Chapter 9

Emerging Europe and the Byzantine

Empire400 A.D. – 1300 A.D.

Key Events• The new European civilization was formed

by the coming together of three major elements: the Germanic tribes, the Roman legacy, and the Christian church

• The collapse of a central authority in the Carolingian Empire led to feudalism

• In the 1100’s, European monarchs began to build strong states

• While a new civilization arose in Europe, the Byzantine Empire created its own unique civilization in the eastern Mediterranean

The Impact Today• Ancient Roman literacy works exist

today because they were copied by monks

• The influence of English common law is seen in our American legal system

• Byzantine architecture inspired building styles in Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia

Chapter Preview“The Crowning

of Charlemagne”

Section 1

Transforming the Roman

World

The New Germanic Kingdoms• 3rd Century – 5th Century (Visigoths

occupied Spain and Italy)• Ostrogoths took control of Italy in the

5th Century• By 500 A.D. the Western Roman

Empire was replaced by various states with German kings as rulers

• Roman structure of government remained, but eventually Romans were excluded from holding power

The Kingdom of the Franks• Longest lasting of the German states• Established by Clovis, a strong military

leader who became the 1st Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity (500 A.D.)

• Occupied modern day France and western Germany

• After his death his sons divided the kingdom among themselves

Germanic Society• Over time, Germans and Romans

intermarried and began to create a new society• The crucial social bond among the

Germanic peoples was the family (Worked the land together and provided protection for one another)

German Law• Germanic law was personal. To

avoid bloodshed a new system developed based on a fine called wergild.• One means of determining guilt

was the ordeal. It was based on the idea of divine intervention: if the accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, he or she was presumed innocent.

Roman Catholic Church Organization

• Local parishes were led by priests• A group of parishes was headed by

a bishop– Their area of authority was known as a

bishopric, or diocese• The bishoprics were joined together

under the direction of an archbishop• Peter was the first bishop of Rome.

The bishops of Rome became the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church (Later known as popes)

The Monks and Their Missions• A monk is a man who separates

himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God.• The practice of living the life of a

monk is known as monasticism.• In the 6th century, Saint Benedict

founded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules.• Many monks were missionaries

Charlemagne and the Carolingians• Charles the Great (Charlemagne)

took over the Frankish kingdom in 768• Ruled from 768 – 814 and

expanded the Frankish kingdom and created the Carolingian Empire• In 800 he acquired the title of

“emperor of the Romans” (A German king had been crowned emperor of the Romans by the pope – A new civilization had emerged)

Charlemagne’s Empire

Section 2

Feudalism

The Invaders• After Charlemagne’s death in 814

the Carolingian empire was divided into thirds among his grandsons.

• Invasions of western Europe in the ninth and tenth century:–Muslims–Magyars–Vikings

• Invasion Map on page 292.

Vikings• Great love of adventure and search

for treasures of war led them to Europe

• 9th century – Sacked villages, destroyed churches, and easily defeated small local armies.

• They were given a section of France that became known as Normandy in 911 A.D.

• Converted to Christianity and soon became a part of European civilization

The Development of Feudalism

• With the many invasions it became difficult for centralized governments to defend the people

• A new political social system called feudalism developed

• Warriors swore loyalty to leaders and the leaders took care of the warriors needs.

• A man who served a lord in a military capacity was known as a vassal.

Knights• For hundreds of years warfare in

Europe was dominated by heavily armored cavalry, or knights, as they came to be known.

• Land was the most important gift a lord could give to a vassal - became known as a fief.

• Feudal contract between a lord and vassal – Quote on page 293.

Medieval Knights

Feudal System**Kings**

****Lords****

******Knights******

********Serfs********

Nobility of Middle Ages• Young Knights had little to do but

fight…• Tournaments (Contests where

knights showed their fighting skills) began in the 12th Century

• Tournaments were used as a training ground for war

• Chivalry began in the 11th/12th centuries

Jousting

Aristocratic Women• Most women remained under the

control of men (Their fathers until marriage, and then their husbands)

• Since the lord was often away at war the lady of the castle had to manage the estate:–Managed the household officials and

servants– Took care of the financial accounts– Oversaw the food supply–Maintained all other household supplies

Section 3

The Growth of European Kingdoms

England in the High Middle Ages

• Since the late 9th century, England had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon Kings

• In 1066 an army of Knights under William of Normandy soundly defeated England and King Harold

• An Anglo-Saxon and French newly merged culture developed as Normans married the Anglo-Saxon

Henry II• King Henry II ruled England from

1154 – 1189.• Expanded the power of the royal

courts and in turn expanded the king’s power

• In addition, because the royal courts were now found throughout England, a body of common law began to replace law codes that varied from place to place

Magna Carta• English nobles rebelled against

King John in 1215 (Resented the growth of the King’s power)

• King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta at Runnymede.

• The Magna Carta limited the King’s power and recognized that the relationship between king and nobles was based on mutual rights and obligations

The French Kingdom• The reign of King Philip II Augustus

(1180 – 1223) was a turning point in the growth of the French monarchy.

• He gained control of many territories and increased the income of the French.

• French Parliament began under Philip IV (3 estates (classes))– Clergy (first estate)– Nobles (second estate)– Townspeople and peasants (third estate)

The Holy Roman Empire• Many years of struggle between

the popes and emperors had negative effects on the Holy Roman Empire.

• By spending their time fighting in Italy, the German Emperors left Germany in the hands of powerful German lords. These nobles created their own independent kingdoms.

• Both Germany and Italy consisted of many small, independent states.

Central and Eastern Europe• The Slavic peoples were originally

a single people in central Europe.• Gradually they divided into 3

separate groups–Western Slavs– Eastern Slavs– Southern Slavs

• Review map on page 300 regarding the Migration of the Slavic peoples

The Development of Russia• Swedish Vikings created the first

Russian state; “The Principality of Kiev” at the beginning of the 10th century

• In the 13th century the Mongols conquered Russia.

• The Mongols awarded Alexander Nevsky (Prince of Novgorod) the title of Grand Prince. His descendants became princes of Moscow and eventually leaders of all Russia.

Section 4

The Byzantine Empire and

the Crusades

The Reign of Justinian• Justinian became emperor of the

Eastern Roman Empire in 527• By 552 he had restored the

Roman Empire in the Mediterranean world.

• However, 3 years after his death in 565, much of the area was soon lost

• His most important contribution was The body of Civil law.

From Eastern Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire

• By the beginning of the 8th century due to military defeats, the Eastern Roman Empire was much smaller• This smaller empire becomes

known as the Byzantine Empire and lasts until 1453• The emperor exercised control

over the church (appointed the patriarch) as well as the state

Constantinople and Trade• Medieval Europe’s greatest

center of trade until the 12th century

• Central location between the west and the east

• Received products from the east and shipped to the Mediterranean area and northern Europe (Silk, spices, jewelry, ivory, wheat, furs, honey)

Hagia Sophia

New Heights and New Problems

• By 1025 Macedonian emperors expanded the empire to its largest size since the beginning of the 7th century• Power struggles led to social

disorder in the late 11th century• Also troubled by a split between its

church which began the schism• In 1071 Byzantine forces suffered a

devastating defeat to the Seljuk Turks (Muslims)

The Crusades• Crusades – (11th to 13th centuries)

European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.• Pope Urban II saw an opportunity to

provide papal leadership to a great cause; the rallying of warriors of Europe for the liberation of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the infidels.

Early Crusades• 1st Crusade – Mostly French Warriors;

took over Jerusalem in 1099 and created 4 Latin crusader states

• 2nd Crusade – A total failure. Tried to hold off Muslim forces. In 1187 Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces.

• 3rd Crusade – Led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I of England, and Philip II (King of France). Richard I negotiates a settlement with Saladin (Muslim).

Later Crusades• 4th Crusade – Initiated by Pope

Innocent III. Diverted to Constantinople, the crusaders sacked the city in 1204. It wasn’t until 1261 that a Byzantine army recaptured the city of Constantinople.

• Children’s Crusade – Review map and map notes on page 307.

Chapter 9Emerging Europe and the Byzantine

Empire

Wrap Up and Review

Key Events (Re-visited)• The new European civilization was formed

by the coming together of three major elements: the Germanic tribes, the Roman legacy, and the Christian church

• The collapse of a central authority in the Carolingian Empire led to feudalism

• In the 1100’s, European monarchs began to build strong states

• While a new civilization arose in Europe, the Byzantine Empire created its own unique civilization in the eastern Mediterranean

The Impact Today (Re-visited)

• Ancient Roman literacy works exist today because they were copied by monks

• The influence of English common law is seen in our American legal system

• Byzantine architecture inspired building styles in Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia