Chapter 8, Section 2Expanding Public Education

1. For much of the 1800s, the majority of American school-age students received about how many years of schooling?

• Less than four years

2. From the late-1800s to the Present, public school education has fundamentally been under the authority of what level of government?• State-level

3. Between 1865 and 1895, many States enacted laws requiring how many weeks per year of school attendance?• Around 12 to 16 weeks

4. Under such laws, what age range had to attend?• Between 8 and 14 years of age

5. What subjects were emphasized in public schools?• Reading, Writing, Arithmetic

6. In 1880, about what percentage of white children attended elementary schools?• 62%

7. In 1880, about what percentage of African-American children attended elementary children?• 34%

8. According to Andrew Carnegie, society should provide what to workers?• “…provide ladders upon which the aspiring

can rise.”

9. By 1900, approximately how many Americans attended high school?• 500,000

10. In 1890, approximately what percentage of African-American teenagers attended high school?• Fewer than 1%

11. By 1910, approximately what percentage of African-American teenagers between the ages of 15 and 19 attended high school?• About 3%

12. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, immigrant children, in addition to a primary education, also received what?• Americanization• In other words, Public Schools were

institutions where immigrant children were taught and absorbed American culture

13. By the early 1900s, about what percentage of American young people attended colleges and universities?• About 2.3%

14.Between 1880 and 1920, college enrollments more than what?

• Quadrupled

15. After the Civil War, what were some of the colleges created for African-Americans?• Howard, Atlanta, Fisk

16. In the view of African-American educator, Booker T. Washington, Black liberation from segregation and racism could occur when what happened?• Once Black workers received the skills necessary to compete in the

economy• In short, Booker T. Washington believed that full freedom for Blacks

was tied to Black economic development.• Booker T. Washington did not believe that Blacks should demand

immediate liberation from segregation.

17. What Alabama college did Booker T. Washington lead in the late 1800s?• Tuskegee Institute• This school in now Tuskegee University

18. W.E.B. DuBois was the first African-American to earn a doctorate (1895) from where?• Harvard University

19. In contrast to Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois believed that Blacks should call for a more immediate what?• Legal and social equality

20. W.E.B. DuBois’s Niagara Movement (1905) called for what regarding Black education?• He differed from Booker T. Washington in that he called

for Blacks to receive a liberal arts education in order to develop leaders to challenge the Jim Crow segregation system.