chapter 8 social stratification. true or false: ● social status in an society is basically...
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CHAPTER 8Social Stratification
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True or False:
● Social status in an society is basically determined by individual achievements and abilities
● False - some rank by attributes (race, ancestry, gender, wealth, power)o The most important predictor for social
status is the status of your parents
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True or False:
● Except for occasional success stories, most Americans remain in the same social class their entire lives
● True
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True or False:
● Americans of all classes have similar life spans and access to similar health care, housing, education, and other resource
● False
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True or False:
● In the United States, the gap between the rich and the poor is widening.
● True - average CEO makes 419x as average production worker (In 1980 that ratio was 42 to 1)
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True or False:
● A full-time worker can still live in poverty in the USA.
● Trueo Someone making $10, working 40
hours per week, 50 weeks a year, will make $20,000, just before the poverty line for a family of four. (And minimum wage is less than $8).
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True or False:
Stratification systems differ little from society to society.
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True or False:
Applicants should be drug-tested before receiving welfare benefits.
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True or False:
Money can buy happiness.
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True or False:
The American class system is unfair.
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True or False:
Raising the minimum wage would help the poverty rate in America.
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Social Stratification
The division of society into categories, ranks, or classes based on certain characteristics
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Social Inequality
● The unequal sharing of scarce resources and social rewards
● If you were going to stratify a society - how would you distribute scarce resources and social rewards?
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Open vs Closed Systems
● Open: movement between strata is possible
● Closed: impossible - assigned a status at birth
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Class System
● Distribution of scarce resources and rewards based on achieved statuses
● Marx - bourgeoisie & proletariatso Only determining factor - ownership of
property and the means of production● Weber - Class consists of power,
property, & prestige
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Wealth
● Made up of o assets - value of
everything one owns (bonds, land)
o income -money earned through salaries, investments, etc.
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Power
● Ability to control the behavior of others, with or without their consent
● Can be based on force, the possession of a special skill or type of knowledge, social status, personal characteristics, or customs and traditions
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Prestige
● The respect, honor, recognition, or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society
● Determining factors: income, occupation, education, family background, area of residence, possessions, club memberships
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Caste System● Elaborate norms
govern interaction among castes
● Exogamy - marriage outside one’s caste forbidden
● Endogamy - marriage within one’s own social caste
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Social Class
The grouping of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestigeUse socioeconomic status
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The American Class System
● The Upper Class - 1% of population● Old vs New money ● Many are traditionalists and
politically conservative● Conspicuous consumption by the
newly rich
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The Upper Middle Class
● Mostly high-income businesspeople & professionals
● Most have college ed & advanced degrees
● Membership based on income not assets
● Career-oriented● Politically & socially active● Power & influence limited to
community level
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The Lower Middle Class
● White-collar jobs● Many jobs require less education● Live comfortable life but must work
hard to keep what they have● Many hold traditional values & are
politically conservative
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The Working Class
● Manual labor jobs & pink-collar jobs● Some paid as much as lower middle
class, but not as prestigious● Few financial reserves - unexpected
crisis can push them into lower class
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The Working Poor
● Lowest paying jobs - often temporary / seasonal
● Work hard but rarely make a living wage
● Depend on govt. support programs● High school dropouts● Not involved politically● Often purposefully disenfranchised
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The Underclass
● Chief source of income usually public assistance
● Day-to-day struggle● Some work, but usually very low-
paid● Unemployment and poverty
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The Game
You all represent the country’s population. And everyone in the country has a chance to become wealthy and move into the upper class.
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To move into the upper class, all you must do is throw your wadded up paper into the bin while sitting in your seat.
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Conclusion
The closer you were to the recycling bin, the better your odds.
This is what privilege looks like.
Who complained?
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Your Job (for life) - -
As students who are receiving an education - - is to be aware of your privilege. And use this particular privilege called “education” to do your best to achieve great things, all the while advocating for those in the rows behind you.
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Social Mobility
● Movement between or within social classes
● Three types: horizontal, vertical, and intergenerational
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Horizontal Mobility
● Movement within a social class
● Example - accountant moves to new firm
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Vertical Mobility
● Movement between social classes - upward or downward
● Example - teacher becomes superintendent
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Intergenerational Mobility
● Status differences between generations in the same family
● A special form of vertical mobility● Example: son of mechanic becomes
a lawyer● Most Americans achieve higher
occupational status than their parents, but stay in same social class
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Poverty
● Standard of living below the minimum level considered adequate by society
● Poverty level - minimum income (adjusted each year)
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American Poverty
● Age - Children overrepresented in poverty
● Hispanic / African American kids 3x more likely to be impoverished
● Sex - Over half of all poor are women
● African American / Hispanic women more likely
● Race & Ethnicity - African Americans & Hispanics much more likely
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The Effects of Poverty
● Life Chances - life expectancy, health, housing, education
● Poor children 60% more likely to die in first year than those not born into poverty
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● Why? - inadequate nutrition & less access to medical care
● Housing usually inadequate, unsafe
● School-funding partially based on local taxes
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Patterns of Behavior● Divorce rates
higher
● More likely to be arrested, convicted, imprisoned
● More likely to be victims of crime
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Government responses to Poverty
● War on Poverty - LBJ
● Has helped for elderly - because of Social Security & Medicare
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Social-Welfare Programs2 Types:1.Transfer Payments - redistribute
money (through taxes) a. Elderly, blind, disabled, kids
2.Subsidies - transfer goods & services instead of casha. Example- food stamp program (poor
receive coupons or cards for food)b. Other examples - housing, school
lunches, medicaid, etc.)
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Criticism of Welfare Program● Created a permanent ‘welfare class’
● Power given to states to decide their own system - some chose not to give payments after a certain number of years
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Questions
● What characteristics do you have that might give you a higher status?
● Can you think of any examples of stratification locally?
● What could we do to make society more equal? Or should we?