chapter 9 · 2020. 11. 19. · chapter 9 sustainable urbanization generates economic,...

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Chapter 9

Sustainable urbanization generates economic, environmental, social and intangible value that can be harnessed for the wellbeing of all. This message can and should guide development efforts during the Decade

road map to sustainable urbanization in the New Urban Agenda, which provides a comprehensive framework

Unlocking the value of sustainable urbanization is a multisectoral and multi-stakeholder endeavour. National governments must create an enabling environment for cities to thrive. Local authorities must seize the opportunities given to them and govern their territories effectively, as called for in the New Urban Agenda. The private sector must invest in sustainable urban development, from affordable housing to climate-friendly infrastructure. Civil society must strengthen institutions and create a welcoming environment for a diverse

generation and foster research and development opportunities for innovation and inclusive prosperity. When all the interlocking parts operate in harmony and are supported by appropriate institutions and policies, cities

will thrive and their value will be enhanced and shared by all.

The New Urban Agenda and the Valueof Sustainable Urbanization

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1. There should be a sense of urgency and a long-term commitment to implement the New Urban Agenda as the basis for achieving sustainable urbanization.

2. The effective implementation of the New Urban Agenda through supportive urban governance structures, urban and territorial planning, and effective means of implementation—

technology and innovation— will harness value of sustainable urbanization in all its dimensions.

multisectoral and multi-stakeholder endeavour.4. Collaboration and cooperation across scales is central to

enhancing the value of sustainable urbanization. 5. Cities should undertake periodic audits and map their efforts

onto the transformative commitments of the New Urban Agenda, SDG 11 and the urban dimensions of the other SDGs.

6. Appropriate institutional frameworks and urban legislation need to be in place to support effective multilevel governance and enhance the value of sustainable urbanization.

are integral to enhancing the value of sustainable urbanization8. Cities need to feature prominently in the stimulus packages

and economic recovery plans following the outbreak of COVID-19.

9. Government at all scales will have to implement the New Urban Agenda at least in the short- to medium-term, within the context of the impacts and uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

10. COVID-19 provides cities a unique opportunity to build back better, by focusing on greener, more sustainable business and consumption patterns, digital economies and quality urban spaces.

This Report has demonstrated that well-planned and managed urbanization can generate interconnected value for sustainable development

WORLD CITIES REPORT 2020

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2

commitments of the NUA and achieving the SDGs are not ends in and of themselves but rather means to achieving the ends of urban sustainability

Implementing the NUA, with all the supporting tools, stakeholders will go a long way towards achieving sustainable urbanization


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9.1. Towards the Decade of Action: Rapidly Harnessing the Value of Sustainable Urbanization

Downtown Reykjavik. © Alexey Stiop/Shutterstock


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2

Need 2.0

Agenda

Member States owe it to their citizens and future generations to make a real difference now


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Box 9.1: Harnessing the New Urban Agenda to Accelerate the Value of Urbanization

While broad in scope, the Means of Implementation section of the NUA contains a set of integrated guidelines to facilitate

•

• effects and maximized impact of both public and private investments, should be mobilized.

• Businesses should apply their creativity and innovation to solving urban sustainable development challenges.

• With appropriate support, subnational and local governments should register and expand their potential revenue base, e.g. through multi-purpose cadastres, local taxes, fees and service charges, in a socially just and equitable manner.

• on the latter’s needs, priorities, functions, mandates and performance-based incentives.

• within urban centres and between urban and rural areas, as well as to promote integrated and balanced territorial development.

• Promote best practices to capture and share increases in land and property value generated through urban development processes, infrastructure projects and public investments.

• Support subnational and local governments in their efforts to implement transparent and accountable expenditure control instruments for assessing the necessity and impact of local investment and projects, based on legislative control and public participation.

• Support the creation of robust legal and regulatory frameworks for sustainable national and municipal borrowing, on the basis of sustainable debt management, as well as sustainable municipal debt markets where appropriate.

•

• Consider establishing urban and territorial transport infrastructure and service funds at the national level.

Source: UN, 2017, paragraphs 131–141


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New Urban Agenda

9.2. Enhancing the Economic Value of Sustainable Urbanization

The efforts of national and subnational governments in implementing the NUA are being supported by a diverse set of UN-Habitat programmes and activities at the global, regional, national, subnational and local levels

It is therefore imperative that governments at all levels develop programmes and policies to harness the economic value of urbanization to ensure sustainable prosperity for all


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20

22

Fishing in Accra, Ghana. © UN-Habitat/Kirsten Milhahn


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Cities need to feature prominently in national stimulus packages and economic recovery plans following the outbreak of COVID-19

Appropriate urban policies, supported by effective governance systems, human capacity, sound institutions, long-term urban and territorial planning, and

frameworks act as catalysts for sustained and inclusive economic growth


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9.3. Enhancing the Environmental Value of Urbanization

Harnessing the value of urbanization requires revitalized funding partnerships, effective mobilization from multiple sources and a strong commitment from government, the private sector and various development partners

Cities at intermediate levels of development should enhance their technological capacities with a sharper focus on nurturing talent pools and developing human capacity broadly


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One central requirement for accelerating urban sustainability and enhancing the environmental—but, crucially, also the economic—value of urbanization is for all stakeholders to take the green or circular economy seriously and to make proactive strides in promoting it

Solar panels and wind generators against city view on sunset. © Artjazz/Shutterstock


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National and subnational governments should play a catalytic role by providing effective incentives to promote green industries, products and activities


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New Urban Agenda

Subnational governments, particularly those of large cities in developed countries, have considerable powers to enact local regulations and taxes that lead the way in implementing measures to support and enhance the environmental value of sustainable urbanization

Protection and enhancement of green spaces and infrastructure can support disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation goals and provide employment, all of which are key to maintaining and enhancing the value of urbanization


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9.4. Enhancing the Social Value of Urbanization

Improving equity, enhancing social inclusion and ending poverty are central to unlocking the social value of urbanization

The NUA acknowledges the “right to the city” and the importance of citizens actively shaping value of urbanization in their communities and beyond


285

Immigrant contract laborers work at a construction site, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. © Rob Crandall/Shutterstock


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When adequately planned and managed, urbanization can play a key role in ending poverty


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9.5. Governance, Institutional Frameworks and Urban Legislation

Appropriate institutional frameworks and urban legislation need to be in place to support effective multilevel governance and enhance the value of sustainable urbanization


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9.6. How Can We Harness the Value of Sustainable Urbanization?

Leading Change: Delivering the New Urban Agenda through Urban and Territorial Planning

The recent emergence of Voluntary Local Reviews (VLRs) marks a notable initiative by a growing number of city governments to enhance their efforts to implement the SDGs and meet the objectives of the 2030 Agenda

Territorial approaches and city-region models need to be carefully

characteristics such as administrative boundaries, governance capacities and networked urban economies


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9.6.1. Regionally focused initiatives

the Regional Action Plan for the

1

3

2

4

National Urban Policies are the basis of plan-led urban development. The urban structure of the city of Jeremie, Haiti, is an example of this bottom-up approach


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9.6.2. National urban policies and other development plans

Over the last decade, national urban policies (NUPs) have returned to prominence as important guiding instruments to promote coherent and consistent urbanization within a country’s boundaries


291


292


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9.6.3. The role of subnational governments

Africa

Asia and the

Arab States

Europe andNorth America

Latin America andthe Caribbean

3523

3812

3961

3236

14

1350

1314

13

4434

2831

16

5764

5021

0

4

Economic development Spatial structureEnvironmental sustainability Climate resilience

Human development

Africa

Asia and the

Arab States

Europe andNorth America

Latin America andthe Caribbean

3535

1950

3218

1414

46

50131313

38

2216

922

41

00

1421

79

62

Economic development Spatial structureEnvironmental sustainability Climate resilience

Human development

Themes that receive extensive NUP attention per region Themes that receive low NUP attention per region

Figure 9.1: High and low thematic priorities in NUPs, by region

Source, OECD and UN-Habitat, 2018, pp. 28-29.


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Subnational and local governments

investments in critical infrastructure, human capacity, institutional development and municipal services

Public transport in Bugis, Singapore city. © By 2p2play/Shutterstock


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Instituto

9.6.4. Urban initiatives: Enhancing the value of urbanization through local implementation


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City networks are playing a leading role in sharing experience, knowledge and good practices in relation to climate action and sustainable urban development


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Box 9.2: Main features of the Urban Agenda Platform

1. Voluntary Reporting: A centralized, virtual reporting mechanism based on the New Urban Agenda Reporting Guidelines accessible for the Member States will facilitate the preparation of country reports. The reports will provide qualitative and quantitative analysis. To the extent possible, the inputs of other key stakeholders and processes will be incorporated where appropriate.

2. Knowledge Management: Build on existing and new knowledge platforms and resources to leverage the collective experience and knowledge of partners to avoid duplication, facilitate knowledge generation and share in support of NUA and SDG implementation.

• Data: Linkage to Global Urban Indicators Database; provide an interactive mechanism to visualize data from progress and demonstrate impact of the implementation of the NUA and SDGs.

• Best Practice Database: Hosting and management of over 5,500 best practices with advanced search function to encourage sharing and uptake. A uniform, decentralized storage of data and documentation will capture inspiring breakthroughs, share success stories, demonstrate results, measure impact and identify practices that can be scaled-up.

3. Expanding the work of knowledge platforms to reinforce collaboration and coherence in thematic areas such as housing with Habitat for Humanity-coordinated Urban Housing Practitioners and to strengthen regional-level platforms being developed through United Nations regional commissions (such as the Penang Platform and the Latin America and Caribbean Urban and Cities Platform).

4. Synergies with regional and thematic platforms are intended to improve stakeholder engagement and create a knowledge legacy through a feature-rich suite of digital collaboration and communication tools.

5. Learning and Capacity Development: Support evidence-informed, country-level action for impact through capacity development and curated, state of the art knowledge. Provide a complementary set of webinars, virtual learning, workshops, technical support, expanding resources and publications.

Sources UN-Habitat, 2020g;UN-Habitat, 2020h.

Several innovative sharing and scaling mechanisms have recently been developed to support streamlining and collaboration


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the New Urban Agenda in Times of Uncertainty and Unprecedented Global Challenges

A school affected by Cyclone Idai in Mozambique. © UN/Eskinder Debebe


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Ignoring the need for sustainable solutions to humanity’s predominantly urban challenges is no longer plausible

Despite the progress highlighted throughout this Report, key elements of enabling environments, including

development and data availability, remain major gaps to be addressed


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The global sustainable development agenda provides a unique framework and opportunity to invest for the future and build up resilience against pandemics as the world will have to adapt to and cope with COVID-19

COVID-19 will most likely have long-lasting impacts on the design of the built environment

COVID-19 provides cities a unique opportunity to build back better, by focusing on greener, more sustainable business and consumption patterns, digital economies and quality urban spaces


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Table 9.1: Enhancing the value of urbanization: Key messages and implementation mechanism

Core Integrated Elements of Sustainable Urbanization

Key requirements and messages NUA Means of Implementation

Unpacking the Value of Sustainable Urbanization(Chapter 2)

National prosperity and development are largely dependent on the economic performance of urban areas

Harmonious and balanced development, actively preserving natural features, protecting biodiversity and reinforcing environmental assets

Spatially just resource distribution that provides individual and group political agency, and social, economic and cultural diversity.

A sense of individual and collective civic pride in the culture of a city, which provide a superstructure for the value of urbanization to be fully realized

Coherent policy, proper planning, effective management and sound urban governance

People-centred, inclusive and rooted in equity Priority focus to address the unique needs of underrepresented

populations

Urban areas must be planned and managed to enhance the value of sustainable urbanization

Sustainable urbanization requires a coordinated effort across all scales

Policy coherence is needed to enhance the value of sustainable urbanization

COVID-19 has starkly reminded the world of the need for an effective coordination of multilevel governance and policy coherence at all levels of government as called for in the New Urban Agenda


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The Economic Value of Sustainable Urbanization(Chapter 3)

economic growth

Inclusive prosperity and equal opportunities for all Equitable access to well-functioning infrastructure and transportation

systems Sustainability and productivity are closely interlinked Urban and territorial planning is crucial for the delivery of inclusive

urban prosperity Effective multilevel governance systems generate increased economic

activity

Support the creation of robust legal and regulatory frameworks for sustainable national and municipal borrowing based on sustainable debt management, as well as sustainable municipal debt markets where appropriate

Consider establishing urban and territorial transport infrastructure and service funds at the national level

The Environmental Value of Sustainable Urbanization(Chapter 4)

Recognition of urban commons and integration of ecological and

social needs for feedback loops in long-term processes of urban development planning

Urban optimism coupled with pragmatism whereby urban actors demonstrate the effectiveness of existing actions

Mobilization of environmental data and delivering effective strategic

action within current data constraints Addressing the structural drivers of environmental degradation and

how they shape people’s lives

Develop vertical and horizontal models of

inequalities across subnational territories, within urban centres and between urban and rural areas, as well as to promote integrated and balanced territorial development

Implement integrated and balanced territorial development polices

Implement sustainable multimodal public transport systems including non-motorized options

The Social and Intangible Value of Sustainable Urbanization(Chapter 5)

Urban economies of scale can foster social inclusion and integration The “right to the city” is a key policy instrument for supporting equal

rights, opportunities and fundamental freedoms Good governance, regulations and appropriate institutions help

support well-planned and managed urbanization through democratic and participatory processes

Address inequalities within and between urban centres to foster inclusivity

Equitable and appropriately implemented social policy promotes social integration

Effective participatory multilevel governance fosters social cohesion and inclusivity

Rights-based approach to housing supports access to adequate and affordable housing

Prioritization of the needs of vulnerable and marginalized groups means leaving no one behind with a key focus on gender and cultural diversity

Support the development of appropriate and

encourage participation by diverse kinds of

forms of affordable and incremental housing Support subnational and local governments

in their efforts to implement transparent and accountable expenditure control instruments for assessing the necessity and impact of local investment and projects, based on legislative control and public participation

Implement participatory, age- and gender-responsive approaches to urban policy and planning

and all levels of decision-making

Innovation, Technology and the Value of Innovation(Chapter 6)

Multidimensional role of innovation and technology in urban areas in (re)shaping social relations, labour markets and governance

Innovation and technology help to enhance productive innovation systems

Capacity building for strengthening government’s ability to effectively manage, deploy and regulate the use of technology

Smart city technologically-based initiatives need to be people-centred and people-driven

Digital divides and exclusion need to be addressed

Businesses should apply their creativity and innovation to solving urban sustainable development challenges

Implement digital tools, including geospatial information systems to improve urban and territorial planning, land administration and access to urban services

Implement digital tools, including geospatial information systems, to improve urban and territorial planning, land administration and access to urban services


303



Local Governments and the Value of Sustainable Urbanization (Chapter 7)

Local and regional governments play a key role in localization and implementing global development agendas

Enabling institutional environments are critical for urban governance Committed city leaders are key to the advancement of sustainable

urbanization

support urban investments Strong multilevel governance frameworks are needed to foster vertical

and horizontal cooperation Strengthened and locally appropriate monitoring and evaluation is key Mainstreaming localization and streamlining goals of various global

strategies from national to local levels Effective decentralization policies are key to fostering an enabling

institutional environment for enhancing the value of sustainable urbanization

Proactively address the disconnect between available funds and lack

Integrated planning is crucial to create inclusive cities and strengthen linkages between urban and rural areas

Establish a new culture of participation by acknowledge every citizen’s rights, especially their right to the city

With appropriate support, subnational and local governments should register and expand their potential revenue base in a socially just and equitable manner, e.g. through multi-purpose cadastres, local taxes, fees and service charges

Promote sound and transparent systems for

based incentives from national to subnational and local governments based on the latter’s needs, priorities and functions

Build capacity of local governments to effectively monitor the implementation of urban development policies

Build the capacity of local government to work with vulnerable groups to participate effectively in decision-making about urban and territorial development

Investing in the Value of Sustainable Urbanization(Chapter 8)

Greater and more sustainable funding is required to achieve the NUA, the SDGs and other development goals relevant to sustainable urbanization

There is a shortfall in funding required to achieve the SDGs, the NUA and other development goals relevant to sustainable urbanization

value of urbanization is urgently required

Urban areas have divergent investment needs and varying abilities to

Local governments face interlinked challenges of inadequate and unpredictable transfers from central government, poor tax collection

High social, economic and environmental cost of inadequate infrastructure

Investment in various aspects of human development/capital is vital for inclusive and sustainable urbanization in rapidly growing urban areas

Multiple and diverse actors and collaborative ventures are required for adequate funding of urban infrastructure

goals and priorities is key

All levels of government should deploy context-

instruments and mechanisms to achieve sustainable urbanization

Mobilize endogenous resources and revenues

of urbanization, along with the catalysing effects and maximized impact of both public and private investments

Promote best practices to capture and share increases in land and property value generated through urban development processes, infrastructure projects and public investments

focused ecosystem of actors including the private sector, public sector, development partners, civil society, residents and communities

Ensure policy coherence: inter-jurisdictional across cities, intergovernmental across levels of government and globally with internationally-supported investments


304

Endnotes

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2018; Simon et al, 2018; UN-Habitat, 2018d.

4. UN-Habitat, 2020g, p2.5. https://cpi.unhabitat.org/platform-

measure-urban-sdgs; https://cpi.

resources/CPI%20METADATA.2016.pdf.

6. UN-Habitat, 2020g, p3.7. Coalition for Urban Transitions, 2019.8. WCED, 1987.9. IPCC, 2014; NUA para 79.10. UNFCCC, 2019.11. UN-Habitat, 2016h.12. UN-Habitat, 2017a.13. UN-Habitat, 2018d.14. UN-Habitat, 2019h.15. Farole et al, 2017.16. World Bank, 2015c.17. World Bank, 2013c.18. World Bank, 2013c. 19. UNCTAD, 2010. 20. UNCTAD, 2010. 21. OECD. 2006.22. ILO, 2020g. 23. Farole et al, 2017.24. OECD, 2006.25. Iacurci, 2020.26. UN-Habitat and EcoPlan, 2005.27. UN-Habitat, 2016a.28. UN-Habitat, 2013.29. UN-Habitat, 2013.30. United Nations, 2017a, paragraph

132.

31. UN-Habitat, 2016j.32. NUA para 71.33. Turok, 2014.34. Simon et al, 2011; UN-Habitat, 2013;

Simon, 2016b; Simon, 2016a; Swilling et al, 2016.

35. Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2019.36. Rosenzweig et al, 2018a.37. UN-Habitat 2012, 2018; Simon

2016a, 2016b38. Wang et al, 201939. Pelling et al, 2018; Few et al, 2017.40. Rosenzweig et al, 2018a.41. Adelekan et al, 2015; Dodman et al,

2018; Fraser et al, 2018; Romero-Lankao et al, 2018.

42. Kiddle et al, 2017; World Bank and Kounkuey Design Initiative, 2020.

43. Chant, 2013; Dodman et al, 2017.44. Chant, 2013.45. IIED, 2019.46. UCLG, 2019a.47. UCLG, 2019a.48. UCLG, 2019a.49. UCLG, 2019a.50. Dodman et al, 2017.51. UN-Habitat, 2016i.52. Coletto, 2010; Adegun, 2015; Dobson

et al, 2015; Dodman et al, 2017.53. Bhatkal and Lucci, 2015.54. Angélil and Hehl, 2012; McFarlane,

2012; Mukhija and Loukaitou-Sideris, 2014; Iveson et al, 2019.

55. Leck and Simon, 2013; Simon and Leck, 2014; Castán Broto, 2017b; Leck and Simon, 2018, Bulkeley, 2019.

56. UN-Habitat, 2016a.57.

and monitoring strategies at the local level for achieving global, national, and subnational sustainable development goals and targets” (UN Development Group, 2014: 6).

58. OECD, 2020.59. City of New York, 2019; Croese, 2019.60. Macleod and Fox, 2019.61. Institute of Global Environmental

Strategies, 2020.62. UCLG, 2019a.63. Durose and Richardson, 2016;

Nature, 2018; Simon et al, 2020; Hemström et al, 2020.

64. UN-Habitat, 2017.65. UN-Habitat, 2018d.66. Estrada et al, 2020.67. Watson, 2019; OECD 2020.68. United Nations, 2018a.69. ECLAC, 2018.70. European Commission, 2017.71. European Commission, 2007. 72. UNECA, 2018.73. Kiddle et al, 2017.74. United Nations, 2018a.75. Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, 2015a.76. Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, 2015b.77. Parnell and Simon, 2014; Pieterse,

2014; UN-Habitat and Cities Alliance, 2014.

78. OECD and UN-Habitat, 2018.79. UN-Habitat, 2017, section 1; see also

UN-Habitat, 2015d.80. Moreno-Monroy et al, 2020.

81. South African Cities Network, 2018b.82. eThekwini Municipality, 2019.83. Fabre, 2017.84. OECD and UN-Habitat, 2018.85. UN-Habitat, 2017.86. OECD, 2020.87. OECD, 2020.88. UCLG, 2019a.89. irelandsdg.geohive.ie.90. OECD, 2020.91. Rosen, 2019.92. Luque-Ayala et al, 2018; Stripple and

Bulkeley, 2019, Bulkeley, 2019.93. UN-Habitat 2020c.94. UN-Habitat 2020c.95. UN-Habitat 2020c.96. Valencia et al, 2019.97. Valencia et al, 2019.98. Rosenzweig et al, 2018a.99. https://www.clgf.org.uk/.100. C40 and Ramboll, 2018.101. Rosen, 2019.102. UCLG, 2019a.103. UN-Habitat, 2019h.104. UN-Habitat, 2019i; UN-Habitat 2019j.105. UN-Habitat, 2020i; Cities Today, 2020.106. Visagie and Turok, 2020; Simon,

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1.1: The view from the ground: What the Voluntary National Reviews of SDG 11 revealedBox 1.2: Providing for youth in Wau, South Sudan Box 1.3: Seattle climbs but Austin sprawls: The myth of the return to citiesBox 1.4: Inequality fuels global discontent in citiesBox 3.1: Economic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic in various regionsBox 3.2: Informal economy: A lifeblood for many citiesBox 3.3: Public transport networks: BRT and the economic benefits of citiesBox 3.4: Iskandar Malaysia: a catalyst development corridor Box 4.1: COVID-19 pandemic and the glut in plastic wasteBox 4.2: Creating environmental value through public spaceBox 4.3: The water-energy nexus dilemma in Bangalore, IndiaBox 4.4: Developing research agendas on urban energy access: experiences from Maputo, Mozambique Box 4.5: COVID-19 and reduced emissionsBox 4.6: From crisis to resilience: urban and peri-urban agriculture in Rosario, Argentina Box 4.7: Sustainable Favela Network in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilBox 4.8: Six principles for the creation of urban environmental valueBox 4.9: In times of crisis, grassroots networks are informal workers’ bulwarkBox 4.10: Why European parents are suing their cities over poor air qualityBox 5.1: Gender mainstreaming in ViennaBox 5.2: Children’s rights and urban planning principlesBox 5.3: Montréal: A city of immigrationBox 5.4: Black Lives Matter sparks a global urban social movement following the killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis (US)Box 5.5: COVID-19: Reinforcing inequalities in urban areasBox 5.6: Eradicating poverty through improved water supply and sanitation in Surkhandarya provinceBox 5.7: Citizen report card: A tool for urban governanceBox 5.8: An innovative entrepreneurial model for culture-based urban regeneration in Ségou, MaliBox 5.9: Equity in distribution of and access to cultural resources within countriesBox 6.1: How citizen reporting for municipal response evolved from “Dial 311” to SeeClickFix to civic appsBox 6.2: Digital Matatus project maps minibuses in Nairobi Box 6.3: Ten technology trends accelerated by COVID-19Box 6.4: Measuring air pollution with low-cost air quality monitoring networks Box 6.5: Google’s Sidewalks Lab encounters resistance to Toronto TomorrowBox 6.6: Hackathons leverage open data to build city tech toolsBox 6.7: New York City’s “Town and Gown” programmeBox 7.1: The localization of the global agendas for sustainable developmentBox 7.2: Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy (GCoM)Box 7.3: Cities for Adequate Housing InitiativeBox 7.4: Seoul: Urban planning and the global agendasBox 8.1: Financing Sustainable Urbanization: Counting the CostsBox 8.2: Investing in sustainable urbanization through effective monitoring and reporting Box 8.3: Cities: Investment need vs. public and private investment capacityBox 8.4: Urban poor funds: Leveraging community financeBox 8.5: China’s Belt and Road Initiative Box 9.1: Harnessing the New Urban Agenda to Accelerate the Value of UrbanizationBox 9.2: Main features of the Urban Agenda PlatformTable 1.1: Urban population and level of urbanization (2000-2035)Table 1.2: Urban rate of change 2000-2035Table 1.3: Growth in urban expansion and urban populationTable 1.4: Urban population living in slums Table 1.5: Incidence of COVID-19 in urban areas (July 2020)Table 2.1: Groups and priorities in urban settingsTable 2.2: The value of urbanization for youthTable 2.3: The value of urbanization for poor women Table 2.4: The value of urbanization for childrenTable 3.1: Contributions of urban-based sectors to GDP and land use, 2015Table 3.2: City-specific factors determining a city’s productivity Table 3.3: Largest Mega-Regions in the World, 2015Table 4.1: Examples of environmental values associated with the targets of SDG11, alongside existing projects that enhance those values Table 4.2: Different types of nature-based solutions with impact at multiple levelsTable 5.1: People living in monetary or multidimensional poverty, 2013Table 5.2: Top destination cities 2018Table 8.1: Investments required to enhance the value of sustainable urbanizationTable A: Estimated Average Annual Cost for Achieving SDG 11 in Small Cities (1 Million Inhabitants). Millions of USD.Table 8.2: Land-based finance instrumentsTable 9.1: Enhancing the value of urbanization: Key messages and implementation mechanismReferencesStatistical AnnexKey Findings and Messages xvKey Findings and Messages xvUrbanization and Cities: Trends of a New Global ForceUnpacking the Value of Sustainable Urbanization1.1. Urbanization: A Key Agenda inInternational Development PolicyUrbanization and Cities:Trends of a New Global Force1.3. Implementing the New Urban Agenda1.4. Recent Global Urban Trends andConditions1.5. Concluding RemarksUnpacking the Value ofSustainable UrbanizationThe Economic Value ofSustainable Urbanization:Inclusive Prosperity andOpportunities for AllThe Environmental Value ofSustainable Urbanization:Building Resilient UrbanDevelopmentThe Social Value ofSustainable Urbanization:Leaving No One and No PlaceBehindLocal Governments andthe Value of SustainableUrbanizationInvesting in the Value ofSustainable UrbanizationThe New Urban Agendaand the Value of SustainableUrbanizationKey Findings and Messages..........................................xvBlank PageBlank Page

chapter 9 · 2020. 11. 19. · chapter 9 sustainable urbanization generates economic,...

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