thesaurus, or the resources designated by your instructor.

E X E R C I S E 1 S u p p l y i n g Ad j e c t i ve s

Provide adjectives to modify these nouns. Use only single words, not adjective phrases.

1. A(n) ___________________ dog

2. A(n) ___________________ comedian

3. A(n) ___________________ voice

4. A(n) ___________________ neighbor

5. A(n) ___________________ ballplayer

6. A(n) ___________________ party

7. A(n) ___________________ singer

8. A(n) ___________________ date

9. A(n) ___________________ car

10. A(n) ___________________ job

E X E R C I S E 2 S u p p l y i n g Ad ve r b s

Provide adverbs to modify these verbs. Use only single words, not adverb phrases.

1. sleep ____________

2. run ____________



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Comparative and Superlative Forms

3. talk ____________

4. walk ____________

5. kiss ____________

6. smile ____________

7. drive ____________

8. leave ____________

9. laugh ____________

10. eat ____________

Comparative and Superlative FormsFor making comparisons, most adjectives and adverbs have three different forms: the positive (one), the comparative (comparing two), and the superlative (compar-ing three or more).

ADJECTIVES

1. Some adjectives follow a regular pattern.

Positive Comparative Superlative (one) (comparing two) (comparing three or more)nice nicer nicestrich richer richestbig bigger biggesttall taller tallestlonely lonelier loneliestterrible more terrible most terriblebeautiful more beautiful most beautiful

These are usually the rules:

a. Add -er (or -r) to short adjectives (one or two syllables) to rank units of two.

Julian is nicer than Sam.

b. Add -est (or -st) to short adjectives (one or two syllables) to rank units of three or more.

Of the fi fty people I know, Julian is the kindest.

c. Add the word more to long adjectives (three or more syllables) to rank units of two.

My hometown is more beautiful than yours.

d. Add the word most to long adjectives (three or more syllables) to rank units of three or more.

My hometown is the most beautiful in all America.




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2. Some adjectives are irregular in the way they change to show comparison.

Positive Comparative Superlative (one) (comparing two) (comparing three or more)good better bestbad worse worst

ADVERBS

1. Some adverbs follow a regular pattern.

Positive Comparative Superlative (one) (comparing two) (comparing three or more)clearly more clearly most clearlyquickly more quickly most quicklycarefully more carefully most carefullythoughtfully more thoughtfully most thoughtfully

a. Add -er to some one-syllable adverbs for the comparative form and add -est for the superlative form.

My piglet runs fast. [positive]

My piglet runs faster than your piglet. [comparative]

My piglet runs fastest of all known piglets. [superlative]

b. Add the word more to form comparisons of longer adverbs and the word most to form the superlative forms.

Shanelle reacted happily to the marriage proposal. [positive]

Shanelle reacted more happily to the marriage proposal than Ser-ena. [comparative]

Of all the women Clem proposed to, Shanelle reacted most happily. [superlative]

c. In some cases, the word less may be substituted for more, and the word least for most.

Mort’s views were presented less effectively than Al’s. [comparative]

Of all the opinions that were shared, Mort’s views were presented least effectively. [superlative]

2. Some adverbs are irregular in the way they change to show comparisons.

Positive Comparative Superlative (one) (comparing two) (comparing three or more)well better bestfar farther (distance) farthest (distance) further furthestbadly worse worst



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Using Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly

Using Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly1. Avoid double negatives. Words such as no, not, none, nothing, never, hardly,

barely, and scarcely should not be combined.

Double Negative: I do not have no time for recreation. [incorrect]

Single Negative: I have no time for recreation. [correct]

Double Negative: I’ve hardly never lied. [incorrect]

Single Negative: I’ve hardly ever lied. [correct]

2. Do not confuse adjectives with adverbs. Among the most commonly confused adjectives and adverbs are good/well, bad/badly, and real/really. The words good, bad, and real are always adjectives. Well is sometimes an adjective. The words badly and really are always adverbs. Well is usually an adverb.

To distinguish these words, consider what is being modifi ed. Remember that adjectives modify nouns and pronouns and that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Incorrect: I feel badly today. [We’re concerned with the condition of I.]

Correct: I feel bad today. [The adjective bad modifi es the pronoun I.]

Incorrect: She feels well about that choice. [We’re concerned with the condition of she.]

Correct: She feels good about that choice. [The adjective good modi-fi es the pronoun she.]

Incorrect: Ted plays the piano good. [The adjective good modifi es the verb plays, but adjectives should not modify verbs.]

Correct: Ted plays the piano well. [The adverb well modifi es the verb plays.]

Incorrect: He did real well. [Here the adjective real modifi es the adverb well, but adjectives should not modify adverbs.]

Correct: He did really well. [The adverb really modifi es the adverb well.]

3. Do not use an adverb such as very, more, or most before adjectives such as perfect, round, unique, square, and straight.

Incorrect: It is more round.

Correct: It is round.

Correct: It is more nearly round.

4. Do not double forms, such as more lonelier or most loneliest.

Incorrect: Julie was more nicer than Jake.

Correct: Julie was nicer than Jake.

5. Do not confuse standard and nonstandard forms of adjectives and adverbs.

• Accidently. This is a substandard form of accidentally.




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• All ready, already. All ready means “completely prepared.” Already means “previously.”

We are all ready to give the signal to move out. [prepared]

When he arrived at the station, we had already left. [previously]

• All right, alright. All right (two words) means “correct,” “yes,” “fi ne,” “cer-tainly.” Alright is a substandard spelling of “all right.”

Yes, I am all right now.

• All together, altogether. All together means “in a group.” Altogether means “completely,” “wholly,” “entirely.”

The boys were all together at the end of the fi eld.

The manuscript is altogether too confusing.

Be careful to place such words as also, almost, even, just, hardly, merely, only, and today in the right position to convey the intended meaning. As these words change position in the sentence, they may also change the meaning of the sentence.

I only advised him to act cautiously.I advised only him to act cautiously.Only I advised him to act cautiously.I advised him only to act cautiously.

E X E R C I S E 3 S e l e c t i n g Ad j e c t i ve s a n d Ad ve r b s

Underline the correct adjective or adverb.

1. Betty Skelton was one of the (most, more) successful female stunt pilots of the 1940s and 1950s.

2. In the 1930s and 1940s, the public was (real, really) interested in watching acrobatic air shows.

3. Skelton was (not hardly, hardly) going to sit there and watch the men have all the fun.

4. She wanted (bad, badly) to learn to fl y, and she was (real, really) adventurous, so she learned to perform daredevil feats.

5. Her small, agile airplane, which was named Little Stinker, performed tricks (well, good).

6. One of her (better, best) stunts was the inverted ribbon cut.

7. It was a (real, really) thrill to watch her fl y upside down twelve feet off the ground and use her propeller to slice a foil strip strung between two poles.

8. The crowd could (not hardly, hardly) contain its excitement.



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Using Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly

9. She earned only $25 for each air show, so the pay was (bad, badly).

10. But according to Betty, her six-year acrobatic fl ying career was the (more, most) enjoyable time in her life.


Correct any problems with adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences.

1. The Pinewood Derby is a real big model car racing event for Cub Scouts.

2. The cars are hand carved from pine wood and should never weigh no more

than fi ve ounces.

3. The boys race their cars to see whose is faster.

4. Some Cub Scout packs give awards for the fastest and more beautiful cars.

5. Dads can even compete to see who is the better car builder by racing in the

dads’ division.

6. Those scouts who do good in their opening heats can go on to compete for trophies.

7. The cars glide down wood tracks powered only by gravity, so weight distribu-

tion and friction are real important issues.

8. Racing Pinewood Derby cars has become one of the more popular events on

the scouting calendar.

9. Websites and books are devoted to details of car design, such as how to cre-

ate more perfect axles.

10. The Pinewood Derby was designed for kids, but that does not never mean

that the adults are not enthusiastic racers themselves.


Underline the correct word or words.

1. In the early 1900s, if you were (real, really) (good, well) at tug-of-war, you could have competed in the Olympics.

2. Tug-of-war used to be an Olympic sport, but it’s not (no, any) more.

3. I can (not, not hardly) believe that sports like golf and croquet used to be part of the Olympic Games, too.




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4. Today, one of the (odder, oddest) of all of the Olympic sports is curling.

5. No, it’s not a competition to see which hairdresser can create the (more, most) beautiful style.

6. And curling enthusiasts get (real, really) angry if you compare their sport to shuffl eboard on ice.

7. But when people see curlers sweeping the ice with brooms to help a 42-pound rock glide better, they often conclude that the sport is one of the (stranger, strangest) they’ve ever seen.

8. Another odd Olympic sport is for those who can ski and shoot rifl es (good, well).

9. In the biathlon, the athlete who takes home the gold is the one who hits targets (best, better) and skis (faster, fastest).

10. The triathlon combines swimming, cycling, and running, but a blend of cross-country skiing and marksmanship seems (more, most) odd.


Correct any problems with adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences.

1. After her eighth cup of coffee, she is one of the most liveliest women in the

offi ce.

2. He wanted the fry cook job real bad, but his interview didn’t go good.

3. As he strolled through Bronco Bob’s Bar and Boot Shop, he knew that he had

never seen a more perfect setting for a square dance.

4. He was real sorry for eating her artistic masterpiece, so he offered his

sincere apologies.

5. Of the two weightlifters, Carlos is best at clean-and-jerk lifts.

6. She looks well in Spandex and sequins.

7. After her divorce, she fi nally felt happily.

8. The skater fell during every one of her jumps, so she performed pretty bad.

9. My baby cries louder than that baby.

10. In a blind taste test, most consumers said that Squirt was the better of the

three leading brands of imitation cheese food.



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Dangling and Misplaced Modifi ers

Dangling and Misplaced Modifi ersModifi ers should clearly relate to the word or words they modify.

1. A modifi er that fails to modify a word or group of words already in the sentence is called a dangling modifi er.

Dangling: Walking down the street, a snake startled him. [Who was walking down the street? The person isn’t mentioned in the sentence.]

Correct: Walking down the street, Don was startled by a snake.

Correct: As Don walked down the street, he was startled by a snake.

Dangling: At the age of six, my uncle died. [Who was six years old? The person isn’t mentioned in the sentence.]

Correct: When I was six, my uncle died.

2. A modifi er that is placed so that it modifi es the wrong word or words is called a misplaced modifi er. The term also applies to words that are positioned so as to unnecessarily divide closely related parts of sentences such as infi nitives (to plus verb) or subjects and verbs.

Misplaced: The sick man went to a doctor with a high fever.

Correct: The sick man with a high fever went to a doctor.

Misplaced: I saw a great movie sitting in my pickup.

Correct: Sitting in my pickup, I saw a great movie.

Misplaced: Kim found many new graves walking through the cemetery.

Correct: Walking through the cemetery, Kim found many new graves.

Misplaced: I forgot all about my sick dog kissing my girlfriend.

Correct: Kissing my girlfriend, I forgot all about my sick dog.

Misplaced: They tried to earnestly and sincerely complete the task. [split-ting of the infi nitive to complete]

Correct: They tried earnestly and sincerely to complete the task.

Misplaced: My neighbor, while walking to the store, was mugged. [unnec-essarily dividing the subject and verb]

Correct: While walking to the store, my neighbor was mugged.

Try this procedure in working through Exercises 7, 8, and 9.

1. Circle the modifi er.

2. Draw an arrow from the modifi er to the word or words it modifi es.

3. If the modifi er does not relate directly to anything in the sentence, it is dangling; recast the sentence.

4. If the modifi er does not modify the nearest word or words, or if it interrupts related sentence parts, it is misplaced; reposition it.




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E X E R C I S E 7 C o r re c t i n g D a n g l i n g a n d M i s p l a c e d M o d i f i e r s

Each of the following sentences has a dangling (D) or a misplaced (M) modifi er. Identify the problems and correct them by rewriting the sentences.

__________ 1. Driving through the Brazilian rain forest, leafcutter ants were spotted going about their work.

__________ 2. This tribe of ants is one of the few creatures on this planet that grows food.

__________ 3. Leafcutter ants learned to cleverly farm over 50 million years ago.

__________ 4. Climbing trees, the leaves are cut down and bitten into the shape of half-moons.

__________ 5. Then each ant hoists a leaf and carries it back down the tree toward the nest, weighing ten times more than it does.

__________ 6. Marching home with their leaves, a parade of fl uttering green fl ags is what the ants resemble.

__________ 7. Carried into the subterranean tunnels of the nest, the leafcut-ters deposit their cargo.

__________ 8. Taking over, the leaves are cleaned, clipped, and spread with secretions from tiny gardener ants’ bodies.

__________ 9. Lined up in neat rows, the ants place fungus on the hunks of leaves.

__________ 10. Cultivated for food, the ants use the leaves as fertilizer for their fungus garden.



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Dangling and Misplaced Modifi ers



__________ 1. Changing the oil regularly, a car runs better and lasts longer.

__________ 2. The crusty old sailor went to the fortune-teller with bad luck.

__________ 3. The bartender decided to make an appointment to see a psy-chologist with a drinking problem.

__________ 4. Reaching speeds of 180 miles per hour, the fans were thrilled by the race cars.

__________ 5. I decided to sell my parrot with reluctance.

__________ 6. Breathing deeply the intoxicating scent of new shoes, she felt her adrenaline begin to uncontrollably fl ow.

__________ 7. Carlos was determined to quickly amass his fortune at the blackjack table and retire early.

__________ 8. Swimming in a butter and garlic sauce, the diners relished every bite of the shrimp.

__________ 9. He wanted to badly propose to her and make her his bride.

__________ 10. I decided to foolishly purchase the solar-powered electric blanket.



__________ 1. I observed the parade of fl oats and marching bands on the rooftop.




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__________ 2. Flat busted, my piano had to be pawned for cash.

__________ 3. The alleged burglar addressed the judge on his knees.

__________ 4. Freshly snared from the ocean fl oor, he enjoyed the delicious lobster.

__________ 5. Wearing a strapless velvet evening gown, Bob thought his wife looked ravishing.

__________ 6. The student asked to see the school nurse with a sore throat.

__________ 7. The lost child held on tight to the detective crying for his mommy.

__________ 8. Cursing like a longshoreman, the baby fi nally arrived after her thirty-sixth hour of labor.

__________ 9. By jumping on a trampoline, your heart gets a good cardiovascular workout.

__________ 10. The outlaw phoned his granny in a pickle.

CHAPTER REVIEW Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Adjectives modify (describe) nouns and pronouns and answer the questions Which one? What kind? and How many?

2. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs and answer the questions Where? When? Why? How? and To what degree? Most words ending in -ly are adverbs.

3. Anything can be overdone; therefore, use adjectives and adverbs like gravy, sparingly.

4. Some adjectives follow a regular pattern.

nice, nicer, nicest

carefully, more careful, most careful

These are usually the rules:

a. Add -er to short adjectives (one or two syllables) to rank units of two.

Jethro is shorter than Cy.



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Chapter Review

b. Add -est to short adjectives (one or two syllables) to rank units of more than two.

Senator Goodyear is the brightest person in Congress.

c. Add the word more to long adjectives (three or more syllables) to rank units of two.

Your state is more prosperous than mine.

d. Add the word most to long adjectives (three or more syllables) to rank units of three or more.

Your state is the most prosperous state in the West.

e. Some adjectives are irregular in the way they change to show comparison.

good, better, best

bad, worse, worst

5. Some adverbs follow a regular pattern.

sadly, more sadly, most sadly

carefully, more carefully, most carefully

a. Add -er to some one-syllable adverbs for the comparative form and add -est for the superlative form.

Pierre works hard. [positive]

Pierre works harder than Simon. [comparative]

Pierre works hardest of all the students in the class. [superlative]

b. Add the word more to adverbs of two or more syllables for the comparative form and the word most to adverbs of two or more syllables for the superla-tive form.

Sultana proofread carefully. [positive]

Sultana proofread more carefully than Venny. [comparative]

Sultana proofread most carefully of all in the class. [superlative]

c. In some cases the word less may be substituted for more and the word least for most.

Martelle examined the contract less carefully during her second reading. [comparative]

Martelle examined the contract least carefully during her third read-ing. [superlative]

d. Some adverbs are irregular in the way they change to show comparisons.

well, better, best

badly, worse, worst




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6. Use adjectives and adverbs correctly.

a. Avoid double negatives. Words such as no, not, none, nothing, never, hardly, barely, and scarcely should not be combined.

b. Do not confuse adjectives with adverbs. Among the most commonly con-fused adjectives and adverbs are good/well, bad/badly, and real/really. The words good, bad, and real are always adjectives. Well is sometimes an adjective. The words badly and really are always adverbs. Well is usually an adverb.

Incorrect: Clint did good. [Good is not an adverb.]

Correct: Joline felt good. [Good does not address the matter of feel-ing; it indicates the condition of the subject, Joline.]

Correct: Clint did well. [Used here as an adverb, well modifi es the verb did.]

Correct: Sigmund said, “Carl, you are not a well person.” [Used here as an adjective, well modifi es the noun person.]

Incorrect: Elvis was real happy with his new disguise. [Happy is an adjective modifying the noun Elvis, and real modifi es that adjective. Because only adverbs modify adjectives, we need the word really.]

Correct: Elvis was really happy with his new disguise.

Incorrect: I feel badly. [Badly is an adverb but here indicates the condi-tion of the subject; therefore, it modifi es the pronoun I.]

Correct: I feel bad. [Bad is an adjective modifying the pronoun I.]

Correct: I explained that badly. [Badly, an adverb, modifi es the verb explained.]

c. Do not use an adverb such as very, more, or most before adjectives such as perfect, round, unique, square, and straight.

Incorrect: It is more square.

Correct: It is square.

Correct: It is more nearly square.

d. Do not double forms such as more lonelier or most loneliest.

Incorrect: She is more smarter than I.

Correct: She is smarter than I.

7. A dangling modifi er gives information but fails to make clear which word or group of words it refers to.

Incorrect: Ignoring the traffi c signals, the car crashed into a truck. [The car is not ignoring; the driver is.]



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Chapter Review Exercises

Correct: Ignoring the traffi c signals, the driver crashed his car into a truck.

8. A misplaced modifi er is placed so that it modifi es the wrong word or words.

Incorrect: The monkeys attracted the attention of the elegant women who picked fl eas off one another.

Correct: The monkeys who picked fl eas off one another attracted the attention of the elegant women.

CHAPTER REVIEW Exercises

Using Correct Modifi ers

Correct problems with modifi ers.

In 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, who was the managing director of the Guinness Brewery,

became embroiled in an argument about which bird was the faster game bird in

Europe. He wondered if a book that supplied the answers to such burning questions

would sell good. So, he worked with a fact-fi nding agency to compile what became

The Guinness Book of World Records, fi rst published in 1955. The book proved to

be popularer than all other books climbing to the top of the British bestseller lists.

Over the years, more than 94 million copies of the book’s editions have been sold in

100 different countries and 37 different languages, making it the top-selling

copyrighted book of all time. Today, of course, Guinness World Records is still a

household name. The organization continues to be the better known collector and

verifi er of records set around the globe.

Some of the Guinness records—such as the oldest living person, largest

animal, and worst fl ood—are set automatic without any special effort on the

part of the record holder. Other people, though, intentional set records

seeking a moment in the spotlight. These individuals think up some very

creatively and often crazy stunts to perform, usual in front of large crowds.

Rattling at full-throttle, one man won his place in history by juggling three

chainsaws the longest (44 throws). Wearing only swimming trunks, a tub fi lled

with ice was where another man set the record for the “Longest Full-body Ice

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Contact Endurance” (66 minutes 4 seconds). And there’s actual a record for

longest underwater pogo-stick jumping (3 hours 40 minutes), which was achieved

in the Amazon River. Apparently, as long as people want to know about these odd

accomplishments, Guinness World Records will be there to list them for us.

Writing Short Paragraphs Containing Adjectives and Adverbs

For each numbered item, write a short paragraph using the words in parentheses.

1. (good, better, best)

2. (good, well)

3. (more, most)

4. (bad, badly)

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Chapter Review Exercises

5. (real, really)

To practice your skills acquired in this chapter, return to the Microtheme on page 176 and complete Exercise B.

MICROTHEME

For additional practice, visit www.cengage.com/devenglish/brandon/spb6e.

STUDENT COMPANION SITE



http://www.cengage

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